Background
Methods
Participants
Study variables
Obesity
Race/ethnicity
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Prevalence of obesity in adults of California
Weighted prevalence by weight status, n (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Underweight | Normal weight | Overweight | Obesity | P-value | |
(n = 748) | (n = 16,213) | (n = 17,501) | (n = 13,508) | ||
Asians (standard BMI cut points) | |||||
Both sexes | 136 (2.5) | 2154 (53.8) | 1166 (32.6) | 354 (11.1) | < 0.0001 |
Males | 29 (0.9) | 834 (44.4) | 637 (41.3) | 173 (13.4) | < 0.0001 |
Females | 107 (4.0) | 1320 (62.1) | 529 (24.9) | 181 (9.0) | |
Asians (WHO Asian BMI cut points) | |||||
Both sexes | 131 (2.4) | 1371 (34.3) | 1530 (40.0) | 778 (23.3) | < 0.0001 |
Males | 29 (0.9) | 446 (22.3) | 817 (48.9) | 381 (28.0) | < 0.0001 |
Females | 102 (3.7) | 925 (44.9) | 713 (32.2) | 397 (19.2) | |
Whites | |||||
Both sexes | 470 (1.4) | 11,335 (37.6) | 10,935 (36.1) | 7865 (24.8) | < 0.0001 |
Males | 99 (0.9) | 3692 (32.3) | 5246 (41.6) | 3234 (25.2) | < 0.0001 |
Females | 371 (1.9) | 7643 (42.5) | 5689 (31.3) | 4631 (24.5) | |
Hispanics | |||||
Both sexes | 84 (0.8) | 2094 (26.7) | 2991 (39.0) | 2827 (33.5) | < 0.0001 |
Males | 29 (0.7) | 692 (22.3) | 1375 (42.2) | 1128 (34.8) | < 0.0001 |
Females | 55 (1.0) | 1402 (30.9) | 1616 (35.9) | 1699 (32.1) | |
Blacks | |||||
Both sexes | 29 (1.4) | 525 (27.5) | 749 (33.1) | 775 (38.0) | < 0.0001 |
Males | 12 (1.2) | 194 (26.4) | 320 (38.3) | 272 (34.0) | 0.0899 |
Females | 17 (1.6) | 331 (28.4) | 429 (28.4) | 503 (41.6) | |
Other races | |||||
Both sexes | 34 (0.5) | 888 (26.5) | 1296 (37.1) | 1263 (36.0) | < 0.0001 |
Males | 14 (0.4) | 324 (22.0) | 638 (40.1) | 550 (37.5) | 0.0002 |
Females | 20 (0.6) | 564 (31.8) | 658 (33.4) | 731 (33.4) |
Prevalence of obesity in Asian adults of California
All Asians n (%) | Chinese n (%) | Korean n (%) | Japanese n (%) | Filipino n (%) | Vietnamese n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall sample size | N = 778 | N = 180 | N = 60 | N = 153 | N = 197 | N = 73 |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 381 (28.0) | 84 (21.1) | 28 (20.7) | 75 (34.5) | 98 (43.7) | 32 (15.4) |
Female | 397 (19.2) | 96 (14.3) | 32 (6.7) | 78 (21.5) | 99 (24.5) | 41 (20.2) |
P-value | 0.0012 | 0.1025 | 0.0071 | 0.0754 | 0.0022 | 0.5324 |
Age | ||||||
18–44 years | 234 (22.8) | 56 (17.8) | 12 (15.0) | 26 (21.6) | 74 (35.8) | 10 (7.8) |
45–64 years | 327 (27.4) | 84 (17.0) | 19 (9.8) | 70 (31.0) | 81 (39.5) | 29 (30.3) |
65 years or above | 217 (16.1) | 40 (15.1) | 29 (11.4) | 57 (28.3) | 42 (15.0) | 34 (21.4) |
P-value | 0.0054 | 0.9100 | 0.6487 | 0.7584 | 0.0063 | 0.0017 |
Family income | ||||||
