With the relatively high rate of injuries to the lower extremity due to jump-landing movement patterns and the accompanied high costs, there is need for determining potential preventive programs. A program on the intervention of jump-landing technique is possibly an important preventative measure since it appeared to reduce the incidence of lower extremity injuries. In real life situations, amateur sports lack the infrastructure and funds to have a sports physician or therapist permanently supervising such a program. Therefore the current prevention program is designed so that it could be implemented by coaches alone.
Objective
The objective of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effect of a coach supervised intervention program targeting jump-landing technique on the incidence of lower extremity injuries.
Methods
Of the 110 Flemish teams of the elite division, 24 teams are included and equally randomized to two study groups. An equal selection of female and male teams with allocation to intervention and control group is obtained. The program is a modification of other prevention programs previously proven to be effective. All exercises in the current program are adjusted so that a more progressive development in the exercise is presented. Both the control and intervention group continue with their normal training routine, while the intervention group carries out the program on jump-landing technique. The full intervention program has a duration of three months and is performed 2 times a week during warm-up (5-10 min). Injuries are registered during the entire season.
Discussion
The results of this study can give valuable information on the effect of a coach supervised intervention program on jump-landing technique and injury occurrence. Results will become available in 2011.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2474-11-281) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
IA, EC, EV, RM were involved in the conception and design of the study. IA is involved in study data collection. All authors were involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it for critically important content. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Background
Different studies have pointed out that injuries in jump-landing sports are of frequent occurrence [1‐4]. In volleyball, gymnastics and basketball respectively, a total of 2.8 [CI 95%: 2.0 -3.6], 2.2 [CI 95%: 1.6 - 2.9] and 9.8 [CI 95%: 8.5 - 11.1] injuries per 1,000 exposure hours have been reported [5, 6]. The majority of the injuries in these sports occur at the lower extremity, accounting for more than 60% of all injuries [2‐4]. Both overuse (e.g. shin splints, stress fractures [7], patellar tendinopathy (PT) [8, 9], patellar femoral pain syndrome (PFPS) [10, 11] and acute injuries (e.g. ACL injury [12‐14] and ankle sprains [15‐17]) often occur in jump-landing sports.
Sports injuries often are accompanied by pain or other physical discomforts, which in turn result in use of healthcare resources and possibly also in absenteeism from work. The severity of sports injuries can be described based on different criteria including sporting time lost, permanent damage and cost [6]. In a study of Cumps et al. (2007) the number of basketball days for which the athlete was not able to play or train because of the injury sustained was set on 3 to 7 weeks [18]. This means that injury occurrence can put a stop to the athlete's participation in his sport for a long time. From the study of Cumps et al. (2008)[6] it also can be concluded that the direct medical and the indirect costs in Flanders involved in acute injuries only, are respectively 15,027,423 € and 111,420,813 €. No information of the cost of overuse injuries was found, so it can be assumed that the actual cost of both acute and overuse injuries actually is much higher. Even more, important aspects of injury occurrence are the long term consequences. After, for example an ACL-injury or episodes of anterior knee pain, many athletes seem predisposed to osteoarthritis [19‐21]. This can already occur at an early age and result in lifelong constraint in sport participation [19, 20]. In order to reduce short and long term consequences, there is a need for sports injury prevention.
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Arguably the most important injury mechanism for these lower extremity acute and overuse injuries is the jump-landing maneuver [1, 3, 5]. Proper jump-landing movement patterns are essential to absorb the generated impact forces efficiently, and are suggested to be strongly related to the athlete's risk for injuries to the lower extremity [22, 23]. Consequently, various jump-landing related risk factors, such as increased knee valgus during jump-landing technique, ankle instability or a stiff landing technique, appear to be related with injury occurrence [8, 24‐26]. For example, a stiff landing strategy increases the risk of sustaining injuries due to higher ground reaction forces and decreased shock absorption during landing. Specific movement patterns such as dynamic valgus or stiff jump-landings technique can be a risk factor for respectively ACL injuries and PT [8, 24, 26, 27].
