Background
Methods
Data sample
Measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Mean (SD) or %
| |
---|---|
Access to Care
| |
Uninsurance | 26.2 |
Missed care due to cost | 20.2 |
Health Behaviors
| |
No exercise in the last 30 days | 32.9 |
1Days ETOH consumed in the last 30 days | 5.2 (6.6) |
Times fruit consumed in the last 30 days | 23.1 (26.7) |
Vegetable servings consumption in the last 30 days | 26.3 (23.0) |
Health Outcomes
| |
Self-reported hypertension | 25.4 |
Self-reported fair or poor health | 16.9 |
Poor mental health days in the last 30 days | 3.7 (6.9) |
Poor physical health days in the last 30 days | 2.8 (6.0) |
Unhealthy days in the last 30 days | 5.9 (8.4) |
State-level variables
| |
State Earned Income Tax Rate | .04 (.07) |
2State EITC is Refundable | 28.1 |
Maximum Temporary Needy Assistance Benefit for 3 | 390 (140) |
Maximum Food Stamp Benefit for 3 | 423 (31) |
1-year lagged Gross Domestic Product % | 4.1 (2.4) |
Medicaid Expansion to Childless Adults | 9.2 |
Individual-level variables
| |
High School Diploma/GED | 73.7 |
Age | 40.5 (10.2) |
Black | 12.3 |
Latino | 20.8 |
Female | 42.5 |
Married | 56.9 |
Minor Children | 51.9 |
Results for all races (Total Population & across Gender)
Outcome | Total | Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wage Ratio | Minimum Wage | Wage Ratio | Minimum Wage | Wage Ratio | Minimum Wage | |
Access to Care | ||||||
No Health Insurance1 |
-.02
(−.03,-.02) N = 869,908 |
-.03
(−.04,-.02) N = 869,908 |
-.03
(−.04,-.02) N = 399,604 |
-.04
(−.05, −.03) N = 399,604 |
−.01
(−.02,-.01) N = 470,304 |
−.02
(−.03,−.01) N = 470,304 |
Missed care due to cost1 |
−.01
(−.01,-.00) N = 822,864 |
−.01
(−.02,-.01) N = 822,864 |
-.01
(−.02, −.00) N = 378,071 |
−.02
(−.03, −.01) N = 378,071 | −.01 (−.02,.00) N = 444,793 |
−.01
(−.02, −.00) N = 444,793 |
Health Behavior | ||||||
No exercise1 | −.00 (−.01,.01) N = 781,929 | .01 (−.00,.02) N = 781,929 | .00 (−.01, .01) N = 358,495 | .01 (−.01, .02) N = 358,495 | −.01 (−.02,.00) N = 423,434 | .00 (−.01,.02) N = 423,434 |
Fruit Consumption2 |
1.03
(1.00,1.06) N = 446,162 | 1.01 (.98,1.04) N = 446,162 | 1.04 (.99,1.08) N = 203,157 | 1.02 (.97,1.06) N = 203,157 | 1.02 (.99,1.05) N = 243,005 | 1.00 (.96,1.04) N = 243,005 |
Vegetable Consumption2 |
1.05
(1.03,1.07) N = 443,602 | 1.01 (.99,1.03) N = 443,602 |
1.05
(1.02,1.08) N = 201,663 | 1.01 (.97,1.04) N = 201,663 |
1.05
(1.02,1.08) N = 241,939 | 1.01 (.99,1.04) N = 241,939 |
