This study aimed to investigate the molecular structural relationship between cell adhesive molecule CD44 and Lewis y antigen, and determine the effects of Lewis y antigen on CD44-mediated adhesion and spreading of ovarian cancer cell line RMG-I and the Lewis y antigen-overexpressed cell line RMG-I-H.
Methods
The expression of CD44 in RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells before and after treatment of Lewis y monoclonal antibody was detected by immunocytochemistry; the expression of Lewis y antigen and CD44 was detected by Western Blot. The structural relationship between Lewis y antigen and CD44 was determined by immunoprecipitation and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The adhesion and spreading of RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells on hyaluronic acid (HA) were observed. The expression of CD44 mRNA in RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells was detected by real-time RT-PCR.
Results
Immunocytochemistry revealed that the expression of CD44 was significantly higher in RMG-I-H cells than in RMG-I cells (P < 0.01), and its expression in both cell lines was significantly decreased after treatment of Lewis y monoclonal antibody (both P < 0.01). Western Blot confirmed that the content of CD44 in RMG-I-H cells was 1.46 times of that in RMG-I cells. The co-location of Lewis y antigen and CD44 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. The co-expression of CD44 and Lewis y antigen in RMG-I-H cells was 2.24 times of that in RMG-I cells. The adhesion and spreading of RMG-I-H cells on HA were significantly enhanced as compared to those of RMG-I cells (P < 0.01), and this enhancement was inhibited by Lewis y monoclonal antibody (P < 0.01). The mRNA level of CD44 in both cell lines was similar (P > 0.05).
Conclusion
Lewis y antigen strengthens CD44-mediated adhesion and spreading of ovarian cancer cells.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-9966-30-15) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
LG carried out most parts of the experiment; LY, JG, XL, YW, JL and SZ participated in the experiment; BL participated in the design of the study; LY performed the statistical analysis; IM participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Background
Glycosylated antigens, important components of glycolipids and glycoproteins, are widely expressed on cell membrane and are involved in cell adhesion, recognition, and signal transduction [1]. The alterations of type II sugar chains, such as Lewis × and Lewis y, are common in ovarian cancer: 75% of epithelial ovarian cancers have overexpression of Lewis y antigen which shows obvious relationship with prognosis; tumor marker CA125 in epithelial ovarian cancer also contains Lewis y structure [2, 3]. Alpha1, 2-fucosyltransferase (α1, 2-FT) is a key enzyme for synthesizing Lewis y antigen. In our previous study, we successfully transferred α1, 2-FT gene into ovarian cancer cell line RMG-I and established a cell line RMG-I-H with stable high expression of Lewis y antigen, which showed obviously enhanced malignant behaviors [4‐6].
CD44, one of important adhesive molecules on cells, is involved in the adhesion and metastasis of tumor cells and plays an important role in tumor development [7‐10], but the regulatory mechanism is unclear yet. The molecule CD44 is abundant of α-L-fucose, and is an important α1, 2-fucose antigen-containing protein on the surface of cells [11]. CD44 is expressed on several tissue cells, binds to receptors in extracellular matrix such as hyaluronic acid (HA) and laminin, and mediates cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion [12, 13]. The present study aimed to determine the impact of α1, 2-FT gene transfection on the expression of CD44 on cells and the effects of Lewis y antigen on CD44-mediated cell adhesion and spreading.
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Methods
Materials
Lewis y monoclonal antibody was purchased from Abcam Co.; CD44 monoclonal antibody from Santa Cruz Co. and Wuhan Boster Co.; Protein A-agarose, ECL chromogenic agent, and 5× SDS-PAGE loading buffer from Shanghai Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology; SABC kit from Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd; HA from Hefei Bomei Biotechnology Co., Ltd; DMEM culture medium from Gibco Co.; fetal bovine serum (FBS) from Shenyang Boermei Reagent Co.; Coomassie brilliant blue from Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd; Trizol reagent, PrimeScript™RT reagent kit, and SYBR® Premix Ex Taq™from Dalian TaKaRa Biotechnology Co. The sequences of primers were synthesized by Shanghai Invitrogen Co.
Cell line and cell culture
The cell line RMG-I was originated from ovarian clear cell cancer tissues. The cell line RMG-I-H with high expression of α1, 2-FT and Lewis y antigen was established in our lab [14]. RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells were cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS at 37°C in 5% CO2 and saturated humidity. Cells are grouped in immunocytochemistry, cell spreading, cell adhesion as follows: negative groups, Lewis y antibody-untreated groups, Lewis y antibody-treated groups (single layer cells were treated with 10 μg/mL Lewis y monoclonal antibody at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 60 min), irrelevant isotype-matched control(10 μg/mL normal mouse IgM).
