Background
Duck virus enteritis(DVE), also called duck plague, is an acute and contagious herpesvirus infection of waterfowls such as ducks, geese, and swans with high morbidity and mortality[
1]. The causative agent of DVE is duck enteritis virus (DEV), which is a member of subfamily
Alphaherpesvirinae of the family
Herpesviridae, not assigned to any genus according to the Eighth International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)[
2]. Like other herpesvirus, DEV establishes a lifelong infection, via a quiescent state known as latency. The genome of DEV is composed of a linear, double stranded DNA and the G+C content is 64.3%, higher than any other reported avian herpesvirus in the subfamily
Alphaherpesvirinae[
3]. Recently, an increasing number of DEV genes, such as UL5[
4], UL6[
5], UL22, UL23(TK)[
6], UL24[
6,
7], UL25-UL30[
8], UL31-UL35[
9‐
11], UL38[
12], UL44(gC)[
13], UL46[
14], UL50(dUTPase)[
15], UL51[
16], UL53(gK)[
17], US3-US5[
18,
19], US8(gE)[
20], US2 and US10[
21], have been identified. The DEV genomic library was successfully constructed in our laboratory [
22], and the gI(Us7) gene(GenBank accession no.: EU035298) was isolated and identified from DEV CHv strain[
23].
The gI gene is located in unique short region (Us) within the herpesviral genome, its homolog almost existed in all alphaherpesvirus. The gI gene encoding membrane protein glycoprotein I(gI) is conserved among the alphaherpesviruses that have been sequenced. At present, the most extensively studied on alphaherpesviruses gI gene and its encoding protein are herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1), varicella-zoster virus(VZV), and pseudorabies virus(PRV). In all instances studied to date, the glycoprotein I (gI) and glycoprotein E (gE) form a noncovalent complex gE/gI that are localized to the plasma membrane, the virion envelope, and all internal membranes (except for mitochondria) in infected cells[
24]. Biological functions ascribed to gE/gI include cell-cell spread, binding of antibody immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptor. Alphaherpesvirus gI protein played an important role in virion sorting and promoting direct cell-to-cell spread in polarized cells, but not enrty of extrcellular virions[
25]. Moreover, gI complexed with gE in HSV-1[
26], VZV[
27] and PRV[
28] to form Fc-receptor, participating in immune escape. Previous sequence analysis of DEV CHv strain gI gene indicated that the ORF was 1116 bp in length and its primary translation product was a polypeptide of 371 amino acids. The predicted protein possessed several characteristics of membrane glycoproteins and had a high degree of similarity to gI homologs of other alphaherpesviruses[
23]. Comparison of predicted amino acid sequences to those of HSV-1, VZV, and PRV homologs allowed the functions of DEV gI protein to be putatively assigned. Nevertheless, little is known about the characteristics of DEV gI gene.
In our study, the gI gene of DEV CHv-strain was extract from recombinant plasmid pMD18-T-gI, in an effort to elucidate the function of gI, we constructed a recombinant plasmid pET-32a(+)-gI and successfully expressed the DEV gI fused to His6 in a prokaryotic expression system. We prepared polyclonal antiserum which allowed identifying and characterizing the gI gene product of DEV. The levels of the mRNA transcripts of gI were determined by a real time-PCR method. In addition, the primary antibody against the DEV gI recombinant protein was used for intracellular localization by an indirect immunofluorescence assay(IIF). Taken together, the results indicate that the gI gene was transcribed most abundantly during late phase of infection, and the protein was expressed in DEV-infected DEFs, principally locating in cytoplasm of the infected cells. This work may provide a foundation for further studies on the function of DEV gI gene.
Discussion
Currently, gI gene has been studied extensively in human and nonhuman herpesviruses[
27,
30‐
33]. As mention in instruction, gI and gE formed a heterodimer gE/gI in alphaherpesviruses, gE/gI can promote direct cell-to-cell spread in polarized cells, but not entry of extracellular virions. Given that gE/gI specifically functions, this glycoprotein provides an excellent molecular tool to study cell-to-cell spread[
34]. According to the previous report[
23], a gene equivalent to the gI of other alphaherpesviruses was identified and sequenced in DEV CHv strain. The predicted amino acid sequence possesses several characteristics typical of membrane glycoproteins, including a N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence, C-terminal transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, and extra-cellular region containing three potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Compared with other alphaherpesviruses, DEV gI showed high identity at the amino acid level. But the analysis of its expression and characteristics have not been reported until now. Experimental determination of the DEV gI gene expression and localization in infected cells has become necessary.
The analysis of gene expression requires sensitive, precise, and reproducible measurement of specific mRNA sequences. The methods used to quantify mRNA include techniques based upon hybridization and real-time PCR(RT-PCR), RT-PCR is becoming a common tool for detecting and quantifying expression profiles of selected genes[
35]. SYBR Green I is the most frequently used dsDNA-specific dye in RT-PCR today[
36]. We have developed a rapid real-time quantitative PCR method using the icycler IQ Real-time PCR Detection System coupled with SYBR Green chemistry, to evaluate the time course of mRNA formation and decay of DEV gI gene. Recently, relative quantitation has become the analytic method of choice for many real-time PCR studies. In this method a comparison within a sample is made with the gene of interest to that of a control gene. Relative quantitation relies on the assumption that the endogenous control gene does not vary under the experimental conditions. Control genes that have been successfully used include β-actin, GAPDH, 18S ribosomal RNA, Histone 3.3a, ubiquitin, and several others[
29]. In our study, to control for the variation in sample processing and in reverse transcription reaction among samples, DEF β-actin gene was amplified in parallel with the DEV gI gene. The chosen control gene β-actin does not vary in expression level among the samples of study.