Alcohol Consumption2 | 1.01 (.98,1.03) N = 554,781 | 1.00 (.96,1.03) N = 554,781 | 1.01 (.97,1.04) N = 273,817 | .99 (.95–1.03) N = 273,817 | 1.01 (.97,1.05) N = 280,964 | 1.00 (.96,1.05) N = 280,964 |
Health Outcomes | ||||||
Self-reported poor health1 | .00 (−.00,.01) N = 869,457 | −.00 (−.01,.01) N = 869,457 | .01 (−.00,.02) N = 399,603 | .00 (−.01,.01) N = 399,603 | −.00 (−.01,.00) N = 469,854 | −.01 (−.02,.00) N = 469,854 |
Self-reported HTN1 | .00 (−.00,.01) N = 474,408 | .00 (−.01,.02) N = 474,408 | .01 (−.01,.02) N = 217,249 | .01 (−.01,.02) N = 217,249 | .00 (−.01,.01) N = 257,159 | .00 (−.01,.02) N = 257,159 |
Unhealthy Days2 | 1.02 (.99,1.05) N = 858,345 | 1.00 (.97,1.04) N = 858,345 | 1.03 (.99,1.07) N = 394,779 | 1.01 (.96,1.07) N = 394,779 | 1.01 (.98,1.04) N = 463,566 | .99 (.96,1.03) N = 463,566 |
Poor Mental Health Days2 | 1.03 (.99,1.07) N = 848,897 | 1.01 (.97,1.05) N = 848,897 | 1.05 (.99,1.11) N = 390,704 | 1.03 (.96,1.10) N = 390,704 | 1.01 (.97,1.05) N = 458,193 | .99 (.94,1.04) N = 458,193 |
Poor Physical Health Days2 | 1.02 (.98,1.06) N = 849,354 | 1.00 (.96,1.05) N = 849,354 | 1.02 (.96,1.09) N = 391,031 | 1.01 (.94,1.09) N = 391,031 | 1.01 (.97,1.06) N = 458,323 | .99 (.94,1.05) N = 458,323 |
Results for whites (Total Population & across Gender)
Outcome | Total | Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wage Ratio | Minimum Wage | Wage Ratio | Minimum Wage | Wage Ratio | Minimum Wage | |
Access to Care | ||||||
No Health Insurance1 | −.00 (−.01,.00) N = 623,932 |
−.01
−.02,−.00) N = 623,932 | -.00 (−.01,.01) N = 289,254 | −.01 (−.02,.00) N = 289,254 | −.00 (−.01,.00) N = 334,678 | −.01 (−.02, .00) N = 334,678 |
Missed care due to cost1 |
−.01
(−.01,-.00) N = 589,983 |
−.01
(−.02,-.00) N = 589,983 | −.01 (−.01,.00) N = 273,535 |
−.01
(−.02, −.00) N = 273,535 | −.01 (−.02, .00) N = 316,448 |
−.01
(−.02,-.00) N = 316,448 |
Health Behavior | ||||||
No exercise1 | .00 (−.00,.01) N = 557,307 | .01 (.00,.02) N = 557,307 |
.01
(.00,.02) N = 257,669 | .02 (.00,.03) N = 257,669 | −.01 (−.02,.00) N = 299,638 | .00 (−.01,.02) N = 299,638 |
Fruit Consumption2 |
1.02
(1.00,1.05) N = 322,351 | 1.00 (.97,1.04) N = 322,351 | 1.04 (.99,1.08) N = 148,088 | 1.01 (.96,1.06) N = 148,088 | 1.01 (.98,1.04) N = 174,263 | 1.00 (.96,1.04) N = 174,263 |
Vegetable Consumption2 |
1.03
(1.01,1.05) N = 321,288 | 1.00 (.98,1.02) N = 321,288 |
1.03
(1.00,1.06) N = 147,452 | .99 (.96,1.03) N = 147,452 |
1.03
(1.00,1.05) N = 173,836 | 1.00 (.98,1.03) N = 173,836 |
Alcohol Consumption2 | 1.01 (.98,1.03) N = 404,016 | 1.00 (.97,1.03) N = 404,016 | 1.01 (.97, 1.04) N = 199,207 | 1.00 (.95,1.04) N = 199,207 | 1.01 (.97,1.05) N = 204,809 | 1.01 (.96,1.06) N = 204,809 |
