Introduction
Materials and methods
Study area
Data collection
Data analysis
Use value (UV)
Informant consensus factor (ICF)
Fidelity level (FL)
Results
Medicinal plants and traditional uses
Scientific name (Voucher no.)
|
Family
|
Karen name
|
Part used
|
Preparation
|
Route of administration
|
Application
|
Use value
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acorus calamus L. (K. Kamwong106) | Acoraceae | Por bue lah | rhizome | non, decoction | eaten as food, potion | stomach ache | 0.14 |
Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don (K. Kamwong097) | Asparagaceae | Ya su mae | root | decoction | potion, bath | gastric ulcer, jaundice hemorrhoid, flatulence | 0.10 |
Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. (K. Kamwong099) | Zingiberaceae | Por sa raw | rhizome | decoction | potion | flatulence | 0.39 |
Cassytha filiformis L. (K. Kamwong073) | Lauraceae | Se kruy po | all | decoction | potion, bath | jaundice | 0.21 |
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (K. Kamwong031) | Celastraceae | Ti si bler | bark | decoction | potion | diarrhea | 0.08 |
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (T. Sukkho157) | Apiaceae | Chuy po co la do | leaf | non | eaten as food | gastric ulcer, diarrhea | 0.09 |
Croton kongensis Gagnep. (K. Kamwong032) | Euphorbiaceae | Sa ko wa | leaf | decoction | potion, bath | gastric ulcer, jaundice, diarrhea | 0.30 |
Croton robustus Kurz (K. Kamwong033) | Euphorbiaceae | Sa ko wa sui | leaf, bark | decoction | bath | jaundice | 0.21 |
Curcuma longa L. (T. Sukkho071) | Zingiberaceae | Si yaw | rhizome | non, decoction | eaten as food, potion | gastric ulcer, flatulence | 0.56 |
Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees (K. Kamwong284) | Poaceae | Wa mee | leaf | decoction | potion, bath | jaundice | 0.36 |
Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. (K. Kamwong204) | Dilleniaceae | Kho tee | bark | decoction | potion | gastric ulcer | 0.52 |
Embelia sessiliflora Kurz (T. Sukkho006) | Myrsinaceae | Blea blor | fruit | non | eaten as food | laxative | 0.09 |
Engelhardtia spicata Blume var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Kuntze (K. Kamwong208) | Juglandaceae | Klue por | bark | decoction | potion | gastric ulcer | 0.59 |
Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman (K. Kamwong020) | Musaceae | Ya pa la | leaf sheaf | decoction | potion | diarrhea, food poisoning | 0.23 |
Euphorbia heterophylla L. (T. Sukkho055) | Euphorbiaceae | Nor bo lo bell | leaf, latex | decoction, non | potion, liniment | laxative, mouth ulcer | 0.47 |
Euphorbia hirta L. (K. Kamwong272) | Euphorbiaceae | - | all | decoction | potion | gastric ulcer | 0.43 |
Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. (K.Kamwong241) | Flacourtiaceae | Ser pae | bark | non, decoction | hold in mouth, potion | toothache, gastric ulcer, diarrhea | 0.14 |
Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merr. (K. Kamwong209) | Fabaceae | Chor ae go bor | bark | decoction | potion | jaundice | 0.28 |
Gmelina arborea Roxb. (K. Kamwong122) | Lamiaceae | Ker ma | bark, flower | decoction | potion | gastric ulcer, laxative | 0.11 |
Gymnopetalum integrifolium Kurz. (T. Sukkho166) | Cucurbitaceae | Se do kwaw mee | leaf, stem | decoction | potion, bath | jaundice, flatulence | 0.19 |
Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (T. Sukkho039) | Zingiberaceae | Por sue | rhizome | decoction | potion | gastric ulcer, flatulence | 0.17 |
Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. (K. Kamwong135) | Leeaceae | Na tor kor | root, stem | decoction | potion | diarrhea, hemorrhoid, gastric ulcer | 0.14 |
Melastoma malabathricum L. (K.Tang054) | Melastomataceae | Se la play | fruit | non | hold in mouth | mouth ulcer, geographic tongue | 0.37 |
Musa sapientum L. (K. Kamwong021) | Musaceae | Si kuy | fruit | non | eaten as food | diarrhea | 0.34 |
Mussaenda sanderiana Ridl. (K. Kamwong034) | Rubiaceae | Por jor kaw pe | root, leaf | decoction | hold in mouth bath, potion | toothache, jaundice, appetite stimulant | 0.17 |
Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. (K. Kamwong028) | Ochnaceae | Ti si bor | leaf | decoction | potion, bath | constipation, jaundice, gastric ulcer, diarrhea | 0.25 |
Psidium guajava L. (K. Kamwong115) | Myrtaceae | Ma kwuy | young leaf | decoction | potion | diarrhea | 0.61 |
Punica granatum L. (T. Sukkho148) | Punicaceae | Chor pa lea | young leaf | decoction | potion | diarrhea | 0.71 |
