Background
Methods
Study area
Data collection
Variables | Demographic categories | Total | Percentages (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Men | 14 | 70 |
Women | 6 | 30 | |
Age groups | 30–45 | 4 | 20 |
46–60 | 6 | 30 | |
61–75 | 8 | 40 | |
76 and above | 2 | 10 | |
Educational attainment | Illiterate | 8 | 40 |
Primary | 4 | 20 | |
Middle | 4 | 20 | |
Secondary | 2 | 10 | |
graduate | 2 | 10 | |
Occupation | Housewives | 4 | 20 |
Shopkeepers | 3 | 15 | |
Farmers | 3 | 15 | |
Labors | 2 | 10 | |
Primary teachers | 2 | 10 | |
Local healers | 6 | 30 |
Data preservation
Quantitative ethnobotanical data analysis
UVs
RFC
Fic
FL
DMR
PR
JI
Pearson correlation
Results and discussion
Documentation of medicinal plants
Family | Plant species/voucher No. | Part(s) used | ∑Ui | UVs | FC | RFC | Ailments | Mode of administration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apiaeceae |
Anethum graveolens L. (dill)/KNV-221 | Fruit | 16 | 0.8 | 8 | 0.4 | Digestive disorders | Extract, powder |
Araliaceae |
Hedera nepalensis K.Koch/KNV − 219 | Leaves | 22 | 1.1 | 9 | 0.45 | Ulcer, dyspepsia, skin allergies | Decoction, juice |
Asparagaceae |
Asparagus adsendens Roxb./RT-220 | Root | 25 | 1.25 | 10 | 0.5 | Dysentery, diarrhea | Powder |
Asteraceae |
Achillea millefolium L./KNV-242 | Leaves, fruit | 34 | 1.7 | 12 | 0.6 | Wound healing, digestion, earache, toothache, tuberculosis | Infusion, juice, eat |
Ageratum conozoides L./KNV-243 | Whole plant | 35 | 1.75 | 11 | 0.55 | Leprosy, bone dislocation, fever | Infusion, juice, decoction | |
Artemisia scoparia Waldst& Kit./KNV-244 | Leaves | 35 | 1.75 | 8 | 0.4 | Hepatitis, jaundice, stomach disorders | Infusion | |
Artemisia vulgaris L./KNV-245 | Leaves and root | 33 | 1.65 | 8 | 0.4 | Liver pain, stomach disorder | Juice, extract | |
Inula grandiflora Willd./KNV-246 | Whole plant | 27 | 1.35 | 5 | 0.25 | Cancer, skin allergies | Extract | |
Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss./KNV-247 | Roots | 19 | 0.95 | 11 | 0.55 | Tonic, bone fracture | Extract | |
Saussurea lanceolata Clarke./KNV-248 | Whole plant | 13 | 0.65 | 6 | 0.3 | Skin allergies, stomach pain, typhoid | Paste, decoction | |
Taraxacum officinale Weber./KNV-249 | Whole plant | 29 | 1.45 | 6 | 0.3 | Jaundice, liver disorder, stomach pain | Poultice, juice | |
Balsaminaceae |
Impatiens glandulifera Royle/KNV-292 | Leaves, aerial parts | 39 | 1.95 | 12 | 0.6 | Joint pain, anxiety | Paste, extract |
Betulaceae |
Betula utilis D.Don./KNV-286 | Bark | 9 | 0.45 | 10 | 0.5 | Jaundice, wound healing | Infusion, extract, poultice |
Berberidaceae |
Berberis lyceum Royle/KNV-312 | Roots, leaves | 41 | 2.05 | 15 | 0.75 | Jaundice, diarrhea | Oil, juice, decoction |
Podophyllum emodi Royle/KNV-313 | Whole plant | 15 | 0.75 | 10 | 0.5 | Cancer, jaundice, typhoid fever | Decoction, infusion | |
Broginaceae |
Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk./KNV-319 | leaves and roots | 24 | 1.2 | 13 | 0.65 | Diaphoretic, diuretic, wound healer | Oil, extract, powder |
Buxaceae |
Sarcococca saligna(D.Don) Muell/KNV-322 | Leaves | 19 | 0.95 | 4 | 0.2 | Blood purifier | Extract, infusion |
Caprifoliaceae |
Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don/KNV-330 | Leaves and fruits | 21 | 1.05 | 5 | 0.25 | Used for abortion and miscarriage | Powder |
