A cross-sectional study was performed to describe the upper limb deformity and function in cerebral palsy patients and to determine the correlation of deformity, spasticity, motor control, and sensation to hand function in the said population.
Materials and methods
Thirty patients satisfying our inclusion criteria underwent physical, sensory, and functional assessment using a standard protocol. Physical assessment included documentation of the degree of spasticity, deformity and muscle control. Sensation was tested using static two-point discrimination test and stereognosis test. Melbourne Assessment of the Unilateral Upper Limb Function Test (MAULF), Functional Hand Grip Test (FHGT), and Functional Independence Measure for children (WeeFIM) were used to evaluate hand function. Deformity, spasticity, motor control, and sensation were analyzed for correlation with hand function using Pearson Correlation analysis. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Functional deficits of the hand increased with increasing severity of deformity and spasticity. Tetraplegics were most affected by spasticity, deformity, poor motor control, sensory and functional deficits. Triplegics, followed by diplegics had more functional upper limbs in terms of the MAULF and FHGT scores. Unilaterally affected patients (triplegics and hemiplegics) scored better in performance of activities of daily living. The MAULF and FHGT had a stronger correlation to deformity, spasticity and motor control compared to the WeeFIM.
Conclusion
The degree of deformity, spasticity, sensory deficit, and motor control affected the hand function of a cerebral palsy patient significantly. The MAULF and FHGT more accurately represents hand function deficit in cerebral palsy patients.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1749-799X-3-52) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
KL carried out concept design, patient recruitment and follow-up, data collection and analysis, and manuscript writing. EYL carried out literature search, data analysis, manuscript writing and critical revision. BKKF carried out concept design, literature search, patient follow-up, review and approval of the manuscript. LSY, PG, KWW carried out data collection, patient follow up, data analysis and manuscript writing. WYI carried out patient recruitment, review and approval of the manuscript. SPC carried out concept design, patient recruitment, review and approval of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript for publication.
Abkürzungen
MAULF
The following are abbreviations used in the text: Melbourne Assessment of the Unilateral Upper Limb Function Test
FHGT
Functional Hand Grip Test
QUEST
Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test
2-pd
two-point discrimination
ADLs
Activities of daily living
WeeFIM
Functional Independence Measure for Children
IQ
Intelligence Quotient
B.O. Test
Bruininks-Oseretsky Test
CMT
Chopsticks Manipulation Test
PT
Pronator teres
ADP
Adductor Pollicis
FPB
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
FDS
Flexor digitorum superficialis
FCU
Flexor carpi ulnaris
FDP
Flexor digitorum profundus
r
Correlation coefficient.
Background
Cerebral palsy patients with upper limb involvement have difficulty in performing coordinated movements against spasticity [1]. Performances of hand tasks in these patients require gross and fine hand motion coordinated with visual perception and postural control to enable them to reach, grasp, release and manipulate objects.
Recent published works on cerebral palsy were focused on the management of upper extremity deformity and spasticity [2‐6]. Though various assessment tools had been used to assess hand function in this population [3, 7‐10], review of literature showed no specific evaluation protocol assessing the relationship between the deformity and its projected function. Functional assessment designed by House et al. [3] was simple, but did not fully characterize hand function of cerebral palsy patients. The Melbourne Assessment of the Unilateral Upper Limb Function (MAULF) and Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test (QUEST) had high inter-rater reliability and construct validity [11, 12].
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The main objective of this paper was to describe the upper limb deformity and function in cerebral palsy patients with upper extremity involvement, based on the topographic area involved – diplegia, hemiplegia, triplegia, and tetraplegia, using an evaluation protocol developed by our Occupational Therapy Department. Our minor objectives were as follows: (1) to present an objective and representative assessment tool for evaluating hand function in the said population and (2) to evaluate how deformity, spasticity, sensation, and motor control in cerebral palsy patients affect hand function in activities of daily living.
This comprehensive documentation of upper limb deformity and hand function in cerebral palsy patients would allow us to better understand a difficult problem in a more global perspective and help us plan subsequent treatments to improve hand function.
Methods
Study population
From 2002 to 2004, 116 cerebral palsy patients aged 5 years or older with preserved visual and auditory senses were screened at the Neuromuscular Clinic of the Duchess of Kent Children's Hospital at Sandy Bay in Hong Kong. Patients with monoplegia, developmental hand age of greater than 16 years assessed using the Bruininks-Oseretsky (B.O.) Test [13] and the "Chopsticks Manipulation Test" (CMT) [14], severe mental retardation based on their Intelligence Quotient (IQ), and those who did not give informed consent were excluded from the study. Forty-three patients were recruited and 30 patients (70%) were present to complete the assessment protocol.