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. (K. Kamwong168) | Fabaceae | Ya la mer pa do | leaf | decoction | potion | laxative | 0.49 |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (K. Kamwong183) | Fabaceae | Ya la mer | leaf | decoction | potion | laxative | 0.59 |
Tamarindus indica L. (K. Kamwong093) | Fabaceae | Sa mor klae | fruit | non | eaten as food | laxative | 0.26 |
Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. (K. Kamwong083) | Acanthaceae | Jaw law lee der | leaf, stem | decoction | potion, bath | gastric ulcer diarrhea, jaundice | 0.16 |
Zingiber montanum (J.König) Link ex A.Dietr. (K. Kamwong236) | Zingiberaceae | Blae ko bor | rhizome | decoction, non | potion, eaten as food | flatulence, gastric ulcer | 0.72 |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe (K. Kamwong319) | Zingiberaceae | Sa ae | rhizome | decoction | potion | diarrhea, flatulence, gastric ulcer | 0.30 |
Zingiber ottensii Valeton (K. Kamwong166) | Zingiberaceae | Blae ko sue | rhizome | decoction | potion | flatulence, carminative | 0.74 |
Ziziphus cambodiana Pierre (K. Kamwong064) | Rhamnaceae | Ri co mae | bark | decoction | potion, bath | gastric ulcer, hemorrhoid, jaundice | 0.16 |
Plant part used, method of preparation, and route of administration
Use records and aliments
Category of digestive system disorder
|
Number of use reports (
Nr
)
|
Number of taxa (
Nt
)
|
ICF
|
---|---|---|---|
Diarrhea | 209 | 12 | 0.95 |
Flatulence | 201 | 8 | 0.97 |
Laxative | 171 | 6 | 0.97 |
Gastric ulcer | 168 | 14 | 0.92 |
Jaundice | 92 | 11 | 0.89 |
Mouth ulcer | 21 | 2 | 0.95 |
Geographic tongue | 6 | 1 | 1.00 |
Constipation | 2 | 1 | 1.00 |
Stomachache | 7 | 1 | 1.00 |
Appetite stimulant | 2 | 1 | 1.00 |
Food poisoning | 2 | 1 | 1.00 |
Carminative | 15 | 1 | 1.00 |
Toothache | 3 | 2 | 0.50 |
Hemorrhoid | 3 | 3 | 0.00 |
Plant use values, informant consensus factor and fidelity levels
Category
|
Most preferred species used against digestive disorders (FL(%))
|
---|---|
Diarrhea |
Punica granatum (100.00), Psidium guajava (95.45), Musa sapientum (81.58), Leea indica (50.44), Ensete glaucum (50.00), Celastrus paniculatus (46.15), Ochna integerrima (33.33) |
Gastric ulcer |
Dillenia pentagyna (84.62), Engelhardtia spicata var. colebrookeana (81.25), Curcuma longa (70.63), Croton kongensis (42.31), Ziziphus cambodiana (36.36) |
Flatulence |
Zingiber montanum (90.20), Zingiber ottensii (81.75), Boesenbergia rotunda (65.00), Kaempferia parviflora (31.82) |
Laxative |
Senna occidentalis (87.18), Euphorbia heterophylla (72.22), Senna alata (70.59), Tamarindus indica (62.75) |
Jaundice |
Gymnopetalum integrifolium (90.91), Dendrocalamus strictus (75.00), Croton robustus (56.25), Flemingia macrophylla (46.15), Mussaenda sanderiana (44.19) |
Mouth ulcer |
Melastoma malabathricum (76.92) |
Geographic tongue |
Melastoma malabathricum (23.08) |
Constipation |
Ochna integerrima (2.38) |
Stomachache |
Acorus calamus (6.09) |
Appetite stimulant |
Mussaenda sanderiana (4.65) |
Food poisoning |
Ensete glaucum (7.14) |
Carminative |
Zingiber ottensii (10.95) |
Toothache |
Mussaenda sanderiana (4.65) |
Hemorrhoid |
Ziziphus cambodiana (9.09) |
Toxicity of species used medicinally
Scientific name
|
Toxic effect
|
---|---|
Acorus calamus L. | acute toxicity in mice, LD50 = 221 g/kg [44] |
Cassytha filiformis L. | acute toxicity in mice, LD50 = 625.8 g/kg [45] |
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. | hyperactivity and loss of righting reflex in rat [46] |
Euphorbia heterophylla L. | increase leucopaenia in rat [47] |
Euphorbia hirta L. | leucocytosis, dullness, anorexia, stairy haircoat and 20% mortality in rat [47] |
Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merr. | severe hypoglycemia followed by death within 24 hour after administration to mice [48] |
Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker | hepatotoxic to rat [49] |
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. | decrease hemoglobin and erythrocyte (RBC) count values in rats [36] |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link | intestinal disturbance in long-term used in rats [50] |
Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. | decrease red blood cell in male mice [51] |
Zingiber montanum (J.König) Link ex A.Dietr. | acute toxicity in mice, LD50 = 80 g/kg [52] |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | embryo toxic to pregnant rats [53] |
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | no toxic effect in mice [54] |
Curcuma longa L. | no toxic effect in human [55] |
Gmelina arborea Roxb. | no toxic effect in rodents [56] |
Psidium guajava L.