Health Outcomes | ||||||
Self-reported poor health1 | .00 (−.00,.01) N = 623,682 | −.00 (−.01,.01) N = 623,682 |
.01
(.00,.02) N = 289,243 | .01 (−.00,.02) N = 289,243 |
−.01
(−.01,-.00) N = 334,439 |
−.01
(−.02,−.00) N = 334,439 |
Self-reported HTN1 | .00 (−.01,.01) N = 343,549 | −.00 (−.01,.01) N = 343,549 | .00 (−.01,.02) N = 158,946 | −.00 (−.02,.01) N = 158,946 | −.00 (−.01,.01) N = 184,603 | −.00 (−.02,.01) N = 184,603 |
Unhealthy Days2 | 1.01 (.98,1.03) N = 616,008 | .99 (.96,1.03) N = 616,008 | 1.02 (.97,1.06) N = 285,904 | 1.00 (.94,1.06) N = 285,904 | 1.00 (.96,1.03) N = 330,104 | .98 (.94,1.02) N = 330,104 |
Poor Mental Health Days2 | 1.00 (.96, 1.03) N = 609,531 | .97 (.93,1.02) N = 609,531 | 1.00 (.94,1.06) N = 283,124 | .98 (.91,1.05) N = 283,124 | .99 (.95,1.03) N = 326,407 | .97 (.92,1.02) N = 326,407 |
Poor Physical Health Days2 | 1.02 (.98,1.07) N = 610,595 | 1.01 (.96,1.06) N = 610,595 | 1.04 (.97,1.11) N = 283,629 | 1.02 (.94,1.11) N = 283,629 | 1.00 (.95,1.06) N = 326,966 | .99 (.93,1.06) N = 326,966 |
Access to care | Health Behaviors | Health Outcomes | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% Point Difference in No Health Insurance N = 869,908 | % Point Difference in Missed Care due to Cost N = 822,864 | % Point Difference in No Exercise N = 781,929 | Fruit Consumption (rate ratio) N = 446,162 | Vegetable consumption (rate ratio) N = 443,602 | Alcohol Consumption (rate ratio) N = 554,781 | % Point Difference in Self-Reported Fair/Poor Health N = 869,457 | % Point Difference In Self-Reported HTN N = 474,408 | Unhealthy Days (rate ratio) N = 858,345 | Poor Mental Health Days (rate ratio) N = 848,897 | Poor Physical Health Days (rate ratio) N = 849,354 | |
Adjusted Wage Ratio (MW) |
-.02
|
-.01
| .00 | 1.03 |
1.05
| 1.01 | .00 | .01 | 1.03 |
1.04
| 1.03 |
Female |
−.04
| .01 |
.03
| 1.15 |
1.07
|
.60
| −.00 | −.00 |
1.61
|
1.75
|
1.49
|
Black |
−.10
|
−.04
| .04 | 1.09 |
1.55
| 1.16 | .01 | .06 | .85 | .84 | .92 |
Latino |
.25
| −.04 |
.27
|
1.70
|
.55
|
.71
|
.19
| −.04 |
.55
|
.58
|
.59
|
Female*Black |
.09
| .01 |
.09
| .92 | .99 |
.71
| −.02 | .03 | .96 | .92 |
.89
|
Female *Latino | −.06 |
.20
| −.00 | .74 | 1.10 | .96 | −.03 | .08 | 1.17 | 1.06 |
1.15
|
MW*Female | .00 |
.01
| .00 | 1.01 | 1.01 | .99 | .00 |
−.01
|
.98
|
.98
|
.97
|
MW*Black |
.02
|
.01
| −.00 | 1.00 |
.92
|
.96
| .00 | −.00 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.02 |
MW*Latino |
−.01
|
.01
|
−.03
|
.96
