Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Sports Medicine 4/2016

01.04.2016 | Current Opinion

Endurance Exercise and the Heart: Friend or Foe?

verfasst von: Fabian Sanchis-Gomar, Laura M. Pérez, Michael J. Joyner, Herbert Löllgen, Alejandro Lucia

Erschienen in: Sports Medicine | Ausgabe 4/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Although low- to moderate-intensity exercise has well-known cardiovascular benefits, it has been increasingly suggested that prolonged strenuous endurance exercise (SEE) could have potential deleterious cardiac effects. In effect, the term ‘cardiac overuse injury’ (or ‘over-exercise’) has been recently reported to group all the possible deleterious cardiac consequences of repeated exposure to SEE or ‘over-exercise’. In this article, we provide a balanced overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the ‘pros’ and ‘cons’ of SEE from a cardiological point of view.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Horneffer A. Herodot. Historien. Stuttgart: Kröner Comp; 1971. Horneffer A. Herodot. Historien. Stuttgart: Kröner Comp; 1971.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Lavie CJ, Arena R, Swift DL, et al. Exercise and the cardiovascular system: clinical science and cardiovascular outcomes. Circ Res. 2015;117(2):207–19.PubMedCrossRef Lavie CJ, Arena R, Swift DL, et al. Exercise and the cardiovascular system: clinical science and cardiovascular outcomes. Circ Res. 2015;117(2):207–19.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanchis-Gomar F, Lucia A, Levine BD. Relationship between strenuous exercise and cardiac “morbimortality”: benefits outweigh the potential risks. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2015. pii: S1050-1738(15)00189-9 (Epub 5 Aug 2015). doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2015.07.008.PubMed Sanchis-Gomar F, Lucia A, Levine BD. Relationship between strenuous exercise and cardiac “morbimortality”: benefits outweigh the potential risks. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2015. pii: S1050-1738(15)00189-9 (Epub 5 Aug 2015). doi:10.​1016/​j.​tcm.​2015.​07.​008.PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Keefe JH, Patil HR, Lavie CJ, et al. Potential adverse cardiovascular effects from excessive endurance exercise. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(6):587–95.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef O’Keefe JH, Patil HR, Lavie CJ, et al. Potential adverse cardiovascular effects from excessive endurance exercise. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(6):587–95.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Keefe JH, Franklin B, Lavie CJ. Exercising for health and longevity vs peak performance: different regimens for different goals. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89(9):1171–5.PubMedCrossRef O’Keefe JH, Franklin B, Lavie CJ. Exercising for health and longevity vs peak performance: different regimens for different goals. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89(9):1171–5.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams PT, Thompson PD. Increased cardiovascular disease mortality associated with excessive exercise in heart attack survivors. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89(9):1187–94.PubMedCrossRef Williams PT, Thompson PD. Increased cardiovascular disease mortality associated with excessive exercise in heart attack survivors. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89(9):1187–94.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Mons U, Hahmann H, Brenner H. A reverse J-shaped association of leisure time physical activity with prognosis in patients with stable coronary heart disease: evidence from a large cohort with repeated measurements. Heart. 2014;100(13):1043–9.PubMedCrossRef Mons U, Hahmann H, Brenner H. A reverse J-shaped association of leisure time physical activity with prognosis in patients with stable coronary heart disease: evidence from a large cohort with repeated measurements. Heart. 2014;100(13):1043–9.PubMedCrossRef
8.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Lavie CJ, O’Keefe JH, Sallis RE. Exercise and the heart: the harm of too little and too much. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2015;14(2):104–9.PubMedCrossRef Lavie CJ, O’Keefe JH, Sallis RE. Exercise and the heart: the harm of too little and too much. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2015;14(2):104–9.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Keefe JH, Lavie CJ, Guazzi M. Part 1: potential dangers of extreme endurance exercise: how much is too much? Part 2: screening of school-age athletes. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;57(4):396–405.PubMedCrossRef O’Keefe JH, Lavie CJ, Guazzi M. Part 1: potential dangers of extreme endurance exercise: how much is too much? Part 2: screening of school-age athletes. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;57(4):396–405.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee DC, Lavie CJ, Vedanthan R. Optimal dose of running for longevity: is more better or worse? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(5):420–2.PubMedCrossRef Lee DC, Lavie CJ, Vedanthan R. Optimal dose of running for longevity: is more better or worse? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(5):420–2.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanchis-Gomar F, Joyner MJ, Lucia A. Letter by Sanchis-Gomar et al. regarding article, “Cardiac remodeling in response to 1 year of intensive endurance training”. Circulation. 2015;132(11):e146.PubMedCrossRef Sanchis-Gomar F, Joyner MJ, Lucia A. Letter by Sanchis-Gomar et al. regarding article, “Cardiac remodeling in response to 1 year of intensive endurance training”. Circulation. 2015;132(11):e146.