Immunocytochemistry
RMG-I-H and RMG-I cells at exponential phase of growth were digested by 0.25% trypsin and cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS to prepare single-cell suspension. Cells were washed twice with cold PBS when growing in a single layer, and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min. The expression of CD44 on cells was detected according to the SABC kit instructions. The concentration of CD44 monoclonal antibody was 1:100. The primary antibody was replaced by PBS for negative control. 10 μg/mL normal mice IgM acted as irrelevant isotype-matched control. The average optical densities were measured under a microscope with image processing, being presented as the means ± standard deviation for three separate experiments.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy
After fixing with 4% paraformaldehyde, RMG-I-H cells were treated by the one-step immunofluorescence dual-labeling method. In brief, mouse anti-human Lewis y antibody and rabbit anti-human CD44 antibody were diluted to 1:100 as primary antibody solutions; goat anti-rabbit TRITC-labeled secondary antibody and goat anti-mouse FITC-labeled secondary antibody were diluted to 1:200. Cells were blocked by normal goat serum for 30 min, added with primary antibody solutions at 37°C for 1 h, then cultured at room temperature overnight. After washing with PBS, cells were added with secondary antibody solutions at 37°C for 1 h, stained with 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (PI) for 5 min, then observed under the confocal laser scanning microscope. The data were colleted by a computer for digital imaging. The experiment was repeated 3 times.
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Western Blot
RMG-I-H and RMG-I cells at exponential phase of growth were washed twice with cold PBS, added with cell lysis buffer (0.2 mL/bottle), placed on ice for 15 min, then centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 15 min. The protein concentration in the supernatant was detected by the method of Coomassie brilliant blue. The supernatant was cultured with 1× SDS-PAGE loading buffer at 100°C for 5 min for protein denaturation. Then, 50 μg of the protein was used for SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The protein was transferred onto PVDF membrane, blocked by 5% fat-free milk powder at room temperature for 2 h, added with primary mouse anti-human CD44 monoclonal antibody (1:200) and mouse anti-human Lewis y monoclonal antibody (1:1000) and cultured at 4°C overnight, then added with secondary HRP-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG (1:5000) and cultured at room temperature for 2 h, and finally visualized by ECL reagent. The experiment was repeated 3 times.
Co-immunoprecipitation
The protein was extracted from cells before and after transfection with the method described in Western Blot section. After protein quantification, 500 μg of each cell lysis was added with 1 μg of CD44 monoclonal antibody and shaken at 4°C overnight, then added with 40 μL of Protein A-agarose and shaken at 4°C for 2 h, finally centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 5 min and washed to collect the precipitation. The precipitated protein was added with 20 μL of 1× SDS-PAGE loading buffer at 100°C for 5 min for denaturation. The supernatant was subjected to SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. Lewis y monoclonal antibody (1:1000) was used to detect Lewis y antigen. Other steps were the same as described in Western Blot section.
Cell spreading
The 2 mg/mL HA-coated 35-mm culture dishes were placed at 37°C for 1 h, and then blocked by 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 1 h. The single-cell suspension (15,000/mL) prepared with serum-free DMEM was added to the dishes (1 mL/well) and cultured at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 90 min. Under the inverted microscope, 3 to 5 visual fields (×200) were randomly selected to count 200 cells: the round and bright cells were counted as non-spreading cells; the oval cells with pseudopods were counted as spreading cells. Irrelevant control antibodies (10 mg/ml) are used to evaluate the specificity of the inhibitions. The experiment was repeated 3 times.
Cell adhesion
The 96-well plates were coated with 2 mg/ml HA (50 μL/well). The plate coated with 3 mg/mL polylysine and 1% BSA was used as maximal and minimal adhesion controls, respectively. After 2-hour coating at 37°C, the plates were washed twice with PBS, and blocked again with 1% BSA for 2 h. The cells were digested by 0.25% trypsin, centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min, and then added with serum-free DMEM culture medium to prepare single-cell suspension. Cells were diluted to 5 × 104/mL, added to coated plates (100 μL/well) and cultured at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 2 h. After washing off the un-adhered cells, the 96-well plates were fixed by 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min, stained with 0.5% crystal violet (100 μL/well) for 2 h, and then washed twice with cold PBS. The absorbance at 597 nm (A597 absorbance represents the adhesive cells) was detected by a microplate reader. Irrelevant control antibodies (10 mg/ml) are used to evaluate the specificity of the inhibitions. The experiment was repeated 3 times.