There were 16 females and 14 males aged 6 to 33 years old (mean age: 12.48 years). There were 8 diplegics (26.7%) with an average age of 7.53 years old, 9 hemiplegics (30%) with a mean age of 10.04 years, 3 triplegics (10%) with an average age of 12.53 years, and 10 tetraplegics (33.3%) with a mean age of 21.47 years. Seventy percent had the spastic type of cerebral palsy. (Table 1) 66.7% had normal intelligence. (Table 2) Fifty percent had bilateral involvement while 27% and 23% had left and right-sided involvement, respectively. The study population's developmental hand age ranged from 5.57 years old to 10.13 years old. Results of the 2 tests for developmental (B.O. test) and functional (CMT) hand age were similar in all groups of patients with different topographic involvement.
Table 1
Distribution table of the study population in terms of type of cerebral palsy and topographic area of involvement
n = 30
Monoplegia
Diplegia
Hemiplegia
Triplegia
Tetraplegia
Total
Spastic
0
7
7
1
6
21 (70.0%)
Athetoid
0
1
0
0
1
2 (6.70%)
Ataxic
0
0
1
0
0
1 (3.30%)
Dystonic
0
0
0
2
3
5 (16.7%)
Unknown
0
0
1
0
0
1 (3.30%)
Total
0
8
9
3
10
Table 2
Intelligence level of the study population
n = 30
Diplegia
Hemiplegia
Triplegia
Tetraplegia
Total
Normal IQ
5
6
2
7
20(66.7%)
Mild MR
2
2
1
1
6 (20.0%)
Moderate MR
1
1
0
2
4 (13.3%)
Severe MR
0
0
0
0
0 (0.00%)
Profound MR
0
0
0
0
0 (0.00%)
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Study Procedure
Our Occupational Therapy Department developed a structured assessment protocol for the Upper Limb Cerebral Palsy Clinic. This protocol had 4 parts: (1) Physical Assessment, (2) Sensory Assessment, (3) Developmental Hand Assessment, and (4) Hand Function Assessment (Table 3). The developmental hand assessment was performed as described above, on all potential subjects, to exclude those with developmental hand age of greater than 16 years.
Table 3
Assessment protocol for cerebral palsy patients developed by occupational therapy department
Four part assessment
Components
Physical assessment
Contractures
Deformity
Muscle tone
Sensory assessment
Static 2 point discrimination
Stereognosis
Developmental hand assessment
B.O. test
Chop Sticks Manipulation Test
Functional hand assessment
Melbourne Assessment of the unilateral upper Limb Function (MAULF) Test
Functional Hand Grip Test (FHGT)
Functional Independence Measure for children (WeeFIM)
Physical Assessment included classification of deformities, assessment of muscle tone and motor control. Classification of typical contracture and deformity was done in anatomic parts using the following: Gschwind & Tonkin [2] for the forearm, Zancolli et al. [15] for the hand and wrist, and House et al. [3] for thumb deformities. Muscle tone was assessed using the Modified Ashworth Scale of Spasticity [16]. Motor control was evaluated using the Zancolli Spastic Hand Evaluation [15], House Functional Classification [3] and Green Functional Classification [9].
Sensory Assessment involved evaluation of static two-point discrimination (2-pd) and stereognosis. Static 2-pd was tested using the Baseline Aesthesiometer. Stereognosis was assessed using the Stereognosis kit (Beechfield Healthcare, Dublin Ireland).
Hand Function Assessment involved (1) evaluation of functional discrepancy from normal subjects using the Melbourne Assessment of the Unilateral Upper Limb Function Test (MAULF) [7] and Functional Hand Grip Test (FHGT) [9] and (2) evaluation of the subjects' performance in activities of daily living (ADLs) using the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM, UB Foundation Activities Inc. 2000).
Two occupational therapists evaluated the study population using this protocol in a cross-sectional study. Evaluation was focused on the more severely affected upper limb of each patient.