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanchis-Gomar F, Santos-Lozano A, Garatachea N, et al. My patient wants to perform strenuous endurance exercise. What’s the right advice? Int J Cardiol. 2015;197:248–53.PubMedCrossRef Sanchis-Gomar F, Santos-Lozano A, Garatachea N, et al. My patient wants to perform strenuous endurance exercise. What’s the right advice? Int J Cardiol. 2015;197:248–53.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Galderisi M, Cardim N, D’Andrea A, et al. The multi-modality cardiac imaging approach to the Athlete’s heart: an expert consensus of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16:353.PubMedCrossRef Galderisi M, Cardim N, D’Andrea A, et al. The multi-modality cardiac imaging approach to the Athlete’s heart: an expert consensus of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16:353.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Spataro A, et al. The upper limit of physiologic cardiac hypertrophy in highly trained elite athletes. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(5):295–301.PubMedCrossRef Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Spataro A, et al. The upper limit of physiologic cardiac hypertrophy in highly trained elite athletes. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(5):295–301.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Fagard R, Van den Broeke C, Amery A. Left ventricular dynamics during exercise in elite marathon runners. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14(1):112–8.PubMedCrossRef Fagard R, Van den Broeke C, Amery A. Left ventricular dynamics during exercise in elite marathon runners. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14(1):112–8.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Fagard RH. Impact of different sports and training on cardiac structure and function. Cardiol Clin. 1997;15(3):397–412.PubMedCrossRef Fagard RH. Impact of different sports and training on cardiac structure and function. Cardiol Clin. 1997;15(3):397–412.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron BJ, Pelliccia A, Spataro A, et al. Reduction in left ventricular wall thickness after deconditioning in highly trained Olympic athletes. Br Heart J. 1993;69(2):125–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Maron BJ, Pelliccia A, Spataro A, et al. Reduction in left ventricular wall thickness after deconditioning in highly trained Olympic athletes. Br Heart J. 1993;69(2):125–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, De Luca R, et al. Remodeling of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite athletes after long-term deconditioning. Circulation. 2002;105(8):944–9.PubMedCrossRef Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, De Luca R, et al. Remodeling of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite athletes after long-term deconditioning. Circulation. 2002;105(8):944–9.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Urhausen A, Albers T, Kindermann W. Are the cardiac effects of anabolic steroid abuse in strength athletes reversible? Heart. 2004;90(5):496–501.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Urhausen A, Albers T, Kindermann W. Are the cardiac effects of anabolic steroid abuse in strength athletes reversible? Heart. 2004;90(5):496–501.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelliccia A, Culasso F, Di Paolo FM, et al. Physiologic left ventricular cavity dilatation in elite athletes. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(1):23–31.PubMedCrossRef Pelliccia A, Culasso F, Di Paolo FM, et al. Physiologic left ventricular cavity dilatation in elite athletes. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(1):23–31.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Morganroth J, Maron BJ, Henry WL, et al. Comparative left ventricular dimensions in trained athletes. Ann Intern Med. 1975;82(4):521–4.PubMedCrossRef Morganroth J, Maron BJ, Henry WL, et al. Comparative left ventricular dimensions in trained athletes. Ann Intern Med. 1975;82(4):521–4.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat D’Andrea A, Limongelli G, Caso P, et al. Association between left ventricular structure and cardiac performance during effort in two morphological forms of athlete’s heart. Int J Cardiol. 2002;86(2–3):177–84.PubMedCrossRef D’Andrea A, Limongelli G, Caso P, et al. Association between left ventricular structure and cardiac performance during effort in two morphological forms of athlete’s heart. Int J Cardiol. 2002;86(2–3):177–84.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat George KP, Warburton DE, Oxborough D, et al. Upper limits of physiological cardiac adaptation in ultramarathon runners. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(6):754–5.PubMedCrossRef George KP, Warburton DE, Oxborough D, et al. Upper limits of physiological cardiac adaptation in ultramarathon runners. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(6):754–5.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Arbab-Zadeh A, Perhonen M, Howden E, et al. Cardiac remodeling in response to 1 year of intensive endurance training. Circulation. 2014;130(24):2152–61.PubMedCrossRef Arbab-Zadeh A, Perhonen M, Howden E, et al. Cardiac remodeling in response to 1 year of intensive endurance training. Circulation. 2014;130(24):2152–61.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat La Gerche A, Claessen G. Is exercise good for the right ventricle? Concepts for health and disease. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31(4):502–8.PubMedCrossRef La Gerche A, Claessen G. Is exercise good for the right ventricle? Concepts for health and disease. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31(4):502–8.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat La Gerche A, Heidbuchel H. Can intensive exercise harm the heart? You can get too much of a good thing. Circulation. 