Detecting CD44 mRNA in RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells by real-time PCR
RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells at exponential phase of growth were added with Trizol reagent (1 mL per 1 × 107 cells) to extract total RNA. The concentration and purity of RNA were detected by an ultraviolet spectrometer. cDNA was synthesized according to the RNA reverse transcription kit instructions (TaKaRa Co.). The reaction system contained 4 µL of 5× PrimeScript™Buffer, 1 µL of PrimeScript™RT Enzyme Mix I, 1 µL of 50 µmol/L Oligo dT Primer, 1 µL of 100 µmol/L Random 6 mers, 2 µL of total RNA, and 11 µL of RNase-free dH2O. The reaction conditions were 37°C for 15 min, 85°C for 5 s, and 4°C for 5 min. The sequences of CD44 gene primers were 5'-CCAATGCCTTTGATGGACCA-3' for forward primer and 5'-TGTGAGTGTCCATCTGATTC-3' for reverse primer. The sequences of α1,2-FT gene primers were 5'-AGGTCATCCCTGAGCTGAAACGG-3' for forward primer and 5'-CGCCTGCTTCACCACCTTCTTG-3' for reverse primer. The sequences of β-actin gene primers were 5'-GGACTTCGAGCAAGAGATGG-3' for forward primer and 5'-ACATCTGCTGGAAGGTGGAC-3' for reverse primer. The reaction system for real-time fluorescent PCR contained 5 µL of 2× SYBR® Premix Ex Taq™, 0.5 μL of 5 μmol/L PCR forward primer, 0.5 μL of 5 μmol/L PCR reverse primer, 1 µL of cDNA, and 3 µL of dH2O. The reaction conditions were 45 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 20 s and annealing at 60°C for 60 s. The Light Cycler PCR system (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) was used for real-time PCR amplification and Ct value detection. The melting curves were analyzed after amplification. PCR reactions of each sample were done in triplicate. Data were analyzed through the comparative threshold cycle (CT) method.
Statistical analyses
All data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and were processed by the SPSS17.0 software. Raw data were analyzed by the variance analysis. A value of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
The expression of CD44 in RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells
Immunocytochemistry showed that the positive CD44 staining presented as light yellow particles in the cytoplasm of RMG-I cells and brown-yellow particles in the cytoplasm and on the membrane of RMG-I-H cells (Figure 1). The relative level of CD44 expression was significantly higher in RMG-I-H cells than in RMG-I cells (P < 0.01) (Table 1).
Figure 1
The expression of CD44 in RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells detected by immunocytochemistry (×400). Panels 1 and 5 are negative controls; panels 2 and 6 are Lewis y antibody-untreated cells; panels 3 and 7 are Lewis y antibody-treated cells; panels 4 and 8 are cells treated by irrelevant isotype-matched control. The expression of CD44 was detected by SABC methods in RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells, and brown color degree by DAB staining indicated the expression level of CD44. It can be seen from the figure that the expression of CD44 in the RMG-I-H cells was stronger than that in RMG-I cells, which was decreased after Lewis y antibody blocking.
×
Table 1
The average optical density on immunocytochemical staining with CD44 antibodies.
Group
RMG-I
RMG-I-H
Negative control
0.02 ± 0.03
0.03 ± 0.01
Lewis y antibody-untreated
0.28 ± 0.02
0.49 ± 0.02*
Lewis y antibody-treated
0.11 ± 0.01**
0.11 ± 0.01**
Irrelevant isotype-matched control
0.26 ± 0.01
0.46 ± 0.01
* P < 0.01, vs. RMG-I cells; ** P < 0.01, vs. Irrelevant isotype-matched control.
After treatment of Lewis y monoclonal antibody, the expression of CD44 was decreased in both RMG-I-H cells and RMG-I cells (P < 0.01), moreover showed no significant difference between the two cell lines (P > 0.05); after treatment of normal mouse IgM, the expression of CD44 did not change in RMG-I-H cells and RMG-I cells, compared with Lewis y antibody-untreated groups(Figure 1 Table 1).
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Co-location of CD44 and Lewis y antigen on RMG-I-H cells
Under the confocal laser scanning microscope, CD44 presented red fluoscence mainly on cell membrane and partly in cytoplasm; Lewis y antigen presented green fluoscence mainly on cell membrane (Figure 2). Both red fluoscence and green fluoscence were accumulated at the margin of cell clusters and overlapped as yellow fluoscence, indicating the co-location of CD44 and Lewis y antigen.
