Background
Subjects | Sample 1 | Sample 2 | Sample 3 | Sample 4 | Sample 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item10 | Factor | Factor | Factor | Factor | Factor |
1. “Material comforts home, food, conveniences, financial security…” | HF | RMW* | RMW | DNF | RMW |
2. “Health – being physically fit and vigorous…” | HF | HF | HF | HF | HF |
3. “Relationships with parents, siblings & other relatives – communicating, visiting, helping…” | RMW* | RMW | PSCC# | RMW | RMW |
4. “Having and raising children…” | RMW | RMW | RMW* | RMW | RMW |
5. “Relationships with spouse or significant other…” | RMW* | RMW | RMW | RMW | RMW |
6. “Close friends…” | RMW | RMW* | RMW* | RMW | RMW* |
7. “Helping and encouraging others, volunteering, giving advice…” | PSCC# | PSCC | PSCC* | PSCC | PSCC |
8. “Participating in organizations and public affairs…” | PSCC | PSCC | PSCC | PSCC | PSCC |
9. “Learning – attending school, improving understanding, getting additional knowledge…” | PSCC | PSCC | PSCC | PSCC | PSCC |
10. “Understanding yourself – knowing your assets and limitations – knowing what life is about…” | PSCC$ | PSCC | PSCC | PSCC | PSCC |
11. “Work – job or in home…” | HF | HF | HF | HF | HF* |
12. “Expressing yourself creatively…” | PSCC | PSCC* | PSCC* | PSCC | PSCC |
13. “Socializing – meeting other people, doing things, parties, etc.” | RMW | PSCC* | PSCC* | HF# | PSCC$ |
14. “Reading, listening to music, or observing entertainment…” | RMW* | PSCC | PSCC | DNF | PSCC |
15. “Participating in active recreation…” | HF | HF | HF | HF | HF |
16. “Independence, doing for yourself…” | NI | NI | NI | HF | HF |
Subjects | Sample 1 | Sample 2 | Sample 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Item | Factor | Factor | Factor |
1. Material comforts home, food, conveniences, financial security… | RMW | PWSB* | MWBPD* |
2. Health – being physically fit and vigorous… | HF | AP | PSCC* |
3. Relationships with parents, siblings & other relatives – communicating, visiting, helping… | RMW | RO | IR |
4. Having and raising children… | RMW | RO | IR |
5. Relationships with spouse or significant other… | RMW | RO | IR* |
6. Close friends… | RMW | RO | IR |
7. Helping and encouraging others, volunteering, giving advice… | PSCC | PWSB* | IR |
8. Participating in organizations and public affairs… | PSCC | PWSB | PSCC* |
9. Learning – attending school, improving understanding, getting additional knowledge… | PSCC | PWSB | PSCC |
10. Understanding yourself – knowing your assets and limitations – knowing what life is about… | PSCC! | PWSB | MWBPD |
11. Work – job or in home… | HF | AP* | MWBPD |
12. Expressing yourself creatively… | PSCC | PWSB | MWBPD |
13. Socializing – meeting other people, doing things, parties, etc.…. | PSCC | PWSB$ | PSCC* |
14. Reading, listening to music, or observing entertainment… | PSCC | PWSB$ | PSCC* |
15. Participating in active recreation… | HF | AP | PSCC* |
16. Independence, doing for yourself… | HF | AP | MWBPD# |
Methods
Participants
Terminology | Definition |
---|---|
Physically Active20 | “An individual who engages in athletic, recreational, or occupational activities that require physical skills and who uses strength, power, endurance, speed, flexibility, range of motion, or agility at least 3 days per week.” |
Injury Classification20 | |