2014;130(12):992–1002.PubMedCrossRef La Gerche A, Heidbuchel H. Can intensive exercise harm the heart? You can get too much of a good thing. Circulation. 2014;130(12):992–1002.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Trivax JE, Franklin BA, Goldstein JA, et al. Acute cardiac effects of marathon running. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010;108(5):1148–53.CrossRef Trivax JE, Franklin BA, Goldstein JA, et al. Acute cardiac effects of marathon running. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010;108(5):1148–53.CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat La Gerche A, Burns AT, Mooney DJ, et al. Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance athletes. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(8):998–1006.PubMedCrossRef La Gerche A, Burns AT, Mooney DJ, et al. Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance athletes. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(8):998–1006.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Wen CP, Wai JP, Tsai MK, et al. Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2011;378(9798):1244–53.PubMedCrossRef Wen CP, Wai JP, Tsai MK, et al. Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2011;378(9798):1244–53.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat D’Andrea A, Riegler L, Golia E, et al. Range of right heart measurements in top-level athletes: the training impact. Int J Cardiol. 2013;164(1):48–57.PubMedCrossRef D’Andrea A, Riegler L, Golia E, et al. Range of right heart measurements in top-level athletes: the training impact. Int J Cardiol. 2013;164(1):48–57.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Elliott AD, La Gerche A. The right ventricle following prolonged endurance exercise: are we overlooking the more important side of the heart? A meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;49(11):724–9.PubMedCrossRef Elliott AD, La Gerche A. The right ventricle following prolonged endurance exercise: are we overlooking the more important side of the heart? A meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;49(11):724–9.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Angell PJ, Chester N, Sculthorpe N, et al. Performance enhancing drug abuse and cardiovascular risk in athletes: implications for the clinician. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(Suppl 1):i78–84.PubMedCrossRef Angell PJ, Chester N, Sculthorpe N, et al. Performance enhancing drug abuse and cardiovascular risk in athletes: implications for the clinician. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(Suppl 1):i78–84.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Hanlon R, Wilson M, Wage R, et al. Troponin release following endurance exercise: is inflammation the cause? A cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010;12:38.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef O’Hanlon R, Wilson M, Wage R, et al. Troponin release following endurance exercise: is inflammation the cause? A cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010;12:38.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Regwan S, Hulten EA, Martinho S, et al. Marathon running as a cause of troponin elevation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Interv Cardiol. 2010;23(5):443–50.PubMedCrossRef Regwan S, Hulten EA, Martinho S, et al. Marathon running as a cause of troponin elevation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Interv Cardiol. 2010;23(5):443–50.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Scherr J, Braun S, Schuster T, et al. 72-h kinetics of high-sensitive troponin T and inflammatory markers after marathon. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(10):1819–27.PubMedCrossRef Scherr J, Braun S, Schuster T, et al. 72-h kinetics of high-sensitive troponin T and inflammatory markers after marathon. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(10):1819–27.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Scharhag J, Lollgen H, Kindermann W. Competitive sports and the heart: benefit or risk? Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110(1–2):14–23 (quiz 4, e1–2).PubMedPubMedCentral Scharhag J, Lollgen H, Kindermann W. Competitive sports and the heart: benefit or risk? Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110(1–2):14–23 (quiz 4, e1–2).PubMedPubMedCentral
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanssen H, Keithahn A, Hertel G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial injury and ventricular torsion after marathon running. Clin Sci (Lond). 2011;120(4):143–52.PubMedCrossRef Hanssen H, Keithahn A, Hertel G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial injury and ventricular torsion after marathon running. Clin Sci (Lond). 2011;120(4):143–52.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Mousavi N, Czarnecki A, Kumar K, et al. Relation of biomarkers and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after marathon running. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(10):1467–72.PubMedCrossRef Mousavi N, Czarnecki A, Kumar K, et al. Relation of biomarkers and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after marathon running. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(10):1467–72.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Neilan TG, Yoerger DM, Douglas PS, et al. Persistent and reversible cardiac dysfunction among amateur marathon runners. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(9):1079–84.PubMedCrossRef Neilan TG, Yoerger DM, Douglas PS, et al. Persistent and reversible cardiac dysfunction among amateur marathon runners. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(9):1079–84.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaudreault V, Tizon-Marcos H, Poirier P, et al. Transient myocardial tissue and function changes during a marathon in less fit marathon runners. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29(10):1269–76.PubMedCrossRef Gaudreault V, Tizon-Marcos H, Poirier P, et al. Transient myocardial tissue and function changes during a marathon in less fit marathon runners. Can J Cardiol. 2013;29(10):1269–76.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Saltin B. Aerobic work capacity and circulation at exercise in man. With special reference to the effect of prolonged exercise and/or heat exposure. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1964;Suppl 230:1–52. Saltin B. Aerobic work capacity and circulation at exercise in man. With special reference to the effect of prolonged exercise and/or heat exposure. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1964;Suppl 230:1–52.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Utomi V, Oxborough D, Ashley E, et al. Predominance of normal left ventricular geometry in the male ‘athlete’s heart’. Heart. 2014;100(16):1264–71.PubMedCrossRef Utomi V, Oxborough D, Ashley E, et al. Predominance of normal left ventricular geometry in the male ‘athlete’s heart’. Heart. 2014;100(16):1264–71.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Rimensberger C, Carlen F, Brugger N, et al. Right ventricular adaptations and arrhythmias in amateur ultra-endurance athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(15):1179–84.PubMedCrossRef Rimensberger C, Carlen F, Brugger N, et al. Right ventricular adaptations and arrhythmias in amateur ultra-endurance athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(15):1179–84.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanchis-Gomar F, Garatachea N, Catalan P, et al. Strenuous endurance exercise and right ventricular systolic function: no evidence of long-term sequelae. Int J Cardiol. 2015;179:297–8.PubMedCrossRef Sanchis-Gomar F, Garatachea N, Catalan P, et al. Strenuous endurance exercise and right ventricular systolic function: no evidence of long-term sequelae. Int J Cardiol. 2015;179:297–8.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat La Gerche A, Connelly KA, Mooney DJ, et al. Biochemical and functional abnormalities of left and right ventricular function after ultra-endurance exercise. Heart. 2008;94(7):860–6.PubMedCrossRef La Gerche A, Connelly KA, Mooney DJ, et al. Biochemical and functional abnormalities of left and right ventricular function after ultra-endurance exercise. Heart. 2008;94(7):860–6.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat La Gerche A, Heidbuchel H, Burns AT, et al. Disproportionate exercise load and remodeling of the athlete’s right ventricle. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(6):974–81.PubMedCrossRef La Gerche A, Heidbuchel H, Burns AT, et al. Disproportionate exercise load and remodeling of the athlete’s right ventricle. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(6):974–81.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Scharhag J, Schneider G, Urhausen A, et al. Athlete’s heart: right and left ventricular mass and function in male endurance athletes and untrained individuals determined by magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(10):1856–63.PubMedCrossRef Scharhag J, Schneider G, Urhausen A, et al. Athlete’s heart: right and left ventricular mass and function in male endurance athletes and untrained individuals determined by magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(10):1856–63.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Dalla Vecchia L, Traversi E, Porta A, et al. On site assessment of cardiac function and neural regulation in amateur half marathon runners. Open Heart. 2014;1(1):e000005.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dalla Vecchia L, Traversi E, Porta A, et al. On site assessment of cardiac function and neural regulation in amateur half marathon runners. Open Heart. 2014;1(1):e000005.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Schattke S, Xing Y, Lock J, et al. Increased longitudinal contractility and diastolic function at rest in well-trained amateur Marathon runners: a speckle tracking echocardiography study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2014;12:11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schattke S, Xing Y, Lock J, et al. Increased longitudinal contractility and diastolic function at rest in well-trained amateur Marathon runners: a speckle tracking echocardiography study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2014;12:11.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Zaidi A, Ghani S, Sharma R, et al. Physiological right ventricular adaptation in elite athletes of African and Afro-Caribbean origin. Circulation. 2013;127(17):1783–92.PubMedCrossRef Zaidi A, Ghani S, Sharma R, et al. Physiological right ventricular adaptation in elite athletes of African and Afro-Caribbean origin. Circulation. 2013;127(17):1783–92.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Dangardt FJ, McKenna WJ, Luscher TF, et al. Exercise: friend or foe? Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013;10(9):495–507.PubMedCrossRef Dangardt FJ, McKenna WJ, Luscher TF, et al. Exercise: friend or foe? Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013;10(9):495–507.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Pluim BM, Zwinderman AH, van der Laarse A, et al. The athlete’s heart a meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function. Circulation. 2000;101(3):336–44.PubMedCrossRef Pluim BM, Zwinderman AH, van der Laarse A, et al. The athlete’s heart a meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function. Circulation. 2000;101(3):336–44.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron BJ, Pelliccia A. The heart of trained athletes: cardiac remodeling and the risks of sports, including sudden death. Circulation. 