Figure 2
Co-location of CD44 and Lewis y antigen on RMG-I-H cells observed under confocal laser scanning microscope. Red fluoscence on the upper left panel indicates CD44 expression; green fluoscence on the upper right panel indicates Lewis y antigen expression; blue fluoscence on the upper right panel indicates cell nuclear location; the lower right panel is a merged image of the other three panels. Lewis y antigen CD44 mainly expressed in the cell membrane observed under the confocal laser scanning microscope, and it were seen as yellow fluorescence after the two overlap, suggesting that Lewis y antigen and CD44 co-localizated in the cell membrane.
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The expression of CD44 and Lewis y antigen in RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells
Western Blot showed that the expression of CD44 in RMG-I-H cells was significantly increased by 1.46 times of that in RMG-I cells (P < 0.01) (Figure 3.BD), and the expression of Lewis y antigen was significantly increased by 2.98 times (P < 0.01) (Figure 3.AD). Immunoprecipitation showed that, using the ratio of Lewis y antigen expression to CD44 expression to represent the relative expression of Lewis y antigen in CD44, the expression of Lewis y antigen in RMG-I-H cells was increased by 2.24 times of that in RMG-I cells (P < 0.01) (Figure 3.CD).
Figure 3
The expression of CD44 and Lewis y antigen in RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells. Panel A shows the expression of Lewis y antigen in RMG-I-H cells was higher than that in RMG-I; panel B shows the expression of CD44 in RMG-I-H cells was higher than that in RMG-I; panel C shows that Lewis y antigen, which in RMG-I-H cells was higher than that in RMG-I, was expressed both in RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells after CD44 immunoprecipitation; panel D Quantitative data were expressed as the intensity ratio target genes to beta-actin. (P < 0.01)
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The mRNA levels of CD44 and α1,2-FT in RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells
The 2-ΔΔCT value of mRNA level of CD44 in RMG-I-H cells is 79% of that in RMG-I cells, which had no significant difference (P > 0.05), whereas the mRNA level of α1,2-FT in RMG-I-H cells was increased by 3.07 times of that in RMG-I cells detected by Real-time PCR (P < 0.01). (Figure 4).
Figure 4
The mRNA expression of CD44 and α1, 2-FT in RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells were tested by quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR. The mRNA level of α1, 2-FT was significantly increased, but the mRNA level of CD44 was almost the same in RMG-1-hFUT cells and RMG-1 cells. (**P < 0.01, * P > 0.05).
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HA-mediated cell adhesion and spreading
The adhesion of RMG-I-H cells to HA was significantly stronger than that of RMG-I cells (P < 0.01) (Table 2). The adhesion of RMG-I-H and RMG-I cells to HA after Lewis y antigen blocking was decreased respectively by 62.31% and 70.34% of irrelevant isotype-matched control (P < 0.01), and no difference was observed between these two cell lines (P > 0.05). Cell adhesion did not change after treatment of normal mouse IgM, compared with Lewis y antibody-untreated groups (P > 0.05).
Table 2
HA-mediated adhesion and spreading of RMG-I and RMG-I-H cells
Cell adhesion
Cell spreading
Group
RMG-I
RMG-I-H
RMG-I
RMG-I-H
Lewis y antibody-untreated
1.41 ± 0.20
2.57 ± 0.58*
34 ± 5
57 ± 6*
Lewis y antibody-treated
0.53 ± 0.03**
0.76 ± 0.27**
16 ± 5**
14 ± 4**
Irrelevant isotype-matched control
1.36 ± 0.15
2.44 ± 0.67
35 ± 6
59 ± 8
* P < 0.01, vs. RMG-I cells; ** P < 0.01, vs. Irrelevant isotype-matched control.
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On HA-coated plates, spreading RMG-I-H cells were significantly more than spreading RMG-I cells (P < 0.01) (Table 2). Cell spreading showed similar changes as cell adhesion after Lewis y antigen blocking, suggesting that Lewis y antigen was involved in the interaction of CD44 and HA.
Discussion
This article mainly found that Lewis y antigen, as a structure in CD44 molecule, strengthens CD44-mediated adhesion and spreading of ovarian cancer cells. Inhibiting the expression of CD44 or blocking its binding to receptors and downstream signal molecules can inhibit the progression of ovarian cancer.
