Obesity has become a major public health problem. Innovative treatments are necessary. Internet and new technologies have been reported effective results in weight control programs, especially those with personalized feedback. This paper presents the protocol for a randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of an online weight control program, called en_línea, comparing with a standard group therapy and a control group.
Methods
This is a randomized controlled trial with three intervention arms: en_línea, standard group therapy and control group. To perform this study, 305 adults (18–65 years) with overweight type II (27–29.9 kg/m2) or obesity type I (30–34.9 kg/m2) will be invited to participate. Interventions will last 17 weeks with follow-ups 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after the post-treatment appointment. The primary outcome will be post-treatment weight loss and the maintenance during the follow-ups. Secondary outcomes will be adherence rates, drop outs and quality of life. Participants will be assessed before randomization and they will be sign an inform consent.
Discussion
The future challenge is to design innovative obesity treatments. Internet could be a useful tool to improve traditional weight control programs. This new intervention format is appropriate for patients who prefer not to share their intimate problems with a group, and for the new generations who feel comfortable using new technologies. Besides, Internet allows reaching a large amount of people at the same time, even if they live far away.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04127201. Retrospectively registered 15th October 2019.
Hinweise
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Abkürzungen
BITE
Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh
BMI
Body Mass Index
CSI
Coping Inventory Strategies
DASS
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale
DEBQ
Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire
LEARN
Lifestyle, Exercise, Attitudes, Relationships and Nutrition.
NEQ
Night Eating Questionnaire
P-Weight
Process of Change for Weight Management
RCT
Randomized Controlled Trial
SF-36
SF-36 Health Survey
S-Weight
Stages of Change for Weight Management
TCI-R
Temperament and Character Inventory Revised
WHO
World Health Organization
Background
Obesity has become a Western countries public health problem [1]. There was a transition in the last decades and, currently, there are more obese than underweight people over the world [1]. In 2016, according to World Health Organization (WHO), more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight and 650 million of these were obese [2]. People who suffers obesity are more likely to present comorbid diseases like diabetes, cancer or hypertension [3]. Moreover, previous studies have shown an association between obesity and psychological problems like depression, anxiety or stress [4]. Weight discrimination and bias use to be related with psychological problems aforementioned [5, 6].
Obese people need innovative treatment options, previous investigations have developed weight loss programs focused on diet, physical activity and self-recording [7]. These interventions have shown effective short-term weight loss results, but poor adherence rates and long-term results [7‐9]. To design effective treatments, it is important to change the focus from treating the problem to treat the person who is suffering the problem, to understand these people and their environment [10].
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Traditionally, there was a tendency to blame obese people when they failed or dropped out an intervention [10, 11]. The lack of social support, even by healthcare professionals, is an important barrier to adhere to weight control programs [10, 11]. In general, obese people face an unsupportive environment where the standards of beauty are unrealistic and unreachable, especially for women [12]. The high leisure-time internet use has become another barrier promoting sedentary behaviors [13], and at the same time offering poor quality information about healthy habits to reach the unhealthy thinness ideal [14].
However, internet world usage has grown 1104% since 2000 [15] and, properly-used, could be a potential tool to design innovative interventions [16]. Web-based weight control programs could solve some limitations of traditional interventions. These new tools can reach many people at the same time [17], which is an urgent need [1, 2]. Moreover, the content of these programs must include further areas than nutrition and exercise [7].
Previous reviews have reported effectiveness results of web-based computer-tailored interventions [7‐9, 18‐20]. These investigations concluded that web-based weight control programs are more effective than control or minimal contact interventions [18, 19]. However, effectiveness results are short-term and adherence is too low comparing with traditional interventions or web-based programs with an extra component, like group reinforcement sessions [7‐9, 20]. Web-based interventions with personalized feedback, delivered by a health professional, have reached better results than those without feedback or automatized feedback [9‐11]. Therefore, internet could be an innovative and promising way to deliver weight control interventions, but further investigation is need [21].