Presentation of Results and Data Analysis
The study population was grouped based on topographic area of involvement (diplegic, hemiplegic, triplegic, tetraplegic) for presentation of descriptive results. Descriptive parameters were presented in terms of rank and percentages. Our assessment protocol focused on deformity, sensation, spasticity, motor control and hand function. The correlation between hand function and the other 4 parameters (deformity, sensation, spasticity and motor control) was determined by computing for the correlation coefficient (r) using Pearson Correlation analysis. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Physical Assessment
Spasticity based on Modified Ashworth Scale
Diplegics, hemiplegics and triplegics had relatively similar levels of spasticity. The 3 groups had increased tone in the tested muscle groups with the majority scoring 1 or 1+. Tetraplegics, with scores of 2 or 3, had marked increase in muscle tone over a wider range of motion. Pronator teres (PT) was the most commonly affected upper limb muscle, regardless of the limb involvement. The Adductor Pollicis (ADP) and Flexor Pollicis Brevis (FPB) were the least involved. The intrinsic muscles were less spastic than extrinsic muscles across all patient groups. (Table 4)
Table 4
Results of Modified Ashworth Scale of the affected upper limb
Mean grading n = 30
Diplegia (n = 8)
Hemiplegia (n = 9)
Triplegia (n = 3)
Tetraplegia (n = 10)
Biceps
1+
1
1+
1+
Brachioradialis
1+
1+
1+
3
Pronator Teres
1+
1+
2
3
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
1+
1+
1+
2
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
1
1
1
2
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
1
1
1+
2
Adductor Pollicis
1
1+
1+
1+
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
0
1
1+
1+
Lumbricals
1
1+
1+
1+
Deformity and Motor Control
Tetraplegics had the most severe deformities and the worst motor control. Even though diplegics, hemiplegics and triplegics have similar levels of spasticity, the hemiplegics had a slightly more severe deformity and worse motor control when compared to the other two groups. (Table 5 and Table 6)
Table 5
Upper limb deformity in different topographic groups
Average Grading (↑ Severity 1 → 4) n = 30
Diplegia (n = 8)
Hemiplegia (n = 9)
Triplegia (n = 3)
Tetraplegia (n = 10)
Tonkin's Scale of forearm deformity
1
2
1
2
Zancolli's Scale of hand & wrist deformity
1
1
1
2
House's scale of thumb deformity
1
2
1
3
Table 6
Motor control of the upper limbs in different topographic groups
Average Grading n = 30
Diplegia (n = 8)
Hemiplegia (n = 9)
Triplegia (n = 3)
Tetraplegia (n = 10)
Zancolli's Spastic Hand Evaluation (↑ Severity 1 → 4)
Tetraplegics had deficits in both stereognosis (9.7) and 2-pd (6.86 mm). The hemiplegic group had slightly subnormal results in the stereognosis test (8.11). There were no sensory deficits in both diplegic and triplegic groups. (Table 7)
Table 7
Results of stereognosis and 2-point discrimination tests of the affected upper limb
n = 30
Diplegia (n = 8)
Hemiplegia (n = 9)
Triplegia (n = 3)
Tetraplegia (n = 7)
Stereognosis (0–13)
11.25
8.11
12
9.7
2PD
4.17 mm
4.57 mm
3.67 mm
6.86 mm
Hand Function Assessment
The triplegic group (MAULF 89.87%, FHGT 85.13%) performed best in the upper limb function assessment, followed by the diplegic (MAULF 87.96%, FHGT 74.26%), hemiplegic (MAULF 72.77%, FHGT 61.53%) and lastly, the tetraplegic group (MAULF 48.84%, FHGT 46.93%). (Table 8)
Table 8
Results of developmental and functional hand assessment (Ax)
Mean chronological age
Developmental Hand Ax
Functional Ax
ADL Ax
n = 30
B.O. test
CMT
MAULF
FHG
WeeFIM
Diplegia
7.53 yr.
5.57 yr.
5.57 yr.
87.96%
74.26%
55.55%
Hemiplegia
10.04 yr.
6.00 yr.
5.72 yr.
72.77%
61.53%
77.96%
Triplegia
12.53 yr.
8.60 yr.
8.60 yr.
89.87%
85.13%
97.09%
Tetraplegia
21.47 yr.
10.13 yr.
9.80 yr.
48.84%
46.93%
42.75%
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The triplegics, with unilateral hand involvement, scored the highest in the WeeFIM assessment. Hemiplegics scored better than the diplegics by 22.41% in the WeeFIM (Table 8). Cerebral palsy patients with unilateral involvement (hemiplegia and triplegia) could perform as well or better than people without cerebral palsy in ADLs, as measured by their WeeFIM Quotient when compared to normal subjects. (Figure 1)
Figure 1
The self-care score of the WeeFIM in different topographic groups.
×
Correlation of parameters with MAULF and FHGT
MAULF and FHGT scores had strong correlation with the all parameters (Table 9). Among all deformities, thumb contracture showed the strongest correlation with the functional performance (MAULF: r = -0.775, p = 0.000; FHGT: r = -0.662, p = 0.00). A severe thumb deformity was associated with poorer hand function for both the MAULF and FHGT.