Glycoconjugates, an important component of cell membrane, are involved in cell growth and differentiation [15]. Fucose, the terminal residue of synthesized sugar chains, is involved in constructing the sugar chain structure of some important growth factor receptors and plays an important role in tumorigenesis [16]. Studies showed that fucosylated antigens expressed in tumor cells are involved in several cellular functions and related to some malignant cell behaviors, including adhesion, recognition, and signal transduction, and that the increased fucosylated antigens benefit the invasion and migration of tumor cells [17, 18]. Ovarian cancer mostly has changes of type II glycosylated antigens, such as Lewis x, Lewis y and H antigens, which mainly depend on the α1, 2-FT-catalyzed fucosylation of galactose residues at the non-reducing terminal [19]. Our previous study showed that ovarian cancer cell line RMG-I mainly expressed Lewis × antigen, and confirmed that the enhanced adhesion of Lewis × antigen-overexpressed cells to peritoneal mesothelia was weakened after Lewis × antigen blocking in nude mouse experiments, suggesting that Lewis × antigen is related to the intraperitoneal dissemination of RMG-I cells [20]. We transfected wild type α1,2-FT gene into ovarian cancer cell line RMG-I to establish the α1,2-FT-overexpressed cell line RMG-I-H, and found that the activity of α1,2-FT in RMG-I-H cells was enhanced by 20 to 30 times[5]. We also found that only Lewis × and Lewis y antigens in the type II lactose chain family were expressed, 42.6% of Lewis × antigen in RMG-I-H cells transformed into Lewis y antigen, and that the concentration of Lewis y antigen in RMG-I-H cells was increased by about 20 times of that in RMG-I cells[5]. After transfection of α1, 2-FT gene, while the expression of Lewis y antigen in RMG-I-H cells was increased, the malignant behaviors of cells were also enhanced, for examples, the G1 phase of meiosis was shortened, the colony formation rate on soft agar was increased, the growth of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal xenografts in nude mice was accelerated, and the drug-resistance was enhanced [6, 21‐23]. Lewis y antigen has dual fucosylations--one more fucose than Lewis × antigen. Lewis y monoclonal antibody or α-L-fucosidase can significantly inhibit the proliferation and adhesion of RMG-I-H cells [6, 24], indicating that the effect of Lewis y antigen on cell behaviors is stronger that that of Lewis × antigen, which may due to the number of fucoses.
CD44, an important α1, 2-FT-containing protein on cell surface, is involved in the adhesion and metastasis of tumor cells, and plays an important role in tumor progression [9]. Our present study showed that after transfection of α1,2-FT gene, the expression of CD44 in RMG-I-H cells was significantly increased together with the increase of Lewis y antigen (P < 0.01). Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the co-location of CD44 and Lewis y antigen, interpreted that Lewis y antigen was a structure in CD44. In 2010, Lin et al. [25] reported that both CD173(H2) and Lewis y(CD174) could immunoprecipitate with CD44 in breast cancer cells. Our results showed that the increase of Lewis y antigen was more obvious, which increased by 2.24 times after α1, 2-FT gene transfection (P < 0.05). Lewis y antibody can block the increase of CD44 expression. We used gene chip to detect the differential expression of genes in cells before and after transfection, and found that 88 genes were differentially expressed after transfection, which were involved in cell proliferation and adhesion, signal transduction, protein phosphorylation, transcription, apoptosis, and so on[22]. However, the change of CD44 after transfection was mainly at protein level, with no obvious change at mRNA level (P > 0.05). Yuan et al. [26] also believed that CD44 and its several subtypes have post-transcriptional modification, including the addition of glycosaminoglycan and glycosylation.
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The functions of α1, 2-FT in CD44 molecule are unclear yet. Studies found that it can prevent decomposition by proteolytic enzyme, enhance cell-cell adhesion, and inhibit cell apoptosis [11]. Labarrière et al. [27] also found that CD44v6 in mouse colon cancer cells contains H antigen. Its fucose structure is involved in cell adhesion, and the increase of its expression is related to the decrease of the sensitivity to natural killer cells or the decrease of the cytotoxicity of lymphocyte-activated killer cells. Therefore, CD44v6 helps mouse colon cancer cells to escape from the recognition and killing by the immune system, prone to invade lymph nodes and form metastasis. Our study confirmed that the adhesion and spreading of RMG-I-H cells to HA in extracellular matrix were significantly enhanced (all P < 0.01). After Lewis y antigen blocked, the expression of CD44 in cells was decreased, cell adhesion and spreading were also significantly decreased (all P < 0.01), suggesting that Lewis y antigen plays an important role in mediating the adhesion of CD44 to HA in extracellular matrix. Yuan et al. [26] used α-L-fucosidase to treat breast cancer cells, and found that the expression of CD44 was decreased; the adhesion of tumor cells to matrix was decreased, resulting in a decrease of cell invasion. This finding confirms our deduction.