|
1.05
| .99 | −.01 | −.00 |
1.06
| 1.03 |
1.06
|
MW*Female* Black |
−.02
| −.00 | −.00 | 1.01 | .99 | 1.04 | .01 | .01 | .99 | .99 | 1.00 |
MW*Female* Latino | .00 |
−.03
| .00 | 1.04 | 1.00 | .97 | .01 | −.00 | .98 | .99 | .99 |
Results for blacks (Total Population & across Gender)
Outcome | Total | Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wage Ratio | Minimum Wage | Wage Ratio | Minimum Wage | Wage Ratio | Minimum Wage | |
Access to Care | ||||||
No Health Insurance1 | .01 (−.01,.03) N = 95,091 | -.00 (−.03,.02) N = 95,091 | .02 (−.01,.05) N = 34,746 | .01 (−.03,.05) N = 34,746 | -.01 (−.03,.02) N = 60,345 | −.02 (−.05,.01) N = 60,345 |
Missed care due to cost1 | .01 (−.01,.02) N = 90,096 | .00 (−.02,.03) N = 90,096 | .01 (−.02,.04) N = 32,911 | .00 (−.04,.04) N = 32,911 | .00 (−.02,.03) N = 57,185 | .00 (−.03,.04) N = 57,185 |
Health Behavior | ||||||
No exercise1 | −.01 (−.03, .02) N = 85,243 | .01 (−.02,.05) N = 85,243 | −.01 (−.05,.03) N = 31,022 | .01 (−.04,.05) N = 31,022 | −.00 (−.03,.03) N = 54,221 | .02 (−.02,.07) N = 54,221 |
Fruit Consumption2 | 1.00 (.92,1.09) N = 48,174 | .98 (.88,1.09) N = 48,174 | .92 (.81,1.05) N = 17,522 | .88 (.75,1.03) N = 17,522 | 1.08 (.97,1.20) N = 30,652 | 1.08 (.93,1.24) N = 30,652 |
Vegetable Consumption2 | 1.01 (.95,1.08) N = 48,022 | .95 (.88,1.03) N = 48,022 | 1.01 (.90,1.12) N = 17,459 | .92 (.81,1.06) N = 17,459 | 1.02 (.94,1.11) N = 30,563 | .98 (.88,1.08) N = 30,563 |
Alcohol Consumption2 | .98 (.89,1.07) N = 55,024 | .99 (.88,1.12) N = 55,024 | .94 (.83,1.06) N = 22,138 | .98 (.84,1.15) N = 22,138 | 1.06 (.93,1.20) N = 32,886 | .99 (.84,1.17) N = 32,886 |
Health Outcomes | ||||||
Self-reported poor health1 | .02 (−.00, .03) N = 94,980 | .01 (−.01,.04) N = 94,980 | .02 (−.01,.05) N = 34,735 | .02 (−.02,.06) N = 34,735 | .01 (−.02,.03) N = 60,245 | .01 (−.02, .04) N = 60,245 |
Self-reported HTN1 | −.00 (−.03,.03) N = 52,093 | −.00 (−.04,.04) N = 52,093 | .03 (−.02,.08) N = 19,074 | .03 (−.03,.09) N = 19,074 | −.03 (−.07,.00) N = 33,019 | −.03 (−.07,.02) N = 33,019 |
Unhealthy Days2 | 1.01 (.93,1.10) N = 93,097 | 1.01 (.90,1.12) N = 93,097 | 1.02 (.88,1.18) N = 34,046 | 1.01 (.84,1.22) N = 34,046 | 1.00 (.91,1.10) N = 59,051 | 1.00 (.88,1.13) N = 59,051 |
Poor Mental Health Days2 | 1.04 (.93,1.16) N = 92,108 | 1.02 (.89,1.18) N = 92,108 | 1.11 (.91,1.35) N = 33,667 | 1.11 (.86,1.44) N = 33,667 | .99 (.88,1.11) N = 58,441 | .96 (.82,1.12) N = 58,441 |