2006;114(15):1633–44.PubMedCrossRef Maron BJ, Pelliccia A. The heart of trained athletes: cardiac remodeling and the risks of sports, including sudden death. Circulation. 2006;114(15):1633–44.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Ector J, Ganame J, van der Merwe N, et al. Reduced right ventricular ejection fraction in endurance athletes presenting with ventricular arrhythmias: a quantitative angiographic assessment. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(3):345–53.PubMedCrossRef Ector J, Ganame J, van der Merwe N, et al. Reduced right ventricular ejection fraction in endurance athletes presenting with ventricular arrhythmias: a quantitative angiographic assessment. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(3):345–53.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Heidbuchel H, Hoogsteen J, Fagard R, et al. High prevalence of right ventricular involvement in endurance athletes with ventricular arrhythmias. Role of an electrophysiologic study in risk stratification. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(16):1473–80.PubMedCrossRef Heidbuchel H, Hoogsteen J, Fagard R, et al. High prevalence of right ventricular involvement in endurance athletes with ventricular arrhythmias. Role of an electrophysiologic study in risk stratification. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(16):1473–80.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Arbab-Zadeh A, Dijk E, Prasad A, et al. Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance. Circulation. 2004;110(13):1799–805.PubMedCrossRef Arbab-Zadeh A, Dijk E, Prasad A, et al. Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance. Circulation. 2004;110(13):1799–805.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhella PS, Hastings JL, Fujimoto N, et al. Impact of lifelong exercise “dose” on left ventricular compliance and distensibility. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(12):1257–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bhella PS, Hastings JL, Fujimoto N, et al. Impact of lifelong exercise “dose” on left ventricular compliance and distensibility. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(12):1257–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Waterhouse DF, Ismail TF, Prasad SK, et al. Imaging focal and interstitial fibrosis with cardiovascular magnetic resonance in athletes with left ventricular hypertrophy: implications for sporting participation. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(Suppl 1):i69–77.PubMedCrossRef Waterhouse DF, Ismail TF, Prasad SK, et al. Imaging focal and interstitial fibrosis with cardiovascular magnetic resonance in athletes with left ventricular hypertrophy: implications for sporting participation. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(Suppl 1):i69–77.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Naylor LH, George K, O’Driscoll G, et al. The athlete’s heart: a contemporary appraisal of the ‘Morganroth hypothesis’. Sports Med. 2008;38(1):69–90.PubMedCrossRef Naylor LH, George K, O’Driscoll G, et al. The athlete’s heart: a contemporary appraisal of the ‘Morganroth hypothesis’. Sports Med. 2008;38(1):69–90.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Löllgen H, Löllgen R. Genetics, genetic testing and sports: aspects from sports cardiology. Genomics Soc Policy. 2012;8:32–47. Löllgen H, Löllgen R. Genetics, genetic testing and sports: aspects from sports cardiology. Genomics Soc Policy. 2012;8:32–47.
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine BD. Can intensive exercise harm the heart? The benefits of competitive endurance training for cardiovascular structure and function. Circulation. 2014;130(12):987–91.PubMedCrossRef Levine BD. Can intensive exercise harm the heart? The benefits of competitive endurance training for cardiovascular structure and function. Circulation. 2014;130(12):987–91.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Breuckmann F, Mohlenkamp S, Nassenstein K, et al. Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement: prevalence, pattern, and prognostic relevance in marathon runners. Radiology. 2009;251(1):50–7.PubMedCrossRef Breuckmann F, Mohlenkamp S, Nassenstein K, et al. Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement: prevalence, pattern, and prognostic relevance in marathon runners. Radiology. 2009;251(1):50–7.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson M, O’Hanlon R, Prasad S, et al. Diverse patterns of myocardial fibrosis in lifelong, veteran endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011;110(6):1622–6.CrossRef Wilson M, O’Hanlon R, Prasad S, et al. Diverse patterns of myocardial fibrosis in lifelong, veteran endurance athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011;110(6):1622–6.CrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Prakken NH, Teske AJ, Cramer MJ, et al. Head-to-head comparison between echocardiography and cardiac MRI in the evaluation of the athlete’s heart. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(5):348–54.PubMedCrossRef Prakken NH, Teske AJ, Cramer MJ, et al. Head-to-head comparison between echocardiography and cardiac MRI in the evaluation of the athlete’s heart. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(5):348–54.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Marra MP, De Lazzari M, Zorzi A, et al. Impact of the presence and amount of myocardial fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance on arrhythmic outcome and sudden cardiac death in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11(5):856–63.CrossRef Marra MP, De Lazzari M, Zorzi A, et al. Impact of the presence and amount of myocardial fibrosis by cardiac magnetic resonance on arrhythmic outcome and sudden cardiac death in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11(5):856–63.CrossRef
68.