Healthy | “Free from musculoskeletal injury and fully able to participate in sport or activity.” |
Acute Injury | “A musculoskeletal injury that precludes full participation in sport or activity for at least 2 consecutive days (0–72 h post-injury).” |
Subacute Injury | “A musculoskeletal injury that precludes full participation in sport or activity for at least 2 consecutive days (3 days to 1-month post-injury).” |
Persistent Injury | “A musculoskeletal injury that has been symptomatic for at least 1 month.” |
Chronic Injury | “Pain that consistently does not get any better with routine treatment or non-narcotic medication.” |
Activity Level Classification22 | |
Inactive | “No activity beyond baseline activity.” |
Low | “Activity beyond baseline, but fewer than 150 min of moderate intensity exercise per week.” |
Medium | “150–300 min of moderate intensity activity per week”. |
High | “More than 300 min of moderate intensity activity per week.” |
Athlete Level20 | |
Competitive Athlete | “A participant who engages in a sport activity that requires at least 1 pre-participation examination, regular attendance at scheduled practices and/or conditioning sessions and a coach who leads practices and/or competitions.” |
Recreational Athlete | “Participants who meet the criteria for physical activity and participate in sport, but do not meet the criteria for competitive status.” |
Occupational Athlete | “Participants who meet the criteria for physical activity for occupation or recreation, but do not meet the criteria for competitive or recreational athlete.” |
Physically Active in ADLs | “Participants who do not meet the criteria for any “athlete” category, but who are physically active through their daily activities (e.g., physically active for at least 30 min per day, 3 days per week).” |
Instrumentation
Quality of Life Scale
Data analysis
Data cleaning
Confirmatory factor analysis of the 15- and 16-item Quality of Life Scale
Identification of a modified Quality of Life Scale
Validation analysis of the modified Quality of Life Scale
Correlation analyses
Results
Data cleaning & sample characteristics
Full Sample (n = 1036) | Physically Active – Healthy (n = 151) | Physically Active – Injured (n = 470) | Musculoskeletal Pain & Comorbidity (n = 284) | Osteoarthritis (n = 131) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||||
Male | 387 (37.4) | 82 (54.3) | 240 (51.1) | 44 (15.5) | 21 (16.0) |
Female | 641 (61.9) | 69 (45.7) | 229 (48.7) | 236 (83.1) | 107 (81.7) |
Other | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.8) |
Unknown | 5 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.7) | 2 (1.5) |
Age (years) | 33.87 ± 15.73 | 24.28 ± 8.18 | 24.28 ± 9.48 | 46.07 ± 12.10 | 53.93 ± 9.37 |
Activity Level21 | |||||
Inactive | 142 (13.7) | 3 (2.0) | 31 (6.6) | 81 (28.5) | 27(20.6) |
Low | 294 (28.4) | 16 (10.6) | 89 (18.9) | 126 (44.4) | 63(48.1) |
Medium | 291 (28.1) | 53 (35.1) | 146 (31.1) | 61 (21.5) | 31(23.7) |
High | 302 (29.2) | 78 (51.7) | 203 (43.2) | 13 (4.6) | 8(6.1) |
Unknown | 7 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (1.1) | 2 (1.5) |
Physically active healthy and physically active injured
Physically Active – Healthy (n = 151) | Physically Active – Injured (n = 470) | |
---|---|---|
Athlete Type20 | ||
Competitive | 75 (49.7) | 290 (61.7) |
Recreational | 34 (22.5) | 63 (13.4) |