The interaction of CD44 and HA activates RhoA signals and Rho kinase, enhances serine/threonine phosphorylation on Gab-1 (Grb2-associated binder-1), induces PI3K activation, triggers the PI3K/Akt pathway, and is involved in the progression of breast cancer[28]. It is also confirmed that the binding of CD44 to HA induces c-Src kinase activation, and is involved in the metastasis of ovarian cancer cells by activating the c-Src kinase pathway [29]. Our previous study showed that the expression of Akt total protein in Lewis y antigen-overexpressed ovarian cancer cells did not change, but it phosphorylation was significantly enhanced; ZD1839 and Lewis y antibody decreased the level of phosphorylated Akt in Lewis y antigen-overexpressed cells, but showed no effect in the ovarian cancer cells with low Lewis y antigen expression. MTT assay showed that PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of Lewis y antigen-overexpressed ovarian cancer cells [30].
Ovarian cancer cells adhere to peritoneal mesothelia via the formation of several compounds: CD44/HA, β1-integrin/fibronectin, CA125/mesothelin, and so on [31, 32]. HA and fibronectin are components of extracellular matrix. HA in extracellular matrix is a major ligand of CD44. Many studies proved the importance of CD44 and its receptors in the biological behaviors of ovarian cancer [33]. Studies found that oncostatin M and transforming growth factor 1 (TGF1) could mediate the binding of HA to CD44 in tumor cells originated from lung epithelia, leading to the glycosylation and phosphatization of CD44 [34]. CD44 and HA mediate the overexpression and activation of integrin as well as the adhesion of tumor cells to epithelia, and enhance the migration and metastasis of tumor cells [35]. Wielenga et al. [36] reported that, in colorectal cancer, heparin sulfate-modified CD44 showed increased ability of binding to hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), thus presenting HGF/SF to c-Met and leading to c-Met phosphorylation, and triggering the c-Met signal pathway to activate lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), therefore, affecting the biological activities of tumor cells, such as angiogenesis and cell motivation. Zhang et al. [37] found that the binding of HA to CD44 affected the adhesion of tumor cells via some signal transduction pathways (such as the kinase C pathway), and played an important role in tumor metastasis. Kim et al. [38] used CD44 antibody to competitively inhibit the binding of HA to CD44, and found that the invasion of colorectal cancer cells to basement membranes was decreased by 95%. The above findings indicate that CD44 is involved in several signal transduction pathways related to tumor cell metastasis, and that inhibiting the expression of CD44 or blocking its binding to receptors can inhibit the metastasis of tumor cells. Our previous study showed that the expression of EGFR, TGF-βR, α5β1, and α5β3 was also increased in Lewis y antigen-overexpressed cells, and that Lewis y antigen, as an important structure in EGFR, TGF-βR, α5β1, and α5β3 (unpublished data), affected the biological behaviors of cells by activating the Raf/MEK/MAPK, PI3K/Akt, TGF-β/Smads, and FAK signal pathways[39, 40].
In summary, Lewis y antigen is overexpressed on ovarian cancer cells, and is homogeneous in primary and metastatic lesions; hence, it has become a target antigen of immune therapy.
Conclusions
We have transfected the alfa1, 2-fucosyltransferase gene into cultured cells from an ovarian carcinoma and showed that the transfected cells have elevated expression of CD44 with Lewis y resulting in their increased ability to adhere and to spread via the CD44-hyaluronic acid interaction. The paper demonstrates a novel role of Lewis y in regulating the CD44- hyaluronic interaction.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30170980, 30571958, 30872757, 81072118); Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, China (No. 20052107); Ph. D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (No. 20070159023); Key Laboratory Foundation from Education Department of Liaoning Province, China (No. 2008S247); Shengjing Free Researcher Project (No. 200807); Science Committee Foundation of Shenyang City, China (No. F10-14-9-9-52).
Open Access
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
LG carried out most parts of the experiment; LY, JG, XL, YW, JL and SZ participated in the experiment; BL participated in the design of the study; LY performed the statistical analysis; IM participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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