Background
Oral lichen planus (OLP), a chronic immune-mediated, inflammatory, and psychosomatic condition that frequently affects the oral mucosa in a typical bilateral pattern, often presents as pain and a burning sensation [
1]. OLP has an overall prevalence of about 2.2% [
2]. The most common is the reticular type, which has a white lacy appearance. Other forms include erosive, atrophic, bullous, papular, and plaque-like. OLP is an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) and has been linked to oral squamous cell carcinoma with a malignant transformation rate of 1.4% [
3].
The aim of OLP management is to reduce the occurrence of symptoms and manifestation of lesions. Currently, the most common treatment for OLP is pharmacological therapy. Others include surgery, photodynamic therapy, and laser therapy. There is a large difference in the curative effect of the current treatments. In pharmacologic therapy, topical corticosteroids are usually prescribed, such as triamcinolone acetonide and dexamethasone [
4]. However, long-term treatment with topical corticosteroids may cause obvious side effects, such as local pigmentation, oral candidiasis, and dry mouth [
5]. Additionally, some studies have claimed that patients do not respond to drug treatment and the erosion does not heal, which increases the risk of canceration [
6].
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic method based on the photochemical and photobiological effects that are mediated by a photosensitiser (PS), which leads to cell damage at the lesioned tissue [
7]. It is a minimally invasive treatment because it has the advantage of high selectivity. Thus, PDT causes only mild trauma and adverse reactions and is a new option for the treatment of OLP.
Currently, there are different opinions on the efficacy of PDT for OLP. One study has revealed that PDT has some effect in the symptomatic treatment of OLP in adult patients [
8]. However, the authors used a small number of articles and did not perform subgroup analyses. On the contrary, according to a systematic review [
9], PDT fails to exert any significant effect on the symptoms of OLP. A meta-analysis that reviewed 22 publications has shown that the partial response (PR) rate of OLP lesions to PDT is approximately 70%; however, this study analysed the effect of PDT on OPMD. Only six articles focused on OLP and the authors did not investigate the effect of different factors on the efficacy of PDT in OLP versus that in all OPMDs in the subgroup analysis [
10].
These three reviews used a small number of articles focused on OLP and did not analyse the influence of factors, including the site of OLP lesion in mouth, type of PS, and administration method, that may be related to the final therapeutic response. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy of PDT in the treatment of OLP and compare the efficacy of PDT with steroid therapy. The results of this study will provide clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of the efficacy of PDT in OLP.
Methods
Study identification and selection criteria
The systematic review and meta-analysis were performed in accordance with the PRISMA statement [
11], as detailed in Additional file
1: Table S1. This study has been registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the registration number CRD42020160512.
Electronic and manual literature searches were conducted in the following five electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and EBSCO up to 1 December, 2019. Search terms were: “Photodynamic therapy” OR “PDT” AND “lichen planus” OR “oral lichen planus” OR “OLP.”
The inclusion criteria were: (a) original articles, clinical studies, and case series; (b) aim of the intervention was to evaluate the efficacy of PDT in the management of OLP; (c) lesion response was assessed and recorded; (d) articles published only in the English language; (e) clinical or histopathological diagnosis of OLP. The PICO questions below were applied:
Population (P): patients were diagnosed as OLP;
Intervention (I): patients were treated with PDT;
Comparison (C): condition of patients before PDT or topical corticosteroids;
Outcome (O): lesion response and lesion size of patients with OLP.
The exclusion criteria were: (a) reviews, abstracts, commentaries, letters to the editor, opinion articles, and animal studies; (b) inconsistent efficacy evaluation standard such that subsequent analysis cannot be performed; (c) individuals with idiopathic plaque-like lichen planus (non-erosive), lichenoid drug eruptions, or evidence of dysplasia in the tissue.
Two authors (Z.Y. and D.J.X.) independently searched these five databases and assessed the titles and abstracts of all eligible publications. Details, including first author’s name, publication year, type of PS, disease types, method of administration, disease location, and number of lesions, were collected from the included studies. Four outcome measures were collected for the efficacy evaluation: (a) lesion response, including complete response (CR), which means lack of visible lesion confirmed by clinical evaluation, and PR, which means lesion size decreased by at least 20%; (b) changes in lesion size/area; (c) Thongprasom sign (TH): score of 0 for normal healthy mucosa, 1 for lesions with only white striae, 2 for mixed keratotic and atrophic or erythematous lesions smaller than 1 cm2, 3 for keratotic and atrophic or erythematous lesions larger than 1 cm2, 4 for erosive/ulcerative lesions smaller than 1 cm2, and 5 for erosive/ulcerative lesions larger than 1 cm2; (d) visual analogue scale (VAS) rated by participants (score: 0–10): 0 means no symptoms and 10 means severe symptoms, as perceived by the patient.
Other parameters used for qualitative synthesis included wavelength, energy density of the laser, duration of irradiation, lesion dressing, treatment interval, relapse during follow-up, and adverse reactions during and after PDT.
Quality assessment
The included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias assessment tool, with seven fields: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and other bias [
12]. The included non-RCTs were assessed by the Downs-Black Checklist, with 29 items [
13]. The quality assessment was independently performed by two authors (H.Y.Q. and D.J.X.). Any conflicts were fully discussed and the corresponding authors (X.H. and C.Q.M.) would make the final decision.