We have developed a web-based computer-tailored intervention aimed to acquire healthy long-term habits. The body mass index (BMI) of the target population must be between 27 and 34.9 kg/m2, namely overweight type II or obesity type I [22]. To design a potentially successful program, basic behavior change aspects have been included: nutrition, physical activity, self-recording and goal setting [7, 23]. Perceived family and friends support were shown particularly helpful during the process of health behavior change [10, 11, 24], and it should be considered during treatment design. Finally, psychological aspects like dealing with negative self-talk must be driven by a healthcare professional, providing personalized feedback and a non-judgmental attitude [9‐12]. One of the most tested lifestyle change intervention for weight management is the LEARN program [25]. The word LEARN is an acronym of the five main treatment areas: Lifestyle, Exercise, Attitudes, Relationships and Nutrition [25]. This program is a self-help book which includes basic treatment areas [7, 23], and also includes social support as a relevant aspect to achieve long-term lifestyle changes [10, 11, 24].
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However, LEARN program presents two important limitations: i) it is administrated to one person at a time; ii) there is no healthcare professional to solve doubts and provide personalized feedback. Our web-based intervention is an online adaptation of LEARN program [25]. We respected the structure and contents of the original program. However, we adapt the nutrition recommendations to Mediterranean diet, more typical in Spain, and we update the delivery format to reach as many people as possible. In addition to the website, a mobile application was developed to record daily nutrition and exercise information, and weekly weight. To encourage participants a specialized psychologist provides weekly personalized feedback about website activity and mobile application records. This new approach of the LEARN program was named en_línea.
In Spain the estimated prevalence of overweight is 39.3 and 21.6% of general obesity in adults between 25 and 64 years old [26]. The main aim of en_línea is its application from Spanish primary care centers. Healthcare professionals of primary care centers are the first clinicians to assess and treat obesity [27]. High-intensity in-person interventions in primary care, both individual and group format, have shown effective weight loss results [28, 29]. Unfortunately, the large amount of obesity patients imposes a significant public health expense [30], making impossible to offer quality high-intensity in-person treatment to all affected population. Moreover, these treatment options present a limited reached, people who have to travel great distance to assist to the appointments are likely not to be interested or drop out at early stages [17, 20]. As there are a lot of people in wait lists for obesity treatments in public hospitals and primary care centers, en_línea could be a great option for these patients and for those who live away from the assistance centers.
A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is need to examine the effectiveness of en_línea comparing with a standard primary care group therapy and a control group. All conditions will be described later in detail. We hypothesize that en_línea group will obtain better or, at least, similar effectiveness results than the standard therapy group, and better results than the control group. The primary aim of the RCT will be determine the effectiveness weight loss and maintenance of en_línea with the two comparison groups. The secondary objectives to determine the effectiveness of en_línea in comparison with the other conditions will be: a) the adherence to intervention, i.e. website tasks and mobile application records; b) number and stage of drop outs. We will conduct a 17 weeks, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. Randomization will be performed with a simple randomization with a 1:1:1 allocation ratio. The aims of this paper are to describe the development of en_línea program and the protocol for the RCT.
Methods/design
This protocol is written according to SPIRIT 2013 guidance for protocols of clinical trials (Fig. 1) [31].
Fig. 1
Overview of research schedule and procedure
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Setting
The study will be conducted at the Unit of Behavior Therapy, a clinic service in the Faculty of Psychology of the University of Barcelona, located in Barcelona. The center is registered in the Sanitary Registration of the Health Department of the Government of Catalonia. The Unit of Behavior Therapy was opened in 1985 to provide psychological service to the community and to train new psychologists [32]. Currently, the center is staffed by psychologists in training, two supervisors and four experience psychologist. The clinic service director is a clinical psychologist expert in the study and treatment of eating disorders and obesity.
Participants
The target population will be overweight type II or obese type I people, from the community and from the metropolitan area of Barcelona and surroundings. Participants are volunteers and they must sign the written informed consent before beginning with the investigation procedures.
Inclusion criteria
At randomization, eligible participants for the trial must comply all following requirements: 1) Overweight type II or obesity type I. BMI between 27 and 34.9 kg/m2; 2) Age between 18 and 65 years old; and, 3) Compliance with all evaluation phases.