< 100% FPL | 126 (18.8) | 28 (15.4) | 16 (21.8) | 12 (21.0) | 20 (27.6) | 30 (11.9) |
100–299% FPL | 229 (25.2) | 58 (19.1) | 26 (13.4) | 28 (25.3) | 70 (35.1) | 27 (22.9) |
≧300% FPL | 423 (23.4) | 94 (16.7) | 18 (8.8) | 113 (27.2) | 107 (34.6) | 16 (17.7) |
P-value | 0.2795 | 0.8095 | 0.2824 | 0.9058 | 0.7600 | 0.4792 |
Smoking status | ||||||
Current smoker | 65 (27.1) | 10 (28.0) | 4 (12.7) | 11 (7.4) | 23 (43.4) | 6 (14.7) |
Not current smoker | 713 (22.9) | 170 (16.2) | 56 (12.8) | 142 (27.5) | 174 (32.7) | 67 (18.2) |
P-value | 0.3403 | 0.1422 | 0.9844 | 0.0114 | 0.2648 | 0.7638 |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 448 (22.6) | 110 (16.9) | 33 (10.5) | 85 (28.8) | 90 (31.0) | 45 (23.8) |
Others | 147 (23.4) | 28 (16.2) | 17 (4.5) | 27 (25.2) | 48 (35.4) | 17 (12.9) |
Never married | 183 (24.4) | 42 (18.4) | 10 (20.7) | 41 (23.5) | 59 (36.6) | 11 (8.8) |
P-value | 0.8103 | 0.9270 | 0.0385 | 0.7787 | 0.7064 | 0.0144 |
Education | ||||||
High school | 204 (21.1) | 46 (13.6) | 22 (15.7) | 30 (31.0) | 38 (30.7) | 49 (14.9) |
College | 433 (26.1) | 92 (19.8) | 32 (13.3) | 90 (24.9) | 140 (32.6) | 19 (24.3) |
Graduate | 141 (18.9) | 42 (17.0) | 6 (6.0) | 33 (25.6) | 19 (45.6) | 5 (7.0) |
P-value | 0.0707 | 0.4335 | 0.4098 | 0.7629 | 0.3643 | 0.1717 |
Physical activity | ||||||
Yes | 611 (22.7) | 135 (16.9) | 49 (12.5) | 107 (24.2) | 163 (33.7) | 58 (13.7) |
No | 167 (26.0) | 45 (18.7) | 11 (15.0) | 46 (35.5) | 34 (34.3) | 15 (32.5) |
P-value | 0.3041 | 0.7134 | 0.7367 | 0.1644 | 0.9436 | 0.0492 |
Fast food consumption | ||||||
Never | 337 (21.8) | 80 (12.8) | 29 (8.0) | 53 (25.9) | 73 (43.7) | 54 (21.4) |
1–2 times | 303 (22.2) | 67 (17.1) | 24 (15.1) | 70 (21.5) | 80 (28.3) | 17 (19.0) |
≧3 times | 138 (29.1) | 33 (31.2) | 7 (19.7) | 30 (37.4) | 44 (28.4) | 2 (2.4) |
P-value | 0.1096 | 0.0046 | 0.4043 | 0.3107 | 0.0942 | 0.0967 |
Weighted logistic regression analyses in California adults
Variables | All OR (95% CI) | Male OR (95% CI) | Female OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Race/ethnicity | |||
Whites (ref) | |||
Hispanics | 1.47 (1.31–1.65) | 1.63 (1.38–1.92) | 1.36 (1.15–1.59) |
Chinese | 0.28 (0.18–0.45) | 0.43 (0.25–0.75) | 0.17 (0.07–0.39) |
Korean | 0.14 (0.04–0.46) | 0.23 (0.03–1.62) | 0.07 (0.03–0.20) |
Japanese | 0.58 (0.32–1.06) | 0.70 (0.17–2.88) | 0.54 (0.29–0.98) |
Filipino | 0.70 (0.45–1.08) | 1.17 (0.65–2.08) | 0.38 (0.20–0.72) |
Vietnamese | 0.28 (0.14–0.58) | 0.07 (0.02–0.20) | 0.55 (0.25–1.23) |
Blacks | 2.04 (1.65–2.53) | 1.78 (1.33–2.40) | 2.24 (1.67–3.00) |
Other races | 1.15 (0.88–1.51) | 1.07 (0.75–1.51) | 1.23 (0.83–1.80) |
Age | |||
18–44 years (Ref) | |||
45–64 years | 1.60 (1.41–1.82) | 1.55 (1.28–1.88) | 1.67 (1.39–2.01) |