Statistical analysis
The I2 statistic and heterogeneity statistic Q were calculated to assess heterogeneity and the random effect model was utilised to assess heterogeneity when the I2 statistic was more than 50% or the p value of the Q test was less than 0.05.
The outcome measures in this study were VAS, TH, size, and response (PR and CR). The weighted mean differences of the first three continuous indexes were pooled by the inverse variance method (for the fixed effects model) and restricted maximum-likelihood (for the random effects model). The proportion and odds ratio (OR) of the response were pooled by the inverse variance method (for the fixed effects model) and the DerSimonian-Laird method (for the random effects model).
Publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot and weighted linear regression was used to test funnel plot asymmetry if the number of the studies was not less than 10. Publication bias could be ignored when the p value was greater than 0.05.
Sensitivity analysis was utilised in subgroup and influence analyses. The light source, type of PS, administration method, and lesion location were considered for subgroup analysis and the u test was applied for the differential test between different subgroups. The influence analysis of the pooled estimates was conducted by the omission of one study at a time.
The Meta package of R software was applied for the analyses [
14].
Discussion
The pooled estimates of lesion response, changes in size, VAS, and TH revealed that PDT could not only reduce the lesion size but also reduce pain. PDT is a new non-invasive treatment that could be effective for the treatment of OLP.
The topical use of 5-ALA had a higher efficacy than gargling MB in terms of PR. The relatively poor outcome of MB could be owing to the short gargling time of 5 min. The time of the topical use of 5-ALA can be 30-–120 min. The longer the PS stays on the lesions, the better efficacy of PDT. Constant saliva secretion and frequent tissue movement may impair drug absorption. Thus, a high local concentration of PS may achieve better potency than the use of drugs. In four studies that used 5-ALA as the PS, the range of 5-ALA was 4–5%. Therefore, the topical use of 5% ALA may be recommended as the optimal modality.
When 5% ALA is used a wavelength of 630 nm is recommended because 635 nm corresponds to the absorption peak of 5-ALA. In studies that involve gargling MB, the chosen wavelength of 632–660 nm did not reach the maximum absorption wavelength of MB (around 665 nm), which also partially explains why the effect of MB was less than that of 5-ALA. Therefore, it is important to choose a suitable wavelength for PS.
In terms of VAS, the diode laser showed a better clinical PR in the treatment of OLP, perhaps because it emits only one wavelength of light. Thus, we recommend the diode laser as the first option to relieve pain. However, to change lesion size, the efficacy of the semiconductor laser was higher than that of the diode laser.
Some scholars [
26] have supported the hypothesis that PDT stimulates healing processes, which become more evident during long-term observation, particularly within the masticatory mucosa. This tentative hypothesis needs to be confirmed by a greater number of cured cases. In the study of Sulewska et al. [
23], the mean lesion size reduction was 62.91%, which was significant, after PDT, showing a slightly higher value for the lesions on the BM/L (63.54%) than on the T/G (61.43%), whereas in our study, the effect of PDT on the lesions on the BM/L and T/F/G was similar.
A previous study has compared the apoptosis level in reticular and erosive OLP showed significantly more apoptosis and a markedly lower thickness of the oral epithelium in the erosive type than in the reticular type, which indicated more inflammation and cell destruction in erosive OLP than in reticular OLP [
31]. PS tends to accumulate in abnormal hyperplasia and tumour tissue and some researchers believe that this may be related to a defect in the cell membrane structure. We speculated that the PDT of erosive OLP is more effective than that of reticular OLP. However, the subgroup analysis of disease type in our study showed no statistical significance based on the
u test, possibly because two studies were included for erosive OLP and only one for reticular OLP.
The PDT of OLP resulted in fewer adverse reactions. The majority of patients experienced no discomfort or only minor adverse effects (pain, mild burning sensation) during treatment, which disappeared immediately.
Currently, the recurrence rate of OLP after PDT is unknown but one feature of OLP is easy recurrence. Among all studies, six patients in two studies experience OLP recurrence after PDT but three studies reported no recurrence in 1–12 months follow-up. OLP is a chronic disease; thus, the follow-up periods need to be longer to reliably determine recurrence rates after PDT. PDT can reduce the risk of malignant transformation. One study has revealed that the malignant transformation rate of OLP is 1.4%; however, the studies in this review did not record this rate [
3]. Thus, the long-term effects of PDT remain unclear and there is an urgent need to carry out large sample, multi-centre, clinical research to explore and verify the factors that influence the efficacy of PDT.
Presently, the most common treatment for OLP is topical corticosteroids [
4]. We compared the efficacy of PDT to topical corticosteroids. A similar efficacy was observed between PDT and corticosteroid therapy. PDT had fewer side effects than steroids. Therefore, PDT can be used as an optional treatment method for resistant or recurrent OLP.
A few weaknesses of this study need to be addressed in the future. An insufficient number of trials met the inclusion criteria, which reduced the significance of the results, especially in the subgroup analysis and comparison with topical corticosteroids. The outcome measures varied in the different trials, which hindered data combination. Additionally, heterogeneity in some parameters, such as wavelength and energy density, may have led to low statistical power. Although these disadvantages existed in this study, the results still provide clinicians with a comprehensive view of the efficacy of PDT in OLP, although more high-quality clinical studies are required to improve the reliability of the results.
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