With the relatively high rate of injuries of the lower extremity in jump-landing sports and the severity of these injuries, there is a need for practical preventive programs [28, 29]. A program aiming at an improvement of jump-landing technique is potentially an important preventive measure while it is able to target a variety of risk factors for a variety of injuries. Previous attempts have been made to prevent specific injuries through improvement of jump-landing technique, e.g. recurrent ankle sprains [30] and ACL injuries [24]. However, most available prevention programs were supervised by sport physicians or physical therapists. This might work for (sub)elite sports were medical supervision is always available, but amateur sports lack the infrastructure and funds to have a sports physician or therapist permanently supervising such a program. Nevertheless, it is amateur sports where, in absolute sense, the injury burden is highest through high participation numbers. Therefore, the true effectiveness of available preventive programs in this important setting is questionable.
Objective
The objective of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of a coach supervised intervention program targeting jump-landing technique on the incidence of lower extremity injuries.
Research questions
What is the effectiveness of a coach supervised jump landing intervention program on the incidence of acute and overuse injuries to the lower extremity?
What is the effect of a coach supervised jump landing intervention program on jump landing technique of individual athletes?
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Methods
The CONSORT statement was followed to describe the design of this study. This statement is a checklist intended to improve the quality of reports of randomized controlled trials [31].
Study outline
A two-way cluster randomized controlled trial with a follow-up period of one season (6 months) is used. The participation subjects are athletes from basketball teams of the national divisional, and, 1st and 2nd regional divisional basketball competitions.
The study protocol is accepted by the local ethical committee of the Free University Brussels (B.U.N. B14320071963) and a trial registration number was requested (NTR2560).
This study is financially supported by the Flemish Government through the establishment of the Policy Research Center Sports, Youth and Culture.
Participants
Athletes who are actively participating in the national division and, 1st and 2nd regional basketball teams in Flanders, Belgium, are eligible for inclusion in the study. Athletes are excluded if they do not master the Dutch language or have a current injury to the lower extremity at time of inclusion.
Written informed consent is obtained from each athlete and the study is conducted in accordance with the ethical institutional rules for human research and in regulation with the Declaration of Helsinki for Medical Research involving human subjects.
Sample size
A power calculation is carried out for the main outcome variable lower extremity injury incidence. A difference of 50% in the incidence of lower extremity injuries between the intervention and control group after a follow up of one season is considered to be clinically relevant.
The prevalence of lower extremity injuries in basketball in Flanders being about 78% in one season [6], 34 subjects per group are needed to detect the intended difference of 50% in the incidence of lower extremity injuries, with a power of 90% and an alpha of 5%. Assuming a dropout rate of about 20% a total of 82 athletes are needed to detect a potentially clinically relevant effect of the intervention. However, as teams serve as unit of randomization, a cluster effect should be taken into account. Therefore, an intra-cluster correlation coefficient of 20% was considered, resulting in a total of 240 athletes from 24 teams is necessary at baseline.
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Recruitment
Of the 110 Flemish teams of the elite division, 24 teams are included and equally randomized to two study groups (Figure 1). Randomization and group allocation takes place before teams were contacted. This is done in order to avoid any spill over of the intervention while including teams. Through this method blinding of the teams to group allocation is secured.
Figure 1
Flowchart recruitment.
×
Intervention program
After receiving informed consent and baseline questionnaire of a team's individual athletes, trainers are provided with a package that enclosed the necessary information. Control gorup (CG) trainers are provided with a DVD containing general information on the study. Trainers of the intervention teams receive a different DVD with general information on the study and specific information on the intervention program and the individual exercises. Also a written manual including the complete program and a detailed explanation for each individual exercise is provided.
Both research groups continue their regular training routine. Teams of the intervention group (IG) receive an additional intervention program to be carried out during the regular warm-up (Table 1). This program targets at improving the athletes' jump-landing technique.
Table 1
Overview of the jump-landing technique program
2 ×/week,
10 min.