| no toxic effect in mice [57] |
Punica granatum L. | no toxic effect in rats [58] |
Tamarindus indica L. | no toxic effect in mice [59] |
Discussion
Medicinal plant use
Ethnomedicinal relevance
Scientific name
|
Relevant ethnobotanical citations
|
Relevant pharmacological citations
|
Known chemical constituents
|
---|---|---|---|
Acorus calamus L. | Stomachache*, carminative [60] | antidiarrhoeal activity [61] | asarones [62] |
Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | NA | steroidal saponins, oligospirostanosides, oligofurostanosides, aspafilioside [64] | |
Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. | flutulence*, indigestion [65] | boesenbergin, cardamonin, pinostrobin, pinocembrin, alpinetin [68] | |
Cassytha filiformis L. | NA | aporphine alkaloids, cassyformine, filiformine [70] | |
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. | laxative 71] | NA | malkanguniol [71] |
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | ulcer protective effect** [74] | centelloids, pentacyclic triterpenoid, polyacetylenes, asiaticosides [75] | |
Croton kongensis Gagnep. | acute gastroenteritis*[76] | NA | NA |
Croton robustus Kurz | NA | NA | trachyloban-19-oic acid, trachyloban-19-ol, poilaneic acid [77] |
Curcuma longa L. | Carminative [78] | antiulcer activity**, hepatoprotective activity [40] | |
Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees | dysentery [80] | NA | NA |
Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. | NA | betulinic acid, naringenin 7-galactosyl, dihedral quercetin 5-glactoside [83] | |
Embelia sessiliflora Kurz | diarrhea [62] | NA | NA |
Engelhardtia spicata Blume var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Kuntze | NA | Engelhardtione, oleanolic acid [84] | |
Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman | NA | NA | |
Euphorbia heterophylla L. | laxative*, constipation [85] | NA | stigmasterol, stigmasterol glucoside, benzoic acid, 4 – hydroxyl benzoic acid [85] |
Euphorbia hirta L. | antidiarrhoeal activity [87] | quercitrin, myricitrin, Afzelin [88] | |
Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. | antidiarrhoeal activity** [92] | phenolics, tannins, terpenoids [93] | |
Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merr. | indigestive, flatulence [90] | hepatoprotective activity** [39] | fleminone, flemiphyllin [94] |
Gmelina arborea Roxb. | monoacylated, diacylated, triacylated iridoid glycosides [90] | ||
Gymnopetalum integrifolium Kurz. | NA | NA | cucurbitacin [99] |
Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker | gastric ulcer* [100] | antiulcer activity** [42] | methoxyflavones (5,7,4′ trimethoxyflavone, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone) [100] |
Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. | diarrhea* [69] | NA | flavonids, leucoanthocyanidins, galic acid, amorphous froth forming acid [101] |
Melastoma malabathricum L. | antidiarrhoeal activity [102] | ellagic acid, anthocyanin, nobotannin B [103] | |
Musa sapientum L. | alkaloids, pectins, flavonoids, catecholamines, acyl steryl glycosides [105] | ||
Mussaenda sanderiana Ridl. | laxative, toothache* [90] | NA | NA |
Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. | NA | ochnaflavone, dihydroochnaflavone, lophirone, calodenone [107] | |
Psidium guajava L. | diarrhea* [108] | antidiarrhoeal activity** [57] | tannins, polyphenolic compounds, triterpenoid, guajanoic acid [31] |
Punica granatum L. | diarrhea* [109] | antidiarrhoeal activity** [26] | punicalagins, ellagic acid, tannin, anthocyanins [30] |
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. | laxative*, colon cleanser [110] | stimulant laxative activities** and againt costipation [36] | anthraquinoes, phenols, tannins, saponins, flavonoids [34] |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link | stimulant laxative activities** [50] | anthaquinones [35] | |
Tamarindus indica L. | tamarindienal, tartaric acid, malic and tartaric acids potassium acid [37] | ||
Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. | stomachache, carminative [9] | hepatoprotective effects** [116] | iridoid glucosides, delphinidin, apigenin [52] |
Zingiber montanum (J.König) Link ex A.Dietr. | flatulence*, carminative [5] | antiulcer activity* [41] | terpinen-4-ol, phenylbutenoids, zerumbone [52] |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | flatulence* [113] | gingerols, shogaols [119] | |
Zingiber ottensii Valeton | jaundice [120] | NA | zerumbone, terpinen-4-ol, p-cymene [52] |
Ziziphus cambodiana Pierre | NA | NA | triterpenes, saponins, cyclopeptide, alkaloids [121] |