Background
Methods
Participants and procedures
Children (n = 137) | Parents (n = 137) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
Age (in years), M (SD) | 13.30 (2.74) | 43.88 (5.15) | |
Age group, n (%) | Children 8–12 years | 59 (43.1 %) | |
Adolescents 13–18 years | 78 (56.9 %) | ||
Sex, n (%) | Male | 68 (49.6 %) | 17 (12.4 %) |
Female | 56 (40.9 %) | 104 (75.9 %) | |
Missing
| 13 (9.5 %) | 16 (11.7 %) | |
Country, n (%) | Sweden | 41 (29.9 %) | |
Germany | 41 (29.9 %) | ||
France | 24 (17.5 %) | ||
UK | 16 (11.7 %) | ||
Spain | 15 (10.9 %) | ||
Clinical characteristics | |||
Diagnosis, n (%) | GHD | 60 (43.8 %) | |
ISS | 77 (56.2 %) | ||
Treatment status, n (%) | GH treatment | 73 (53.3 %) | |
Untreated | 51 (37.2 %) | ||
Missing
| 13 (9.5 %) | ||
Height deviation, n (%) | Above –2 SD (achieved normal height) | 24 (17.5 %) | |
Below –2 SD (current short stature) | 71 (51.8 %) | ||
Missing
| 42 (30.7 %) |
Variables and measures
Health-related quality of life
Parent-report | Child-report | ANCOVA for repeated measures b
| Discrepancy | ANCOVA for repeated measures e
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute c
| Directional d
| Absolute discrepancy | Directional discrepancy | ||||||||||
Baseline |
M (SD) |
α
|
M (SD) | α | ICC a
|
F
|
p
|
M (SD) |
M (SD) | ||||
KIDSCREEN-10 | 73.15 (13.10) | .83 | 77.02 (14.02) | .84 | .65 | 0.31 | .58 | 9.15 (6.77) | −4.07 (10.66) | ||||
QoLISSY-22 | 71.09 (22.63) | .95 | 75.34 (20.66) | .93 | .75 | 2.28 | .14 | 11.49 (11.46) | −1.02 (16.23) | ||||
Physical QoL | 73.67 (20.99) | .83 | 73.76 (20.29) | .77 | .68 | 0.03 | .87 | 12.73 (12.38) | −2.91 (17.55) | ||||
Social QoL | 71.52 (27.14) | .93 | 76.31 (22.65) | .87 | .73 | 5.32 | .02 | 13.97 (13.06) | −5.58 (18.33) | ||||
Emotional QoL | 68.72 (23.54) | .86 | 75.57 (24.27) | .85 | .66 | 1.16 | .29 | 10.86 (10.11) | −3.22 (14.51) | ||||
Retest |
M (SD) |
α
|
M (SD) | α | ICC a
|
F
|
p
|
M (SD) |
M (SD) |
F
|
p
|
F
|
p
|
KIDSCREEN-10 | 76.43 (12.69) | .82 | 78.99 (15.74) | .88 | .59 | 2.58 | .11 | 9.77 (7.87) | −3.77 (11.99) | 0.28 | .60 | 0.70 | .41 |
QoLISSY-22 | 70.86 (22.39) | .95 | 73.81 (22.77) | .95 | .80 | 2.52 | .12 | 10.44 (10.29) | −0.84 (14.66) | 2.16 | .15 | 0.11 | .74 |
Physical QoL | 72.42 (21.49) | .83 | 73.04 (21.58) | .81 | .77 | 0.04 | .85 | 11.54 (11.97) | −2.79 (16.42) | 0.39 | .54 | 0.01 | .91 |
Social QoL | 70.93 (25.49) | .91 | 73.93 (25.23) | .89 | .77 | 4.49 | .04 | 12.63 (12.03) | −4.55 (16.87) | 0.45 | .51 | 0.03 | .86 |
Emotional QoL | 69.61 (24.19) | .87 | 74.28 (24.83) | .87 | .72 | 2.35 | .13 | 9.63 (10.12) | −2.90 (13.69) | 0.78 | .38 | 0.01 | .93 |
Family and social relationships
Socio-demographic and clinical data
Data analyses
Results
Parent-child (dis)agreement
Regression analyses explaining the extent of disagreement
Absolute parent-child discrepancies | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Generic HrQoL
R
2 = .25; F
(9, 59) = 2.22*
| Condition-specific HrQoL
R
2 = .29; F
(9, 60) = 2.78**
| |||
First step:
| ∆R
2 = .06; F
(5, 63) = 0.74 | ∆R
2 = .13; F
(5, 64) = 1.88 | ||
Sociodemographic and clinical variables
|
B (SE) |
t
|
B (SE) |
t
|
Children’s sex a
| 0.48 (1.83) | 0.26 | −0.99 (2.37) | −0.42 |
Children’s age group b
| −2.12 (2.07) | −1.03 | −2.29 (2.69) | −0.85 |