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Guasch E, Benito B, Qi X, et al. Atrial fibrillation promotion by endurance exercise: demonstration and mechanistic exploration in an animal model. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(1):68–77.PubMedCrossRef Guasch E, Benito B, Qi X, et al. Atrial fibrillation promotion by endurance exercise: demonstration and mechanistic exploration in an animal model. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(1):68–77.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilhelm M, Roten L, Tanner H, et al. Atrial remodeling, autonomic tone, and lifetime training hours in nonelite athletes. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(4):580–5.PubMedCrossRef Wilhelm M, Roten L, Tanner H, et al. Atrial remodeling, autonomic tone, and lifetime training hours in nonelite athletes. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(4):580–5.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Turagam MK, Velagapudi P, Kocheril AG. Atrial fibrillation in athletes. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(2):296–302.PubMedCrossRef Turagam MK, Velagapudi P, Kocheril AG. Atrial fibrillation in athletes. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(2):296–302.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Turagam MK, Velagapudi P, Alpert MA. Does exercise cause atrial fibrillation? Int J Cardiol. 2015;181:245–6.PubMedCrossRef Turagam MK, Velagapudi P, Alpert MA. Does exercise cause atrial fibrillation? Int J Cardiol. 2015;181:245–6.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Mozaffarian D, Furberg CD, Psaty BM, et al. Physical activity and incidence of atrial fibrillation in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2008;118(8):800–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mozaffarian D, Furberg CD, Psaty BM, et al. Physical activity and incidence of atrial fibrillation in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2008;118(8):800–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwok CS, Anderson SG, Myint PK, et al. Physical activity and incidence of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2014;177(2):467–76.PubMedCrossRef Kwok CS, Anderson SG, Myint PK, et al. Physical activity and incidence of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2014;177(2):467–76.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Drca N, Wolk A, Jensen-Urstad M, et al. Atrial fibrillation is associated with different levels of physical activity levels at different ages in men. Heart. 2014;100(13):1037–42.PubMedCrossRef Drca N, Wolk A, Jensen-Urstad M, et al. Atrial fibrillation is associated with different levels of physical activity levels at different ages in men. Heart. 2014;100(13):1037–42.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Elosua R, Arquer A, Mont L, et al. Sport practice and the risk of lone atrial fibrillation: a case-control study. Int J Cardiol. 2006;108(3):332–7.PubMedCrossRef Elosua R, Arquer A, Mont L, et al. Sport practice and the risk of lone atrial fibrillation: a case-control study. Int J Cardiol. 2006;108(3):332–7.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Molina L, Mont L, Marrugat J, et al. Long-term endurance sport practice increases the incidence of lone atrial fibrillation in men: a follow-up study. Europace. 2008;10(5):618–23.PubMedCrossRef Molina L, Mont L, Marrugat J, et al. Long-term endurance sport practice increases the incidence of lone atrial fibrillation in men: a follow-up study. Europace. 2008;10(5):618–23.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Mont L, Sambola A, Brugada J, et al. Long-lasting sport practice and lone atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(6):477–82.PubMedCrossRef Mont L, Sambola A, Brugada J, et al. Long-lasting sport practice and lone atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(6):477–82.PubMedCrossRef
79.
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Furlanello F, Bertoldi A, Dallago M, et al. Atrial fibrillation in elite athletes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1998;9(8 Suppl):S63–8.PubMed Furlanello F, Bertoldi A, Dallago M, et al. Atrial fibrillation in elite athletes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1998;9(8 Suppl):S63–8.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Di Paolo FM, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of left atrial remodeling in competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(4):690–6.PubMedCrossRef Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Di Paolo FM, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of left atrial remodeling in competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(4):690–6.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdulla J, Nielsen JR. Is the risk of atrial fibrillation higher in athletes than in the general population? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace. 2009;11(9):1156–9.PubMedCrossRef Abdulla J, Nielsen JR. Is the risk of atrial fibrillation higher in athletes than in the general population? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace. 2009;11(9):1156–9.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Thelle DS, Selmer R, Gjesdal K, et al. Resting heart rate and physical activity as risk factors for lone atrial fibrillation: a prospective study of 309,540 men and women. Heart. 2013;99(23):1755–60.PubMedCrossRef Thelle DS, Selmer R, Gjesdal K, et al. Resting heart rate and physical activity as risk factors for lone atrial fibrillation: a prospective study of 309,540 men and women. Heart. 2013;99(23):1755–60.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Andersen K, Farahmand B, Ahlbom A, et al. Risk of arrhythmias in 52 755 long-distance cross-country skiers: a cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(47):3624–31.PubMedCrossRef Andersen K, Farahmand B, Ahlbom A, et al. Risk of arrhythmias in 52 755 long-distance cross-country skiers: a cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(47):3624–31.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Myrstad M, Lochen ML, Graff-Iversen S, et al. Increased risk of atrial fibrillation among elderly Norwegian men with a history of long-term endurance sport practice. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(4):e238–44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Myrstad M, Lochen ML, Graff-Iversen S, et al. Increased risk of atrial fibrillation among elderly Norwegian men with a history of long-term endurance sport practice. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(4):e238–44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Qureshi WT, Alirhayim Z, Blaha MJ, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of incident atrial fibrillation: results from the Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) Project. Circulation. 2015;131(21):1827–34.PubMedCrossRef Qureshi WT, Alirhayim Z, Blaha MJ, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of incident atrial fibrillation: results from the Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) Project. Circulation. 2015;131(21):1827–34.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Sofi F, Capalbo A, Cesari F, et al. Physical activity during leisure time and primary prevention of coronary heart disease: an updated meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15(3):247–57.PubMedCrossRef Sofi F, Capalbo A, Cesari F, et al. Physical activity during leisure time and primary prevention of coronary heart disease: an updated meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15(3):247–57.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Lollgen H, Bockenhoff A, Knapp G. Physical activity and all-cause mortality: an updated meta-analysis with different intensity categories. Int J Sports Med. 2009;30(3):213–24.PubMedCrossRef Lollgen H, Bockenhoff A, Knapp G. Physical activity and all-cause mortality: an updated meta-analysis with different intensity categories. Int J Sports Med. 2009;30(3):213–24.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Samitz G, Egger M, Zwahlen M. Domains of physical activity and all-cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(5):1382–400.PubMedCrossRef Samitz G, Egger M, Zwahlen M. Domains of physical activity and all-cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(5):1382–400.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Nocon M, Hiemann T, Muller-Riemenschneider F, et al. Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15(3):239–46.PubMedCrossRef Nocon M, Hiemann T, Muller-Riemenschneider F, et al. Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008;15(3):239–46.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL, et al. Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 2011;124(7):789–95.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL, et al. Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 2011;124(7):789–95.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Moore SC, Patel AV, Matthews CE, et al. Leisure time physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity and mortality: a large pooled cohort analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9(11):e1001335.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Moore SC, Patel AV, Matthews CE, et al. Leisure time physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity and mortality: a large pooled cohort analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9(11):e1001335.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Schnohr P, O’Keefe JH, Marott JL, et al. Dose of jogging and long-term mortality: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(5):411–9.PubMedCrossRef Schnohr P, O’Keefe JH, Marott JL, et al. Dose of jogging and long-term mortality: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(5):411–9.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee DC, Pate RR, Lavie CJ, et al. Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(5):472–81.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lee DC, Pate RR, Lavie CJ, et al. Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(5):472–81.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Santos-Lozano A, et al. Strenuous exercise worse than sedentarism? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(24):2673–4.PubMedCrossRef Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Santos-Lozano A, et al. Strenuous exercise worse than sedentarism? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(24):2673–4.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Schnohr P, Marott JL, Lange P, et al. Longevity in male and female joggers: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(7):683–9.PubMedCrossRef Schnohr P, Marott JL, Lange P, et al. Longevity in male and female joggers: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(7):683–9.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Chakravarty EF, Hubert HB, Lingala VB, et al. Reduced disability and mortality among aging runners: a 21-year longitudinal study. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(15):1638–46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chakravarty EF, Hubert HB, Lingala VB, et al. Reduced disability and mortality among aging runners: a 21-year longitudinal study. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(15):1638–46.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams PT. Reductions in incident coronary heart disease risk above guideline physical activity levels in men. Atherosclerosis. 2009;209(2):524–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Williams PT. Reductions in incident coronary heart disease risk above guideline physical activity levels in men. Atherosclerosis. 2009;209(2):524–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Chomistek AK, Cook NR, Flint AJ, et al. Vigorous-intensity leisure-time physical activity and risk of major chronic disease in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(10):1898–905.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chomistek AK, Cook NR, Flint AJ, et al. Vigorous-intensity leisure-time physical activity and risk of major chronic disease in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(10):1898–905.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Garatachea N, Santos-Lozano A, Sanchis-Gomar F, et al. Elite athletes live longer than the general population: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89(9):1195–200.PubMedCrossRef Garatachea N, Santos-Lozano A, Sanchis-Gomar F, et al. Elite athletes live longer than the general population: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89(9):1195–200.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Kettunen JA, Kujala UM, Kaprio J, et al. All-cause and disease-specific mortality among male, former elite athletes: an average 50-year follow-up. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(13):893–7.PubMedCrossRef Kettunen JA, Kujala UM, Kaprio J, et al. All-cause and disease-specific mortality among male, former elite athletes: an average 50-year follow-up. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(13):893–7.