Chenopodiaceae |
Chenopodium album L./KNV-331 | Whole plant | 17 | 0.85 | 3 | 0.15 | Rheumatism, dysentery | Infusion, poultice, juice |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscorea bulbifera Decne./KNV-332 | Leaves, stem, tuber | 23 | 1.15 | 7 | 0.35 | Rheumatism | Decoction, powder |
Dryopteridaceae |
Dryopteris ramosa L./KNV-344 | Leaves and stem | 7 | 0.35 | 8 | 0.4 | Ulcer | Infusion, decoction |
Dryopteris stewartii L./KNV-345 | Whole plant | 11 | 0.55 | 2 | 0.1 | Tuberculosis | Decoction | |
Euphorbiaceae |
Ricinus comunis L./KNV-346 | Leaves and seeds | 14 | 0.7 | 7 | 0.35 | Asthma, joint pain | Oil, poultice |
Fabaceae |
Melilotus indica (L.) All./KNV-361 | Leaves and seeds | 10 | 0.5 | 6 | 0.3 | Rheumatic pains | Paste, poultice |
Quercus ballota (Desf.)A.DC./KNV-362 | Bark | 9 | 0.45 | 8 | 0.4 | Hemorrhages, diarrhea and dysentery | Extract, decoction, infusion | |
Quercus incana A. Camus./KNV-363 | Bark and galls | 18 | 0.9 | 9 | 0.45 | Diarrhea, dysentery and throat pain | Decoction | |
Fumariaceae |
Fumaria officinalis L./KNV-369 | Whole plant | 12 | 0.6 | 7 | 0.35 | Skin allergies, jaundice | Decoction, powder |
Gentianaceae |
Swertia petiolata D. Don./KNV-370 | 12 | 0.6 | 11 | 0.55 | Stomach pain and liver disorders | Hot infusion, juice, extract | |
Geraniaceae |
Geranium wallichianum D. Don./KNV-371 | Roots | 6 | 0.3 | 8 | 0.4 | Wound healing | Powder, extract |
Hippocastanaceae |
Aesiculus indica wall. Ex. Comb (Hook)/KNV-372 | Seeds and fruit | 10 | 0.5 | 7 | 0.35 | Joint pain | Paste, oil |
Juglandiaceae |
Juglans regia L./KNV-373 | Bark, leaves and seeds | 16 | 0.8 | 3 | 0.15 | Asthma, constipation and diarrhea | Decoction, juice |
Lamiaceae |
Ajuga bracteosa Wall. Ex Benth./KNV-384 | Whole plant | 18 | 0.9 | 3 | 0.15 | Abdominal pain | Paste, powder |
Mentha longifolia (L.)Huds./KNV-385 | 14 | 0.7 | 5 | 0.25 | Digestion | Extract | ||
Plectranthus rugosus (wall) ex Benth./KNV-386 | Whole plant | 19 | 0.95 | 9 | 0.45 | Skin diseases and diarrhea | Juice | |
Prunella vulgaris L./KNV-387 | Whole plant | 12 | 0.6 | 9 | 0.45 | Heart diseases, cough and cold | Decoction | |
Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. Ex Benth/KNV-388 | leaves | 3 | 0.15 | 4 | 0.2 | Stomach pain and skin diseases | Powder, poultice | |
Meliaceae |
Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.ex.Willd/KNV-229 | Leaves and bark | 10 | 0.5 | 6 | 0.3 | Fever, tonic | Paste, extract |
Oleaceae |
Olea ferruginea Royle/KNV-298 | Leaves | 10 | 0.5 | 4 | 0.2 | Ulcer | Decoction |
Plantaginaceae |
Plantago major L./KNV-210 | Whole plant | 6 | 0.3 | 4 | 0.2 | Abdominal pain | Decoction, Powder, extract |
Plantago ovate Forssk./KNV-211 | Seeds | 13 | 0.65 | 7 | 0.35 | Stomach disorders | Powder, paste | |
Polygonaceae |
Bistorta amplexicaulis (D.Don) Greene./KNV-269 | Roots | 13 | 0.65 | 8 | 0.4 | Tonic | Decoction, powder |
Ranunculaceae |
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall ex. Royle/KNV-389 | Roots | 7 | 0.35 | 5 | 0.25 | Fever, cough, stomach disorders | Decoction, extract, infusion |
Rosaceace |
Fragaria vesca L./KNV-391 | Leaves and fruit | 5 | 0.25 | 4 | 0.2 | Anemia | Juice, infusion, oil |