1 min rest
between
repetitions
Technique/
Month 1
Fundamentals/
Month 2
Performance/
Month 3
Week 1
Co-contractions
10
L + R
Lying position
15
X-Hops
6
Cycles L + R
Wall Squat
10
Pelvic bridge
10
sec
Hop-Hop-Hold
8
L + R
Lateral Jump and Hold
8
L + R
Repeated Tuck Jumps
10
L + R
Mattress jumps
30
sec
Front Lunges
10
Squat Jump
10
Single leg 90°*
8
L + R
Step-Hold
8
L + R
Jump Single Leg Hold
8
Max Squat jumps-hold
10
L + R
Week 2
Co-contractions
10
L + R
Pelvic Bridge Single Leg
10
Crossover-Hop-Hop-Hold
8
L + R
Squat
10
Prone Bridge Hip (EK) Shoulder Flexion
10
L + R
Single Leg 4 Way Hop-Hold*
3
Cycles L + R
Step-Hold
8
L + R
Side to Side Tuck Jump
10
sec
Single leg 90° Ball*
8
L + R
Walking Lunges
10
Lateral Hop & Hold
8
L + R
Step, jump up, down, vertical jump
5
L + R
Lateral Jump and Hold
8
L + R
Hop & Hold
8
Max Squat jumps-hold
10
Week 3
Squat
10
Single Leg Pelvic Bridge*
10
L + R
Single Leg 4 Way Hop-Hold Ball*
4
Cycles L + R
Lateral Jump and Hold
8
L + R
Prone Bridge Hip extension
10
L + R
Single Leg 180°
10
L + R
Single Tuck Jump Soft Landing
10
L + R
Side to Side Tuck Jumps
10
L + R
Jump, Jump, Jump, vertical jump
10
sec
Lunge Jumps
10
Lateral Hops
10
sec
Mattress jumps
40
L + R
Lateral Jumps
10
sec
Double leg 90°
8
L + R
Running, Jump down 1 legged, Jump
8
Week 4
Squat Jumps
10
Single Leg Pelvic Bridge Ball
10
L + R
Single Leg 180°
10
L + R
Lateral Jumps
10
sec
Prone Bridge Hip Opposed Shoulder Flexion
10
L + R
Jump, Jump, Jump, vertical jump
15
L + R
Double Tuck Jump
8
Lateral Hops with ball
10
sec
Running, Jump down 1 legged, Jump
10
Broad Jump
10
L + R
Single Leg Lateral Hop-Hold
5
L + R
Lay-up ^
10
Scissor Jumps
8
Single leg 90°
8
L + R
Height jump ^
10
*Exercise on the mattress
^ Sport specific jumps for basketball, can be adjusted depending on the sport.
The program is a modification of two prevention programs previously proven to be effective for the prevention of lower extremity injuries [24, 32]. The exercises in the current program are adapted so that a more progressive development is present. Furthermore, the materials required to complete the exercises are limited. The program has a duration of three months and is performed twice a week during warm-up (5-10 min). All exercises are selected so that the jump-landing program difficulty is gradually increased. First, basic techniques are practiced and then fundamental exercises are trained. Hereafter, more difficult and sport specific exercises are given in the performance phase. The intervention is considered to be appropriate for all athletes and to have no negative side-effects.
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Measurements
During the study period there are two fixed measurements, at baseline (T0) and after 3 months (T1). At T0 a questionnaire is completed by the athletes, and at both occasions the athletes' jump landing technique is assessed. Additionally, exposure hours and lower extremity injuries are continuously registered during the entire 2010-2011 basketball season (6 months).
Questionnaire
At T0 all athletes complete a questionnaire on demographic data, previous injuries, sports history and current sports participation [33].
Jump landing technique
An improvement in jump-landing technique is determined by registering jump-landing technique of athletes in the CG and IG. Athletes are asked to perform 3 separate maximal vertical jumps which are recorded on camera (SONY HDV 1080i). The researchers collect the jump-landing data at T0 and T1. These jumps are all analyzed through the computer program Darttrainer®. In addition, all jumps are evaluated through a predefined list of criteria, the JLS-System (Jump-landing Scorings system) (Table 2). This tool is developed as a field test to evaluate proper jump-landing technique.