Occupational | 11 (7.3) | 55 (11.7) |
Activities of Daily Living | 25 (16.6) | 61 (13.0) |
Unknown | 6 (4.0) | 1 (0.2) |
Sport | ||
Baseball | 6 (4.0) | 33 (7.0) |
Basketball | 10 (6.6) | 48 (10.2) |
Cheerleading | 1 (0.7) | 7 (1.5) |
Cross Country | 2 (1.3) | 3 (0.6) |
Football | 13 (8.6) | 32 (6.8) |
Racquet Sports | 3 (2.0) | 5 (1.1) |
Recreational Running | 9 (6.0) | 7 (1.5) |
Soccer | 17 (11.3) | 50 (10.6) |
Softball | 8 (5.3) | 41 (8.7) |
Swim and Dive | 1 (0.7) | 9 (1.9) |
Track and Field | 6 (4.0) | 47 (10.0) |
Volleyball | 3 (2.0) | 12 (2.6) |
Weight Lifting | 12 (7.9) | 22 (4.7) |
Other | 29 (19.2) | 82 (17.4) |
No Sport Participation | 24 (15.9) | 70 (14.9) |
Unknown | 7 (4.6) | 2 (0.4) |
Confirmatory factor analysis five-factor 15-item Quality of Life Scale
Confirmatory factor analysis three-factor 16-item Quality of Life Scale
Scale structure of modified Quality of Life Scale
Identification of a modified Quality of Life Scale
Item | Factor 1 | Factor 2 |
---|---|---|
1. “Material comforts home, food, conveniences, financial security…” | .584 | −.246 |
2. “Health – being physically fit and vigorous…” | .279 | −.746 |
3. “Relationships with parents, siblings & other relatives – communicating, visiting, helping…” | .710 | −.139 |
4. “Having and raising children…” | .530 | .162 |
5. “Relationships with spouse or significant other…” | .668 | .051 |
6. “Close friends…” | .756 | −.136 |
7. “Helping and encouraging others, volunteering, giving advice…” | .821 | .007 |
8. “Participating in organizations and public affairs…” | .791 | −.047 |
9. “Learning – attending school, improving understanding, getting additional knowledge…” | .819 | −.013 |
10. “Understanding yourself – knowing your assets and limitations – knowing what life is about…” | .840 | .016 |
11. “Work – job or in home…” | .773 | −.096 |
12. “Expressing yourself creatively…” | .818 | .050 |
13. “Socializing – meeting other people, doing things, parties, etc.” | .748 | −.176 |
14. “Reading, listening to music, or observing entertainment…” | .700 | −.023 |
15. “Participating in active recreation…” | .461 | −.542 |
16. “Independence, doing for yourself…” | .664 | −.258 |
Cronbach’s Alpha | Omega | .95 | .95 | .88 | .89 |
Item | Factor 1 |
---|---|
11. “Work – job or in home…” | .814 |
3. “Relationships with parents, siblings & other relatives – communicating, visiting, helping…” | .758 |
1. “Material comforts home, food, conveniences, financial security…” | .800 |
2. “Health – being physically fit and vigorous…” | .830 |
8. “Participating in organizations and public affairs…” | .750 |
Cronbach’s Alpha | Omega | .89 | .89 |
Validation analysis of the modified Quality of Life Scale
Confirmatory factor analysis of modified Quality of Life Scale
Invariance testing for sex subgroups
χ2 | df | χ2diff (dfdiff) | CFI | CFIdiff | TLI | RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 387) | 15.58 | 5 | – | 0.987 | – | 0.973 | 0.074 |
Females (n = 641) | 7.65 | 5 | – | 0.998 | – | 0.997 | 0.029 |
Model A (equal form) | 23.25 | 10 | – | 0.994 | – | 0.989 | 0.036 |
Model B (equal loadings) | 31.45 | 14 | 8.20(4) | 0.993 | 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.035 |
Model C (equal factor variances) | 58.63 | 15 | 35.39(5) | 0.982 | 0.012 | 0.976 | 0.053 |