Poor Physical Health Days2 | 1.01 (.89,1.14) N = 91,682 | 1.04 (.89,1.22) N = 91,682 | .97 (.80,1.18) N = 33,570 | .99 (.76,1.29) N = 33,570 | 1.03 (.89,1.19) N = 58,112 | 1.08 (.89,1.30) N = 58,112 |
Results for Latinos (Total Population & across Gender)
Outcome | Total | Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wage Ratio | Minimum Wage | Wage Ratio | Minimum Wage | Wage Ratio | Minimum Wage | |
Access to Care | ||||||
No Health Insurance1 | -.02 (−.04, .00) N = 81,286 | -.01 (−.04, .01) N = 81,286 |
−.03
(−.06,-.00) N = 40,809 | −.03 (−.06,.01) N = 40,809 | −.00 (−.04, .03) N = 40,477 | .01 (−.02,.05) N = 40,477 |
Missed care due to cost1 | −.00 (−.02,.02) N = 76,729 | −.01 (−.03,.02) N = 76,729 | −.01 (−.04,.02) N = 38,546 | −.02 (−.05,.01) N = 38,546 | .02 (−.01,.05) N = 38,183 | .02 (−.01,.06) N = 38,183 |
Health Behavior | ||||||
No exercise1 | .00 (−.02,.03) N = 79,855 | −.01 (−.04,.02) N = 79,855 | .00 (−.03,.04) N = 40,049 | −.01 (−.05,.03) N = 40,049 | −.00 (−.04,.03) N = 39,806 | −.01 (−.05,.03) N = 39,806 |
Fruit Consumption2 |
1.10
(1.01,1.21) N = 38,035 | 1.10 (.99,1.23) N = 38,035 |
1.16
(1.03,1.31) N = 18,888 |
1.17
(1.01,1.36) N = 18,888 | 1.03 (.90,1.17) N = 19,147 | 1.00 (.86,1.16) N = 19,147 |
Vegetable Consumption2 | 1.04 (.96,1.13) N = 37,186 | .98 (.89,1.07) N = 37,186 | 1.04 (.93,1.16) N = 18,387 | 1.00 (.88,1.14) N = 18,387 | 1.03 (.93,1.15) N = 18,799 | .94 (.83,1.06) N = 18,799 |
Alcohol Consumption2 | .98 (.88,1.09) N = 56,398 | .92 (.81,1.04) N = 56,398 | .99 (.87,1.11) N = 30,959 | .91 (.79,1.05) N = 30,959 | .92 (.77,1.08) N = 25,439 | .94 (.75,1.18) N = 25,439 |
Health Outcomes | ||||||
Self-reported poor health1 | −.00 (−.02,.02) N = 81,113 | −.01 (−.03,.02) N = 81,113 | −.00 (−.03,.03) N = 40,734 | −.01 (−.05,.03) N = 40,734 | .01 (−.03,.04) N = 40,379 | .00 (−.03,.04) N = 40,379 |
Self-reported HTN1 | .00 (−.03,.03) N = 42,576 | .00 (−.03,.04) N = 42,576 | −.01 (−.05,.02) N = 21,225 | .00 (−.04,.04) N = 21,225 | .03 (−.01,.07) N = 21,351 | .01 (−.04,.05) N = 21,351 |
Unhealthy Days2 |
1.11
(1.02,1.21) N = 80,129 | 1.03 (.92,1.14) N = 80,129 | 1.14 (.99,1.30) N = 40,212 | 1.06 (.90,1.24) N = 40,212 | 1.08 (.96,1.21) N = 39,917 | 1.00 (.87,1.14) N = 39,917 |
Poor Mental Health Days2 | 1.10 (.97,1.24) N = 79,127 | .99 (.85,1.15) N = 79,127 | 1.14 (.94,1.37) N = 39,742 | 1.01 (.80,1.27) N = 39,742 | 1.06 (.90,1.23) N = 39,385 | .97 (.81,1.16) N = 39,385 |
Poor Physical Health Days2 |
1.15
(1.03,1.30) N = 78,963 | 1.10 (.96,1.27) N = 78,963 |
1.19
(1.00,1.41) N = 39,659 | 1.15 (.94,1.41) N = 39,659 | 1.11 (.96,1.29) N = 39,304 | 1.05 (.88,1.25) N = 39,304 |