Exclusion criteria
If eligible participants present at least one of the following criteria, they will be excluded from the trial: 1) Presence of several physical disease, i.e. diabetes, hypertension, cancer or metabolic disorders; 2) Presence of several psychological problem, i.e. depression, anxiety; 3) Presence of other eating disorders, i.e. anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorders; 4) Use of drugs, i.e. slimming, anovulatory or psychotropic; 5) Pregnancy or planned pregnancy for the next 6 months; and, 6) Following another weight control program at the time of selection.
Interventions
en_línea
It is a version of the LEARN program [25] delivered via online. It is not only a weight loss program, the main objective of en_línea is the acquirement of long-term healthy habits. The five treatment areas are: Lifestyle, Exercise, Attitudes, Relationships and Nutrition. We have designed and developed a website (www.programaenlinea.org) with 17 weekly treatment sessions and an exclusive mobile application for self-recording.
Participants will receive an email with two attached files to provide the instructions to use en_línea website and the mobile application. They will be supplied with a private username and password to access to their profiles. Weekly they will access to a new session. Session 0 is aimed to introduce the program, to get familiar with it and to self-assess the motivation level to involve in this process.
The sessions from 1 to 17 present a similar structure, but the contents are getting harder. At the first three sessions, the information is basically nutrition, physical activity and self-recording. Session 4 adds a complete explanation about the importance of social support, and provide instructions to choose a correct confidence person to help during the program. Lifestyle and attitudes contents will developed through the next sessions, when the basic components are already consolidated. Figure 2 shows an overview of the content of intervention. In the figure, the sentence “identical to previous sessions” means that the structure of each session is the same as in session 1. Nutrition and exercise are treated each week, including new aspects and consolidating the old ones.
Fig. 2
Overview of en_línea program content
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“Set weekly goals” and “Verifying weekly goals” sections are aimed to adjust expectations and establish realistic goals. If the participants, at the end of the week, verify the accomplishment of 75% of the initial weekly goals, they will receive an automatic congratulation message and they should reward themselves.
Participants will download a mobile application designed exclusively for en_línea. They should record their daily meals, at least five records per day; their daily physical activity, at least their daily steps; and, their weekly weight. To count their daily steps participants will use commercial mobile applications.
Finally, once a week a specialized psychologist will provide personalized feedback about the activities of the website and the mobile application records. There is a space for this feedback at the end of each section of the website. The participant can review each activity with the corresponding feedback. Participants can send an email to the psychologist to solve doubts.
Standard group therapy
Participants in this arm will received a 10 sessions of standard primary care group therapy. Sessions 1 and 2 will be weekly and sessions from 3 to 10 will be biweekly. Sessions, between 8 and 10 participants, will be conducted by a specialized psychologist and they will last 90 min. Treatment areas will be the same as en_línea, beginning with nutrition and exercise and a progressive incorporation of the other topics. Material to work at home and self-recording will be provided in paper. The structure of the sessions will be: home activities and self-recording review, new information and strategies, and establishment of activities for the week. Anthropometric measures will be taken at the same time as en_línea.
Control group
Participants in the control group only will receive a biweekly newsletter by email without feedback. They will be provided with material and instructions to self-record their daily meals and exercise. The newsletter only will content basic information about nutrition and exercise.
Follow-up sessions will take place in three arms to assess the adherence to the interventions and to evaluate the main objective of this study, the acquirement of long-term healthy habits. These face-to-face sessions will last between 15 and 30 min and will take place 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after the post treatment session. In this follow-ups, we will review: anthropometric measures, quality of life, nutrition and exercise habits.
Outcomes
Primary outcomes measures
The primary outcome is the weight loss. First, differences between the pre and post measures for each treatment arm. Treatment success is defined as 5–10% of weight loss respect the initial weight. Then, significant differences in weight loss and other anthropometric measures, specified later, between the three treatment arms. Finally, the maintenance of weight loss during the follow-ups, significant differences between the three treatment arms.
Secondary outcomes measures
To determine the effectiveness of the different interventions following results will be considered for each intervention arm: 1) Adherence: at least 80% of completed website activities and 80% of self-records; 2) Drop out: Participants must finish the treatment; 3) Quality of life: significant differences between pre-post and follow-ups measures. Moreover, significant differences between the three interventions for the three variables aforementioned.