Model D (equal indicator intercepts) | 60.31 | 18 | 37.07(8) | 0.982 | 0.012 | 0.98 | 0.048 |
Model E (equal latent means) | 148.24 | 19 | 124.99(9) | 0.946 | 0.048 | 0.943 | 0.081 |
Invariance testing physically active-healthy and physically active-injured subgroups
χ2 | df | χ2diff (dfdiff) | CFI | CFIdiff | TLI | RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA-H (n = 151) | 9.87 | 5 | – | 0.973 | – | 0.947 | 0.081 |
PA-I (n = 470) | 6.80 | 5 | – | 0.996 | – | 0.991 | 0.028 |
Model A (equal form) | 16.70 | 10 | – | 0.989 | – | 0.977 | 0.033 |
Model B (equal loadings) | 21.31 | 14 | 4.61(4) | 0.988 | < 0.001 | 0.982 | 0.029 |
Model C (equal factor variances) | 21.55 | 15 | 4.84(5) | 0.989 | < 0.001 | 0.985 | 0.027 |
Model D (equal indicator intercepts) | 42.36 | 18 | 25.66(8) | 0.959 | 0.03 | 0.954 | 0.047 |
Model E (equal latent means) | 44.37 | 19 | 27.67(9) | 0.957 | 0.032 | 0.955 | 0.046 |
Invariance testing for physically active-healthy and osteoarthritis subgroups
χ2 | df | χ2diff (dfdiff) | CFI | CFIdiff | TLI | RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA-H (n = 151) | 9.87 | 5 | – | 0.973 | – | 0.947 | 0.051 |
OA (n = 131) | 6.07 | 5 | – | 0.996 | – | 0.991 | 0.041 |
Model A (equal form) | 15.94 | 10 | – | 0.986 | – | 0.972 | 0.046 |
Model B (equal loadings) | 18.83 | 14 | 2.89 | 0.989 | < 0.001 | 0.984 | 0.035 |
Model C (equal factor variances) | 42.63 | 15 | 26.69 | 0.936 | 0.05 | 0.914 | 0.081 |
Model D (equal indicator intercepts) | 101.30 | 18 | 85.36 | 0.806 | 0.18 | 0.784 | 0.129 |
Model E (equal latent means) | 216.57 | 19 | 200.63 | 0.54 | 0.446 | 0.515 | 0.193 |
Follow-up analysis on a proposed four-item QOLS
χ2 | df | χ2diff (dfdiff) | CFI | CFIdiff | TLI | RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 387) | 4.31 | 2 | – | 0.996 | – | 0.988 | 0.055 |
Females (n = 641) | 5.13 | 2 | – | 0.997 | – | 0.992 | 0.049 |
Model A (equal form) | 9.44 | 4 | – | 0.997 | – | 0.991 | 0.036 |
Model B (equal loadings) | 10.54 | 7 | 1.10(3) | 0.998 | < 0.001 | 0.996 | 0.022 |
Model C (equal factor variances) | 41.57 | 8 | 32.13(4) | 0.981 | 0.016 | 0.971 | 0.064 |
Model D (equal indicator intercepts) | 14.41 | 10 | 4.97(6) | 0.997 | < 0.001 | 0.997 | 0.021 |
Model E (equal latent means) | 86.83 | 11 | 77.39(7) | 0.956 | 0.041 | 0.952 | 0.082 |
PA-H (n = 151) | 7.30 | 2 | – | 0.965 | – | 0.895 | 0.133 |
PA-I (n = 470) | 2.83 | 2 | – | 0.997 | – | 0.992 | 0.03 |
Model A (equal form) | 10.16 | 4 | – | 0.987 | – | 0.96 | 0.05 |
Model B (equal loadings) | 12.93 | 7 | 2.78(3) | 0.987 | < 0.001 | 0.978 | 0.037 |
Model C (equal factor variances) | 13.49 | 8 | 3.34(4) | 0.988 | 0.001 | 0.982 | 0.033 |
Model D (equal indicator intercepts) | 14.59 | 10 | 4.43(6) | 0.99 | 0.003 | 0.98 | 0.027 |
Model E (equal latent means) | 15.03 | 11 | 4.88(7) | 0.991 | 0.004 | 0.99 | 0.024 |
PA-H (n = 151) | 7.30 | 2 | – | 0.965 | – | 0.895 | 0.133 |
OA (n = 131) | 1.43 | 2 | – | 1 | – | 1.01 | 0 |
Model A (equal form) | 8.73 | 4 | – | 0.986 | – | 0.957 | 0.065 |
Model B (equal loadings) | 11.29 | 7 | 2.56(3) | 0.987 | 0.001 | 0.978 | 0.047 |
Model C (equal factor variances) | 34.33 | 8 | 25.60(4) | 0.921 | 0.065 | 0.881 | 0.108 |
Model D (equal indicator intercepts) | 24.16 | 10 | 15.43(6) | 0.957 | 0.029 | 0.949 | 0.071 |
Model E (equal latent means) | 105.22 | 11 | 96.50(7) | 0.717 | 0.269 | 0.691 | 0.175 |