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Farahmand BY, Ahlbom A, Ekblom O, et al. Mortality amongst participants in Vasaloppet: a classical long-distance ski race in Sweden. J Intern Med. 2003;253(3):276–83.PubMedCrossRef Farahmand BY, Ahlbom A, Ekblom O, et al. Mortality amongst participants in Vasaloppet: a classical long-distance ski race in Sweden. J Intern Med. 2003;253(3):276–83.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Kujala UM, Sarna S, Kaprio J. Use of medications and dietary supplements in later years among male former top-level athletes. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(9):1064–8.PubMedCrossRef Kujala UM, Sarna S, Kaprio J. Use of medications and dietary supplements in later years among male former top-level athletes. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(9):1064–8.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Marijon E, Tafflet M, Antero-Jacquemin J, et al. Mortality of French participants in the Tour de France (1947–2012). Eur Heart J. 2013;34(40):3145–50.PubMedCrossRef Marijon E, Tafflet M, Antero-Jacquemin J, et al. Mortality of French participants in the Tour de France (1947–2012). Eur Heart J. 2013;34(40):3145–50.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, et al. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(11):1959–63.PubMedCrossRef Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, et al. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(11):1959–63.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, et al. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation. 2009;119(8):1085–92.PubMedCrossRef Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, et al. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation. 2009;119(8):1085–92.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron BJ, Haas TS, Doerer JJ, et al. Comparison of US and Italian experiences with sudden cardiac deaths in young competitive athletes and implications for preparticipation screening strategies. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(2):276–80.PubMedCrossRef Maron BJ, Haas TS, Doerer JJ, et al. Comparison of US and Italian experiences with sudden cardiac deaths in young competitive athletes and implications for preparticipation screening strategies. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(2):276–80.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Albert CM, Mittleman MA, Chae CU, et al. Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(19):1355–61.PubMedCrossRef Albert CM, Mittleman MA, Chae CU, et al. Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(19):1355–61.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Holst AG, Winkel BG, Theilade J, et al. Incidence and etiology of sports-related sudden cardiac death in Denmark: implications for preparticipation screening. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(10):1365–71.PubMedCrossRef Holst AG, Winkel BG, Theilade J, et al. Incidence and etiology of sports-related sudden cardiac death in Denmark: implications for preparticipation screening. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(10):1365–71.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim JH, Malhotra R, Chiampas G, et al. Cardiac arrest during long-distance running races. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(2):130–40.PubMedCrossRef Kim JH, Malhotra R, Chiampas G, et al. Cardiac arrest during long-distance running races. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(2):130–40.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathews SC, Narotsky DL, Bernholt DL, et al. Mortality among marathon runners in the United States, 2000–2009. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(7):1495–500.PubMedCrossRef Mathews SC, Narotsky DL, Bernholt DL, et al. Mortality among marathon runners in the United States, 2000–2009. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(7):1495–500.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Harris KM, Henry JT, Rohman E, et al. Sudden death during the triathlon. JAMA. 2010;303(13):1255–7.PubMedCrossRef Harris KM, Henry JT, Rohman E, et al. Sudden death during the triathlon. JAMA. 2010;303(13):1255–7.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohlenkamp S, Lehmann N, Breuckmann F, et al. Running: the risk of coronary events: prevalence and prognostic relevance of coronary atherosclerosis in marathon runners. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(15):1903–10.PubMedCrossRef Mohlenkamp S, Lehmann N, Breuckmann F, et al. Running: the risk of coronary events: prevalence and prognostic relevance of coronary atherosclerosis in marathon runners. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(15):1903–10.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Haskell WL, Sims C, Myll J, et al. Coronary artery size and dilating capacity in ultradistance runners. Circulation. 1993;87(4):1076–82.PubMedCrossRef Haskell WL, Sims C, Myll J, et al. Coronary artery size and dilating capacity in ultradistance runners. Circulation. 1993;87(4):1076–82.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Zilinski JL, Contursi ME, Isaacs SK, et al. Myocardial adaptations to recreational marathon training among middle-aged men. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(2):e002487.PubMedCrossRef Zilinski JL, Contursi ME, Isaacs SK, et al. Myocardial adaptations to recreational marathon training among middle-aged men. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(2):e002487.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Endurance Exercise and the Heart: Friend or Foe?
verfasst von
Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
Laura M. Pérez
Michael J. Joyner
Herbert Löllgen
Alejandro Lucia
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2016
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Sports Medicine / Ausgabe 4/2016
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0434-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2016

Sports Medicine 4/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen. 
» Jetzt entdecken

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Arthroskopie kann Knieprothese nicht hinauszögern

25.04.2024 Gonarthrose Nachrichten

Ein arthroskopischer Eingriff bei Kniearthrose macht im Hinblick darauf, ob und wann ein Gelenkersatz fällig wird, offenbar keinen Unterschied.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Ärztliche Empathie hilft gegen Rückenschmerzen

23.04.2024 Leitsymptom Rückenschmerzen Nachrichten

Personen mit chronischen Rückenschmerzen, die von einfühlsamen Ärzten und Ärztinnen betreut werden, berichten über weniger Beschwerden und eine bessere Lebensqualität.

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.