Table 9
Correlation of MAULF and FHGT with deformity, spasticity, motor control and sensation
n = 30
MAULF
FHGT
r
p
r
p
Deformity
Tonkin's Scale of forearm deformity
-0.671*
0.000
-0.611*
0.000
Zancolli's Scale of hand & wrist deformity
-0.626*
0.000
-0.543*
0.002
House's scale of thumb deformity
-0.775*
0.000
-0.662*
0.000
Spasticity
Biceps
-0.452*
0.012
-0.442*
0.014
Brachioradialis
-0.530*
0.003
-0.521*
0.003
Pronator Teres
-0.563*
0.001
-0.560*
0.001
FCU
-0.629*
0.000
-0.543*
0.002
FDS
-0.741*
0.000
-0.626*
0.000
FDP
-0.680*
0.000
-0.599*
0.000
ADP
-0.701*
0.000
-0.640*
0.000
FPB
-0.684*
0.000
-0.622*
0.000
Lumbricals
-0.539*
0.002
-0.571*
0.001
Motor Control
Zancolli's spastic hand evaluation
House's functional classification
-0.568*
0.001
-0.643*
0.000
Green's functional classification
Sensation
Stereognosis
0.422*
0.020
2 point discrimination
-0.440*
0.036
For individual muscle spasticity, the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) showed the highest correlation with the MAULF (r = -0.741, p = 0.000) while the adductor pollicis (ADP) demonstrated the highest correlation with the FHGT (r = -0.662, p = 0.000).
Sensory deficits showed a statistically significant correlation with the MAULF, but not with the FHGT (Table 10). In the MAULF, 2-pd results had a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.422 (p = 0.002), while that for stereognosis was 0.440 (p = 0.036).
Table 10
The correlation between sensory deficit and functional hand assessment
n = 30
Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper limb Function
Functional Hand Grip Test
Stereognosis
2pd
Stereognosis
2pd
Coefficient of Variation
0.422*
0.440*
0.315
0.393
Significance
0.020
0.036
0.091
0.063
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Correlation of 4 parameters with WeeFIM Quotient
Increasing severity of deformity, sensory deficit, spasticity and motor control were related to decreased hand function in ADLs, as indicated by the decreasing WeeFIM Quotient (Table 11). Hand and wrist deformity (r = -0.541, p = 0.002), spasticity of the PT (r = -0.503, p = 0.005) and FDS (r = -0.601, p = 0.000), and sensory deficit as measured by 2-pd (r = -0.519 p = 0.011) were associated with a lower score.
Table 11
Correlation of WeeFIM quotient with deformity, spasticity, motor control and sensation
n = 30
WeeFIM Quotient
r
p
Deformity
Tonkin's Scale of forearm deformity
Zancolli's Scale of hand & wrist deformity
-0.541*
0.002
House's scale of thumb deformity
-0.432*
0.017
Spasticity
Biceps
-0.384*
0.036
Brachioradialis
-0.409*
0.036
Pronator Teres
-0.503*
0.005
FCU
-0.401*
0.025
FDS
-0.601*
0.000
FDP
-0.495*
0.005
ADP
FPB
Lumbricals
Motor Control
Zancolli's spastic hand evaluation
House's functional classification
-0.362*
0.049
Green's functional classification
Sensation
Stereognosis
2 point discrimination
-0.519*
0.011
Discussion
The upper limb deformity and function in patients with cerebral palsy was described based on the topographic area of involvement. There was an association between the degree of spasticity and motor control with the diplegic group having the mildest spasticity and best motor control, while tetraplegics were the most spastic with poorest motor control. Although the triplegics had slightly more severe spasticity than the hemiplegics, the triplegics scored better in the House's and Green's Functional Classifications for motor control. A possible reason for this could be that the triplegics were older than the hemiplegics in terms of chronological age and developmental hand age (Table 8) in this study, thus they would be better adapted to their condition.
Sensory deficits reflected in the 2-pd & stereognosis tests were dominant in hemiplegics in a previous report [17] but this was not evident in our results. Sensory deficit was only noted in tetraplegics in the current study.
Age is an important determinant of hand function. Normally, hand function develops until the age of 14 then plateaus. Accommodation and fine motor skills improve with age, and then deteriorate during old age. The tetraplegics in our study had the highest developmental hand age (Table 8) and based on this alone, should have been the most functional of the 4 groups. However, this group performed the poorest in all functional assessments (Table 8). This implied that hand function was not dependent on development of fine motor skills alone. Any deformity, spasticity, sensory deficit and impairment in motor control would significantly affect hand function.