At the end of the study, participants will receive an email with a satisfaction questionnaire with the website and the mobile application, with an available space to make improvement suggestions.
Study design and randomization
Procedure
Participants will be recruited through advertising (flyers, posters, University website, workplace-based emails and social networks). Obese and overweight people interested in participating in the study must send an email to the coordinator of the project. Participants will receive an email to attend an appointment with a psychologist. In this first appointment, patients will be informed about the aims and characteristics of the study, they must sign the written informed consent and, after that, a brief interview and baseline anthropometric measures will be taken. Anthropometric measures will be weight, height; and, neck, chest, waist, hips, leg and arm circumferences. All measures will be taken with the participant wearing light clothing and without shoes. Height will be taken with 1 cm using a stadiometer. Weight will be measured on a digital scale. Circumferences measurements will be measure following the indications provided by WHO [33].
To ensure the accomplishment of inclusion and exclusion criteria participants must answer a large battery of questionnaires specified later. These questionnaires are divided in two batches. After the first in-person appointment, participants will receive an email with the instructions to complete the first batch of questionnaires, they will be provided with an identity number for data protection and with the direct link to the available questionnaires in the platform SurveyMonkey. After the completion of the first part, a second email with the link to the second batch of questionnaires will be sent.
Assessment phase will last 2 weeks, selected participants will be randomized to one of the three study arms. Patients will receive an email with information about their belonging group. Obese and overweight people randomized to “en_línea” program, must assist to a 1 h training session to get familiar with the website and the mobile application. When participants are included in the study, both en_línea and group intervention, they will be given timings for follow-up meetings during the treatment at week 8 and week 17. After interventions finish, follow-up meetings will be happened at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. In the follow-up visits a brief interview and anthropometric measures will be taken again, the duration of these meeting will be between 15 and 30 min (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3
Flow diagram of en_línea study
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The first evaluation and follow-up visits will be conducted by the coordinator of the project and the interventions will be conducted by two psychologists. The psychologists involved are all certified general sanitary psychologist training for the interventions chosen for this investigation.
Randomization and blinding
Simple randomization will be applied using computer-generated random numbers [34], with a 1:1:1 allocation ratio. Simple randomization has proven to be reliable to large clinical research, generating similar numbers of subjects per group [34]. Participants will be randomly assigned to en_línea program, standard group therapy or control group. Randomization will be carried out by an independent researcher of the study. Therapists will not know the patient allocation until the coordinator inform them to begin the treatment. Thus, blinding will not be possible for the therapists during the intervention.
Currently, this study is in the recruitment phase. No statistical analysis have been performed at this time.
Assessment instruments
The questionnaires used in the assessment phase, apart from a sociodemographic questionnaire ad hoc, will be the following in its Spanish version:
E-TONA structured interview: a self-reported adaptation for adults will be used. This tool was designed to assess behavioral eating habits, physical activity, sedentary behaviors and health problems in fathers and children [35]. Only the behavioral eating habits data will be used in this study. The items of this descriptive and no diagnostic interview are multiple or dichotomous choice.
The Temperament and Character Inventory Revised (TCI-R) [36, 37]. 240 items answered in a 5-Likert scale (1 = completely false; 5 = completely true). It includes seven main dimensions, 4 temperaments and 3 characters, with their corresponding specific features.
Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh (BITE) [38, 39]. Self-reported 33 item questionnaire, designed to identify bulimic symptoms: presence of binge eating and symptoms severity. Items are answered on different Likert scales or dichotomous choice.
Stages of Change for Weight Management (S-Weight) [40]. Questionnaire of 5 excluding items to classify participants in one of the 5 stages of change for weight management.
Process of Change for Weight Management (P-Weight) [40]. 33 items answered in a 5-point Likert scale to assess attitudes and behaviors to control weight.
Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ) [41, 42]. Self-reported 14 items scale to assess behavioral and psychological symptoms of Night Eating Disorder.
SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36) [43, 44]. 36 items to assess functional health and wellbeing from the perspective of the respondent. It includes 8 scales related with the main aspects of heath, both physical and mental health.
Coping Inventory Strategies (CSI) [45, 46]. 40 items tool answered on a 5-Likert scale (0 = not at all; 4 = totally), to assess 8 different coping strategies.
Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) [47, 48]. 33 item questionnaire answered in a 5-point Likert scale (1 = never; 5 = very often), to assess different types of intake.
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) [49, 50]. 21 item questionnaire answered in a 5-point Likert scale (0 = nothing applicable to me; 5 = applicable to me most of the time), to evaluate the severity of depression, anxiety and stress experimented during the last week.
Statistical analysis
To estimate the sample size has been used the primary outcome, weight loss differences between baseline and post-treatment measures. The range of the effect size of the intervention will be 0.5 SD in group comparisons, alpha 5% and two-tail tests [51]. These data determine that we need at least 88 patients per group, considering an expected 31% dropout rate [52], our final choice will be N = 305 [53].
Analysis will be performed using STATA/IC 14.2. All data will be checked for missing values, accuracy and normality criteria. Intention to treat analysis (ITT) will be used to analyze the data, including all randomized participants. After that, per protocol analysis will be performed for participants who have completed 17 weeks follow-up. ANOVA for repeated measures, with type of intervention as independent variable and time (baseline and follow-up visits) as dependent variable, will be conducted to analyze primary and secondary outcomes.
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Discussion
The high obesity rates [1, 2] are an evidence that current interventions are not effective enough and new approaches are necessary [7‐11]. Internet and new technologies have become essential tools in our daily routine [15]. An overuse of new technologies could trigger unhealthy behaviors [12‐14] or an addition to these new resources. However, properly used Internet could be a powerful way to engage the patients in innovative treatments [16].
The future challenge is to get over the limitations of traditional weight control programs: poor long-term results and adherence rates [7‐9]. Moreover, to design a new intervention the focus have to change from the disease to understand the people who is suffering the problem and their environment [10]. Thus, social support and personalized feedback should be relevant aspects to consider designing new obesity treatments [10‐12]. High-intensity in-person treatments have accomplished the best results in primary care, but the large amount of people suffering obesity makes impossible offer this kind of interventions to all affected population [27‐30].
en_línea is a project designed to be an alternative in primary care. The target population is people who are waiting for a treatment or who have to cover large distance to keep an appointment. This new approach try to consider all the aforementioned limitations. The intervention is based on the LEARN program [25], a tested weight control program, which includes social support as a relevant treatment area [10‐12, 24]. en_línea is an online version with its own website and mobile application to reach as many obese people as possible at the same time. Online therapies are not only useful for that people who live far away [17‐20]. This new intervention format is appropriate for patients who prefer not to share their intimate problems with a group, and for the new generations who feel comfortable using new technologies. Thus, a program focused on the person and their environment [10‐14], with social support as a treatment area [10, 11], delivered by healthcare professionals providing personalized feedback [9‐11], and with an online format [21], should provide better long-term and adherence results.
Finally, en_línea is the results of taking advantage of the daily use of new technologies and including them as health tools. Moreover, we reviewed previously successful weight control programs and we adapt their best features, trying to cover their limitations at the same time. Improving current treatment is the future. However, we must not forget that changing habits and losing weight are very difficult processes. Therefore, an evolution to a nonjudgmental and supportive society is necessary.
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Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All procedures will be performed in this study involving human participants has been approved by the ethical standards of the Bioethics Committee of the University of Barcelona (Reference: IRB00003099), and in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Participants must sign their informed consent before to participate in the study. All information of the study will be stored at the Unit of Behavior Therapy. All confidential data will be stored in locked file cabinets. For the assessment, data collection and website use, all participants will be identified by a coded identification number to maintain their confidentiality. Moreover, to enter in their personal area in the website and the mobile application participants will be provided with an individual password. They will receive instructions to change the provided password to one that they only know. All data files and databases will be protected by a password. Only principal investigators, the coordinator and the psychologists will have access to the study information and data. However, every person involved in the study must sign a confidentiality inform, e.g. technical staff.
Any necessary amendments in this protocol, which may impact in the conduct of the study or that may affect the participants, will be reported to the Bioethics Committee for its consideration and approval.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
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Competing interests
The co-author Carmina Saldaña has received a research grant from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government with the reference number PSI2013–45292-R. A part from this, the authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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