Table 2
Scorings system Jump-landing Technique (JLS-system)
Front view
(observers view)
Criteria
Description
Observation
Measurement
Score
Maintaining 'balance'
- Loss of balance
Lifting one foot or toes of both feet due to falling.
Observe complete jump
Loss of balance present or not
Loss of balance not present or doubt: 0
Loss of balance present: 1
- Centre of gravity displacement
At first foot contact:
Perpendicular through incisura jugularis
At maximal knee flexion determine the position of incisura jugularis (left/right) compared to perpendicular
Displacement not present or doubt: 0
Displacement left or right: 1
Landing with 'both feet at the same time'
Not simultaneous:
obviously 2 contact times of the feet visible
Observe complete jump
Simultaneous landing present or not
Simultaneous landing present or doubt: 0
Simultaneous landing not present: 1
'Muscular control' during landing
Presence of eccentric control during landing, capacity to lower the body in a controlled manner (no side movements of the knee, no sudden stops)
Observe complete jump
Muscular control present or not
Muscular control present or doubt: 0
Muscular control not present: 1
'Genu varum' - 'Genu valgum' take-off
Malalignement:
valgus or varus position
At maximal knee flexion:
perpendicular from SIAS to ankle (middle of malleoli)
- Take-off
No varum or valgum:
perpendicular goes through centre of patella
Perpendicular through patella or doubt: 0
Patella lateral from the perpendicular:
(1 = varum)
Patella medial from the perpendicular:
(2 = valgum)
'Genu varum' - 'Genu valgum' landing
Malalignement:
valgus or varus position
At maximal knee flexion:
perpendicular from SIAS to ankle (middle of malleoli)
- Landing
No varum or valgum:
perpendicular goes through centre of patella
Perpendicular through patella or doubt: 0
Patella lateral from the perpendicular:
(1 = varum)
Patella medial from the perpendicular:
(2 = valgum)
'Position of feet'
Feet at shoulder width.
At maximal knee flexion:
Perpendicular trough centre of shoulders.
Perpendicular goes trough centre of malleolus internus and externus
Perpendicular through centre of malleoli or doubt: 0
Perpendicular not through centre of malleoli: 1
'Distance between knees' compared between initial contact and maximal knee flexion
Distance between knees at maximal knee flexion, 80-110% of distance between knees at initial contact.
Distance between knees at first foot contact and distance between knees at maximal knee flexion.
Range of 80%-110% difference.
Between 80%-11%: 0
Not between 80%-110%: 1
Hyperpronation - Hypersupination feet
Take-off
Inside or outside movement of the malleoli compared to starting position.
Observe complete jump
- Takeoff
Compare position feet with starting position.
Hyperpronation or -supination not present or doubt: 0
Hyperpronation or supination present: 1
Hyperpronation - Hypersupination feet
landing
Inside or outside movement of the malleoli compared to starting position.
Observe complete jump
- Landing
Compare position feet with starting position.
Hyperpronation or -supination not present or doubt: 0
Hyperpronation or supination present: 1
Side view
(right and left)
Criteria
Description
Observation
Measurement
Score
Knee angle
- First foot contact
- Maximal knee flexion
Knee angle at first foot contact
Knee angle at maximal knee flexion
Ankle between trochanter major - caput fibulae (tractus iliotibialis) -
mallolus externus
Degrees:
Hip angle
- First foot contact
- Maximal knee flexion
Knee angle at first foot contact
Knee angle at maximal knee flexion
Angle between trunk - trochanter major - caput fibulae (tractus iliotibialis)
Degrees:
Ankle angle
- First foot contact
- Maximal knee flexion
Knee angle at first foot contact
Knee angle at maximal knee flexion
Angle between caput fibulae (tractus iliotibialis) - malleolus externus - parallel with sole of foot
Degrees:
'shoulders above knees'
Position at maximal knee flexion
Perpendicular through centre of shoulder (humerus head)
Perpendicular through caput fibula: 0
Perpendicular not through caput fibula: 1
'knees not further than toes'
Position at maximal knee flexion
Perpendicular through centre of knees
Perpendicular not further than toes: 0
Perpendicular further than toes: 1
'forefoot landing and rolling to heel'
Forefoot landing and rolling to heel
Observe complete jump
Pattern present or not
Pattern present or doubt: 0
Pattern not present: 1
Arm swing
Obvious arm swing that contributes to the jump height
Observe complete jump
Arm swing present or not
Arm swing present: 0
Arm swing not present: 1
Exposure time
Exposure is recorded by the coach on an exposure form. Coaches note the total duration of each training session and match, and classify the level of participation of each player (that is, in terms of full, three quarters, one half, one quarter, or no participation). If the player does not participate fully, the coach note the reason--that is, being injured, ill, or absent for other reasons. Completed exposure forms are returned on a weekly basis. Every week trainers are contacted by phone and urged to fill out the exposure sheets, and, if necessary, the injury forms. In this, we followed the example of Verhagen et al.[2] who applied the same method of exposure registration.