65 years or above | 1.09 (0.95–1.25) | 0.96 (0.78–1.19) | 1.22 (1.00–1.48) |
Sex | |||
Female (ref) | |||
Male | 1.12 (1.02–1.23) | NA | NA |
Family income | |||
≧300% FPL (ref) | |||
< 100% FPL | 1.32 (1.12–1.57) | 0.86 (0.66–1.13) | 1.86 (1.49–2.31) |
100–299% FPL | 1.25 (1.11–1.40) | 1.05 (0.91–1.23) | 1.48 (1.25–1.76) |
Smoking status | |||
Not current smoker (ref) | |||
Current smoker | 0.89 (0.76–1.03) | 0.77 (0.63–0.96) | 1.08 (0.85–1.38) |
Marital status | |||
Never married (ref) | |||
Married | 1.32 (1.13–1.54) | 1.46 (1.16–1.84) | 1.20 (0.96–1.49) |
Others | 1.44 (1.25–1.65) | 1.47 (1.18–1.85) | 1.36 (1.09–1.69) |
Education | |||
Graduate (ref) | |||
High school | 1.31 (1.11–1.55) | 1.36 (1.07–1.71) | 1.27 (0.99–1.62) |
College | 1.18 (1.01–1.38) | 1.17 (0.96–1.43) | 1.15 (0.91–1.46) |
Physical activity | |||
No (ref) | |||
Yes | 0.65 (0.58–0.73) | 0.68 (0.57–0.80) | 0.64 (0.54–0.75) |
Fast food consumption | |||
Never (ref) | |||
1–2 times | 1.42 (1.27–1.58) | 1.28 (1.07–1.52) | 1.57 (1.36–1.80) |
≧3 times | 1.60 (1.38–1.86) | 1.37 (1.12–1.68) | 1.92 (1.56–2.37) |
Weighted logistic regression analyses in Asian adults in California
Variables | All, OR (95% CI) | Male, OR (95% CI) | Female, OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Race/ethnicity | |||
Chinese (Ref) | |||
Korean | 0.63 (0.31–1.29) | 0.95 (0.38–2.39) | 0.34 (0.11–1.07) |
Japanese | 2.75 (1.52–4.95) | 2.89 (1.15–7.23) | 2.46 (1.18–5.13) |
Filipino | 2.90 (1.87–4.49) | 3.18 (1.68–6.01) | 2.54 (1.25–5.17) |
Vietnamese | 1.11 (0.62–1.99) | 0.76 (0.33–1.74) | 1.78 (0.76–4.13) |
Age | |||
18–44 years (Ref) | |||
45–64 years | 1.34 (0.89–2.03) | 0.94 (0.49–1.81) | 2.14 (1.13–4.03) |
65 years or above | 0.70 (0.42–1.17) | 0.36 (0.16–0.78) | 1.38 (0.62–3.07) |
Sex | |||
Female (ref) | |||
Male | 1.91 (1.36–2.70) | NA | NA |
Family income | |||
≧300% FPL (ref) | |||
< 100% FPL | 0.94 (0.51–1.74) | 0.76 (0.31–1.89) | 1.12 (0.49–2.57) |
100–299% FPL | 1.16 (0.77–1.75) | 1.12 (0.63–1.98) | 1.35 (0.71–2.56) |
Smoking status | |||
Not current smoker (ref) | |||
Current smoker | 1.10 (0.60–2.01) | 1.02 (0.50–2.07) | 1.27 (0.29–5.51) |
Marital status | |||
Never married (ref) | |||
Married | 0.88 (0.53–1.45) | 0.94 (0.48–1.84) | 0.90 (0.40–2.03) |
Others | 0.67 (0.37–1.21) | 0.71 (0.29–1.75) | 0.49 (0.21–1.17) |
Education | |||
Graduate (ref) | |||
High school | 0.96 (0.52–1.76) | 0.89 (0.42–1.89) | 0.84 (0.33–2.13) |
College | 0.97 (0.57–1.62) | 1.55 (0.75–3.19) | 0.52 (0.24–1.15) |
Physical activity | |||
No (ref) | |||
Yes | 0.82 (0.54–1.25) | 0.84 (0.46–1.53) | 0.72 (0.41–1.26) |
Fast food consumption | |||
Never (ref) | |||
1–2 times | 0.73 (0.48–1.09) | 0.55 (0.31–0.98) | 1.19 (0.61–2.23) |
≧3 times | 0.76 (0.44–1.32) | 0.57 (0.28–1.14) | 1.16 (0.43–3.14) |