Rubus ellipticus Smith./KNV-392 | Whole plant | 5 | 0.25 | 9 | 0.45 | Dysentery, jaundice, wound healing | Powder, paste | |
Rubiaceae |
Gallium boreole L./KNV-394 | Whole plant | 4 | 0.2 | 7 | 0.35 | Skin diseases | juice |
Rutaceace |
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Proer./KNV-397 | Bark, seeds and fruits | 11 | 0.55 | 2 | 0.1 | Carminative, stomachic, anthelmintic | Powder, paste, extract |
Saxifragaceae |
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb./KNV-398 | Whole plant | 5 | 0.25 | 5 | 0.25 | Asthma, stomach pain | Poultice, paste, infusion |
Scrophulariaceae |
Verbascum thapsus L./KNV-399 | Leaves and flowers | 8 | 0.4 | 7 | 0.35 | Respiratory disorders | Powder, infusion |
Taxaceae |
Taxus wallichiana L./KNV-400 | Bark | 10 | 0.5 | 7 | 0.35 | Cancer | Decoction |
Urticaceae |
Urtica dioica L./KNV-401 | Root, aerial parts | 6 | 0.3 | 6 | 0.3 | Dandruff and baldness | Decoction |
Demographic data
Family contribution
Plant part(s) used and mode of administration
Use values
Relative frequency of citation
Informant consensus factor
Sample No. | Use categories | Uses under each category | Number of taxa (N
t) | Number of use report (N
ur) | Fic | FL | Most uses species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Infectious diseases | Jaundice, hepatitis, typhoid, fever, tuberculosis | 7 | 75 | 0.92 | 95 |
Berberis lyceum
|
2 | Disease of the ear | Earache | 3 | 8 | 0.71 | 35 |
Achillea millefolium
|
3 | Diseases of the circulatory system | Blood purifier, hemorrhage, anemia | 3 | 12 | 0.82 | 55 |
Fragaria vesca
|
4 | Diseases of the respiratory system | Asthma, cold and cough | 6 | 74 | 0.93 | 45 |
Juglans regia
|
5 | Diseases of the digestive system | Diarrhea, digestion, stomach disorder, ulcer, constipation, dysentery, dyspepsia | 24 | 233 | 0.90 | 35 |
Mentha longifolia
|
6 | Injury, poisoning and some other consequences of external cause | Skin allergies, wound healing, bone dislocation, bone fracture | 11 | 134 | 0.92 | 60 |
Fumaria officinalis
|
7 | Diseases of the musculoskeletal system | Rheumatism, joint pain | 6 | 58 | 0.91 | 90 |
Dioscorea bulbifera, Impatiens glandulifera
|
8 | Diseases of the urinary system | Diuretic | 1 | 15 | 1.00 | 20 |
Cynoglossum lanceolatum
|
9 | Cardiac diseases | Heart diseases | 1 | 18 | 1.00 | 65 |
Prunella vulgaris
|
10 | Liver disorders | Liver diseases | 2 | 19 | 0.94 | 90 |
Artemisia vulgaris
|
11 | Cancerous diseases | Cancer, tumor | 3 | 32 | 0.94 | 35 |
Taxus wallichiana
|
12 | Dandruff and baldness | Dandruff | 1 | 10 | 1.00 | 30 |
Urtica dioica
|
13 | Used for abortion and miscarriage | Used for abortion and miscarriage | 1 | 10 | 1.00 | 60 |
Viburnum cotinifolium
|
Fidelity level
Direct matrix ranking
Uses |
T. wallichiana
|
Q. ballota
|
A. excelsa
|
O. ferruginea
|
J. regia
|
A. indica
|
Q. incana
|
B. utilis
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Construction | 40 | 49 | 12 | 56 | 32 | 55 | 55 | 48 |
Hedge, Fencing | 18 | 10 | 20 | 12 | 07 | 15 | 15 | 10 |
Fire wood | 14 | 55 | 15 | 28 | 16 | 12 | 49 | 26 |
Cash income | 43 | 22 | 31 | 56 | 71 | 12 | 22 | 15 |
Fodder | 9 | 17 | 15 | 24 | 20 | 17 | 34 | 10 |
Fruit, Food | 08 | 09 | 04 | 20 | 34 | 02 | 08 | 05 |