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The clinical features of cerebral palsy – spasticity, deformity, sensory deficit and poor motor control – were most dominant in the tetraplegics. This group also had the most pronounced chronologic -developmental hand age gap (Table 12). Thus, hand function was most affected in this group of patients.
Table 12
Chronological – Developmental Hand Age Gap
Mean chronological age
Developmental Hand Ax
Max. discrepancy
n = 30
B.O. test
CMT
Diplegia
7.53 yr.
5.57 yr.
5.57 yr.
-1.96 yr. (-35.19%)
Hemiplegia
10.04 yr.
6.00 yr.
5.72 yr.
-4.32 yr. (-75.52%)
Triplegia
12.53 yr.
8.60 yr.
8.60 yr.
-3.93 yr. (-45.70%)
Tetraplegia
21.47 yr.
10.13 yr.
9.80 yr.
-11.67 yr. (-119.08%)
The WeeFIM was a comprehensive tool for assessing upper extremity functional deficits in ADLs. Due to their milder degree of spasticity, diplegics were expected to have the best performance in the ADLs. Similarly, the hemiplegics performed better than the tetraplegics. However, the triplegics were found to be the most functional of the 4 groups with WeeFIM quotients comparable to normal subjects. (Figure 1) Better function in the triplegic, as well as hemiplegic groups, could be brought about by the one-handed technique using the unaffected upper limb they adopted during the assessment. The diplegic group score was affected by involvement of both upper limbs to a much lesser extent in some patients.
To determine the effect of treatment, a simple standardized test to assess hand function deficit was needed. Unlike the comprehensive WeeFIM, the MAULF was an objective test that was easy to accomplish. The specific instructions of the MAULF were better suited to cerebral palsy patients who had problems with motor coordination and postural control.
The WeeFIM was a global function assessment that tested for the ability to perform ADLs. The patient performed certain ADLs and was allowed to use both hands. The unaffected hand could compensate for the affected side, giving the false impression that the affected hand's function was better. The MAULF tested one hand at a time, such that a unilaterally affected patient would not be able to compensate. An improvement in the MAULF score would indicate better function due to treatment and not because of adaptation of the unaffected limb.
The MAULF (r = -0.626, p = 0.000) and FHGT (r = -0.543, p = 0.002) had stronger correlation to hand and wrist deformity than the WeeFIM quotient (r = -0.541 p = 0.002). However, hand sensation did not correlate significantly with FHGT as it did with MAULF. One should bear in mind though that the components of the MAULF could not be analyzed individually, hence it would reflect the patient's level of dysfunction but not the etiology of dysfunction.
Review of current literature showed no standardized assessment battery for assessing hand function of cerebral palsy patients. This study is limited by a low recruitment rate of 70%. Thirty percent of guardians who initially gave consent were not present during the appointed evaluation date. They eventually withdrew their consent on follow-up, stating that the evaluation process would take too much time away from the patient's schooling and other daily activities. The development of a more concise and simpler evaluation score was considered as the direction for future studies by the authors.
This protocol was utilized to meet the study's objectives of generating a comprehensive description of upper limb deformity and hand function in the present population. For practical evaluation of hand function in cerebral palsy patients, the authors recommend the use of the Melbourne Assessment of the Unilateral Upper Limb Function (MAULF) and the Functional Hand Grip Test (FHGT) for reasons previously discussed. Further studies using MAULF and FHGT for evaluating patients before and after surgical treatment are needed to determine their use in monitoring treatment outcome for this population.
Conclusion
The degree of deformity, spasticity, sensory deficit, and motor control affected the hand function of a cerebral palsy patient significantly. There was a pronounced chronological – developmental and functional hand age gap in all groups. The MAULF and FHGT were strongly correlated to deformity, sensory deficit, spasticity and motor control; making them more representative assessment tools for evaluation of hand function in the said population.
Consent
Informed consent for publication was obtained from patients or their guardians (in case of minors) during enrollment into the study.
Open Access
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
KL carried out concept design, patient recruitment and follow-up, data collection and analysis, and manuscript writing. EYL carried out literature search, data analysis, manuscript writing and critical revision. BKKF carried out concept design, literature search, patient follow-up, review and approval of the manuscript. LSY, PG, KWW carried out data collection, patient follow up, data analysis and manuscript writing. WYI carried out patient recruitment, review and approval of the manuscript. SPC carried out concept design, patient recruitment, review and approval of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript for publication.
Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.
Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.
Personen mit chronischen Rückenschmerzen, die von einfühlsamen Ärzten und Ärztinnen betreut werden, berichten über weniger Beschwerden und eine bessere Lebensqualität.
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