Injury definition
To determine the effectiveness of the program for the prevention of injuries, all injuries that occur during the entire season are registered in both the IG and CG. Injuries are divided into two main categories: acute or overuse injuries. An acute injury is defined as a sports accident, with a sudden, direct cause/onset, which requires at least minimal (medical) care (e.g. ice or taping) and which causes the injured subject to miss out on at least 1 training session. Exclusion criteria involve muscle cramps and mild bruises. A subject sustains an overuse injury if he or she experiences a physical discomfort, with an insidious onset, that caused pain and/or stiffness of the musculoskeletal system, and that is present before, during and/or after the sports activity. The overuse injury is only registered if present for at least three consecutive sessions. Illness and fatigue are not registered as overuse injuries [18].
Injury registration
Coaches receive injury forms at the start of the study. In case of injury, the coach completes in concordance with the injured player injury registration forms, which have to be completed within one week after injury onset. On this form the player is asked to provide information on the injury location, injury type, diagnosis of the injury, direct cause of the injury, preventive measures used at the time of the injury, first aid given, and subsequent medical treatment. If an injury is noted on the exposure form and no injury registration form is received within two weeks after the injury is logged, the coach is contacted and urged to let the player complete the injury registration form.
Process evaluation & Compliance
Coaches are contacted on a weekly basis by means of a telephone call. The goal of this call is to inquire about the ongoing of the study and to follow-up on any missing exposure or injury registration forms. In addition, IG coaches are asked whether they followed the prescribed exercises for that particular week. If not, the exercises that are carried are noted in order to gain insight into the compliance to the program.
At T1 coaches are required to complete a questionnaire inquiring on their opinion of the intervention program, their compliance to the prescribed exercises, and to inquire about any difficulties in executing the program.
Statistical analyses
The injury incidence density (IID) is calculated as the number of new injuries per 1,000 hours of participation, using exposure time of each individual participant until the first injury. The number of injuries divided by the total time at risk is the preferred measure of incidence because it can accommodate variations in the exposure time of individuals [34, 35]. If an athlete suffers multiple injuries, only the first injury will be considered in the analysis.
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Because the unit of allocation was teams, we perform a multilevel Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, using the computer based software SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA), to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Teams will be used as cluster levels [36].
The difference between the CG and IG regarding the JLS-system is calculated using Repeated Measures ANOVA (p < 0.05) for normally distributed data and the Mann-Whitney-U test (p < 0.05) for data which are not normally distributed.
Implications of this study
This study evaluates the effect of a coach supervised injury prevention program. If successful this will provide valuable information for sports injury prevention practice. As the majority of injuries are sustained in amateur sports where medical guidance is limited, effective coach supervised prevention has a great potential impact on public health.
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the Flemish Government through the establishment of the Policy Research Center Sports, Youth and Culture. The authors have no conflicts of interest directly relevant to its contents.
Open Access
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
IA, EC, EV, RM were involved in the conception and design of the study. IA is involved in study data collection. All authors were involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it for critically important content. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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