Total | 132 | 162 | 97 | 196 | 180 | 113 | 183 | 114 |
Rank | 5th | 4th | 8th | 1st | 3rd | 7th | 2nd | 6th |
Threats | Respondent (R1–R6) | Total | Percentage (%) | Rank | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | ||||
Construction | 6 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 29 | 18.71 | 3rd |
Timber mafia/export | 5 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 33 | 21.29 | 1st |
Urbanization | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 30 | 19.35 | 2nd |
Agriculture extension | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 21 | 13.55 | 4th |
Fuel and Fodder | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 17 | 10.97 | 5th |
PR
Jaccard index
Area | Study year | Number of recorded plant species | Plants with similar use | Plants with dissimilar use | Total species common in both area | Species enlisted only in aligned areas | Species enlisted only in study area | Percentage of plant with similar uses | Percentage of dissimilar uses | JI | Citation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Toli Peer A.K, Pakistan | 2017 | 121 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 106 | 63 | 7.44 | 4.96 | 9.74 | [2] |
Sharda, Neelum Valley | 2012 | 39 | 12 | 10 | 22 | 17 | 28 | 30.77 | 25.64 | 95.65 | [4] |
Abbottabad, Northern Pakistan | 2014 | 120 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 114 | 44 | 1.67 | 3.33 | 3.95 | [1] |
Senhsa, District Kotli A.K, Pakistan | 2012 | 112 | 6 | 7 | 13 | 99 | 37 | 5.36 | 6.25 | 10.57 | [62] |
Hangu North KPK Pakistan, | 2014 | 67 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 65 | 48 | 1.49 | 1.49 | 1.80 | [68] |
Kashmir Himalayas, Pakistan | 2012 | 71 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 64 | 43 | 4.23 | 5.63 | 7.00 | [36] |
Central Karakoram national Park, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan | 2011 | 47 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 45 | 48 | 2.13 | 2.13 | 2.20 | [70] |
Naran Valley, Pakistan | 2013 | 101 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 91 | 40 | 4.95 | 4.95 | 8.26 | [7] |
Garhwal Himalaya, India | 2013 | 152 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 144 | 42 | 1.32 | 3.95 | 4.49 | [71] |
District Bhimber A.K, Pakistan | 2013 | 58 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 56 | 48 | 1.72 | 1.72 | 1.96 | [22] |
Leepa Valley, Muzaffarabad (AJK), Pakistan | 2012 | 36 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 32 | 46 | 8.33 | 2.78 | 5.41 | [21] |
Makawanpur District, Central Nepal | 2014 | 161 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 158 | 47 | 1.24 | 0.62 | 1.49 | [63] |
Terai forest, Western Nepal | 2012 | 66 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 63 | 47 | 3.03 | 1.52 | 2.80 | [64] |
Rasuwa District, Central Nepal | 2010 | 60 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 56 | 46 | 5.00 | 1.67 | 4.08 | [65] |
Jakholi block, Rudraprayag, India | 2017 | 78 | 8 | 4 | 12 | 66 | 38 | 10.26 | 5.13 | 13.04 | [61] |
Pearson correlation analysis
Correlations | UV | RFC | |
---|---|---|---|
UV | Pearson correlation | 1 | .500a
|
Significance (two-tailed) | .000 | ||
N
| 50 | 50 | |
RFC | Pearson correlation | .500a
| 1 |
Significance (two-tailed) | .000 | ||
N
| 50 | 50 |