Diagnosis c
| −4.10 (2.20) | −1.87 | 1.74 (2.87) | 0.61 |
GH treatment d
| 2.67 (3.00) | 0.89 | 6.15 (3.78) | 1.63 |
Current height deviation e
| −0.04 (2.04) | −0.02 | −3.37 (2.66) | −1.27 |
Second step:
| ∆R
2 = .20; F
(4, 59) = 3.89**
| ∆R
2 = .17; F
(4, 60) = 3.54*
| ||
Psychosocial variables
|
B (SE) |
t
|
B (SE) |
t
|
Children’s sex a
| −0.30 (1.76) | −0.17 | −2.09 (2.30) | −0.91 |
Children’s age group b
| −1.08 (2.00) | −0.54 | −0.48 (2.61) | −0.18 |
Diagnosis c
| −6.04 (2.24) | −2.70**
| −2.49 (2.95) | −0.85 |
GH treatment d
| 2.59 (2.77) | 0.94 | 6.75 (3.52) | 1.92 |
Current height deviation e
| −0.70 (2.02) | −0.35 | −1.89 (2.64) | −0.72 |
parent-child relationships (child’s view) | 0.27 (0.34) | 0.79 | 0.01 (0.44) | 0.01 |
parent-child relationships (parent’s view) | −1.19 (0.44) | −2.71**
| −0.03 (0.58) | −0.05 |
Children’s social support | 1.16 (0.50) | 2.30*
| 1.12 (0.65) | 1.71 |
Parental burden | −0.05 (0.33) | −1.48 | −0.14 (0.04) | −3.28**
|
Regression analyses explaining the direction of disagreement
Directional parent-child discrepancies | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Generic HrQoL
R
2 = .38(Cox & Snell); .43 (Nagelkerke)
Model χ
2
(18) = 32.83*
| Condition-specific HrQoL
R
2 = .37(Cox & Snell); .46 (Nagelkerke) Model χ
2
(18) = 32.81*
| |||
Child-report > Parent-report vs. Agreement
|
B (SE) | OR (95 % CI) |
B (SE) | OR (95 % CI) |
Children’s sex a
| 0.60 (0.70) | 1.83 (0.47/7.16) | 1.22 (0.78) | 3.39 (0.76/15.20) |
Children’s age group b
| 1.38 (0.76) | 3.97 (0.90/17.51) | 0.46 (0.83) | 1.58 (0.31/7.96) |
Diagnosis c
| 1.40 (0.92) | 4.05 (0.67/24.64) | 0.66 (0.95) | 1.94 (0.30/12.35) |
GH treatment d
| −1.11 (1.08) | 0.33 (0.04/2.75) | 0.43 (1.02) | 1.54 (0.21/11.28) |
Current height deviation e
| 0.58 (0.73) | 1.78 (0.42/7.49) | 0.51 (0.76) | 1.67 (0.37/7.46) |
parent-child relationships (child’s view) | 0.11 (0.13) | 1.11 (0.86/1.44) | 0.16 (0.14) | 1.17 (0.89/1.53) |
parent-child relationships (parent’s view) | −0.29 (0.18) | 0.75 (0.53/1.07) | −0.23 (0.17) | 0.79 (0.57/1.10) |
Children’s social support | 0.37 (0.21) | 1.44 (0.96/2.15) | 0.24 (0.22) | 1.27 (0.82/1.97) |
Parental burden | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.99 (0.96/1.01) | −0.04 (0.01) | 0.96 (0.93/0.98)**
|
Child-report < Parent-report vs. Agreement
|
B (SE) | OR (95 % CI) |
B (SE) | OR (95 % CI) |
Children’s sex a
| −1.44 (0.85) | 0.24 (0.04/1.26) | −0.68 (1.38) | 0.51 (0.03/7.54) |
Children’s age group b
| −0.94 (1.02) | 0.39 (0.05/2.89) | −1.00 (1.34) | 0.37 (0.03/5.09) |
Diagnosis c
| 1.37 (1.08) | 3.95 (0.47/32.87) | 1.10 (1.63) | 3.00 (0.12/73.57) |
GH treatment d
| −1.65 (1.37) | 0.19 (0.01/2.83) | −1.70 (1.90) | 0.18 (0.01/7.57) |
Current height deviation e
| −1.30 (1.07) | 0.27 (0.03/2.24) | 0.71 (1.40) | 2.04 (0.12/31.67) |
parent-child relationships (child’s view) | −0.21 (0.16) | 0.81 (0.60/1.11) | 0.08 (0.21) | 1.08 (0.71/1.64) |
parent-child relationships (parent’s view) | 0.12 (0.23) | 1.13 (0.72/1.76) | 0.04 (0.33) | 1.04 (0.55/1.97) |
Children’s social support | 0.13 (0.24) | 1.14 (0.72/1.81) | 0.89 (0.34) | 2.43 (1.24/4.75)**
|
Parental burden | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.99 (0.96/1.02) | 0.01 (0.03) | 1.00 (0.96/1.06) |