Base on analyses of the HSV kinetics, both synthesis of virus proteins and transcription of virus DNA were coordinately regulated and sequentially ordered[
37,
38]. However, research on the expression kinetics of DEV genes has been rare. Our study showed that the gI gene of DEV transcription products appeared low level before 12 h p.i., then increased acutely and reached a peak at 48 h p.i., declining slowly thereafter, which owes the characterization of herpervirus late genes. Although gI gene of DEV was presumed as a late gene, its transcripts was keeping slightly increasing in the early phase of infection, that may relate to selective sorting of enveloped particles to cell junctions, the role gI played in the trans-Golgi network (TGN). After 12 h p.i., the transcription of gI gene sharply increased, compared with previous research, which revealed that DEV nucleocapsids first occurred at 12 h p.i., and mature viral with envelope first occurred at 23 h p.i in infected DEFs[
39], it could be known that gI gene abundantly expressed when virion was enveloped, suggesting that the gene may be a late viral gene, which takes part in assembly with the envelope to form mature DEV virions. Thus, this study indicated that the determination of mRNA expression of gI gene in infected cells could provide critical clues for investing the gene characteristics and function, as well as the proliferation of virus.
Different intracellular localizations may reflect different functions of envelope proteins, e.g., it has been reported that, HSV gE/gI accumulated in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) at early times and then redistributed to cell junctions to promote cell-to-cell spread[
40]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that gE/gI is targeted to the TGN or endosomes, sites where virus envelopment occurs. Furthermore, the accumulation of gE/gI depends on some sorting motifs in cytoplasmic domain of gE and gI, which are relate to cell-to-cell spread[
41‐
44]. Although the intracellular localization of many alphaherpesvirus gI proteins, such as HSV-1, PRV, and VZV have been well characterized, we have only started to understand where DEV gI is targeted to. We characterized the intracellular localization of DEV gI by computer aided analysis[
23] and IIF. Computer aided analysis suggested that DEV gI prodominantly located in the cytoplasm, similar to the homologous proteins of HSV-1[
40,
45], VZV[
42], and Human cytomegalovirus(HCMV)[
46], which were detected exclusively or predominantly in the cytoplasm. In this study, IIF analysis revealed that DEV gI intensively distribution in the cytoplasm, consistent with the computer prediction. According to our observations, DEV gI was detected as early as 4 h p.i. (Figure
5G-I), and then a strong fluorescence was observed mainly in the juxtanuclear region at 12 h p.i. (Figure
5J-L), probably associated with Golgi apparatus. Similarly, gE/gI accumulates predominately in the TGN at early times after HSV-1 infection(6 h p.i.), that appears to be important for virus assembly and as a first step towards the selective sorting of enveloped particles to cell junctions[
47,
48]. As proteins must be localized in the same intracellular compartment to co-operate towards a common biological function, we hypothesize that DEV gI serve some similar localization and functions of other alphaherpesvirus. However, further research is required to verify this hypothesis.
Methods
Cell and virus
DEV CHv strain, a high-virulence field strain, was isolated from the Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province. Duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs) were cultured in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) (Gibco-BRL) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco-BRL) supplemented with 100 U of penicillin and 100 μg of streptomycin per ml. For DEV propagated in DEFs, MEM supplemented with 2% FBS was used.
Plasmid construction
The full-length gI gene was designed to contain
BamHI and
XhoI restriction sites and subcloned into pMD18-T vector (TaKaRa)[
23]. The gI gene was digested with
BamHI and
XhoI from the recombinant plasmid pMD18-T-gI, and then was purified using a TIANprep Mini Plasmid Kit (TianGen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The purified products were cloned into prokaryotic vector pET-32a(+) (Novagen)subsequently. The recombinant plasmid pET-32a(+)-gI was confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion and PCR, the PCR steps were performed according to previous reports [
23]. Sequencing reactions was performed by TaKaRa (Dalian, China).
Prokaryotic expression and purification of recombinant protein His6-tagged gI
The recombinant plasmid pET-32a(+)-gI was transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3) competent cells according to the manufacturer's manual. A single colony of transformant was grown in Luria broth (LB) supplemented with 50 μg/ml ampicillin at 37°C until the OD600 reached 1.0. Then IPTG was added to a final concentration of 0.2 mM. The culture was incubated for an additional 6 h at 37°C. The cells were harvested by centrifugation and resuspended in 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH8.0). Cells were broken by sonication, insoluble material was collected by centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C, and solubilized proteins were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by staining with coomassie brilliant blue. The expressed protein was further identified by recognition of rabbit anti-DEV antibody in Western blotting. His6-tagged proteins were purified by nickel affinity chromatography according to the manufacturer's protocol (Bio-Rad), and analyzed by SDS-PAGE.
Preparation of polyclonal antibody against the recombinant protein
Each New Zealand white rabbit was injected three times at weekly intervals with 0.75 mg of purified recombinant protein His6-tagged gI mixed with an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant (Promega) on the back and proximal limbs. Subsequently, each rabbit was intravenously immunized with 0.05 mg of the purified recombinant protein. The animals were bled and the sera were harvested at two weeks after the final injection and stored at -70°C until further use. The purified IgG polyclonal antibodies were obtained by purification using ammonium sulfate precipitation [
49] and High-Q anion exchange chromatography [
50].
Western blotting
To identify the specificity of the prepared antiserum,, Western blotting analysis was performed according to the standard procedure[
51] using the purified rabbit anti-gI IgG. The proteins were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred by electroblotting onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane according to the manufacturer's manual. The membrane was then blocked in 5% nonfat dry milk in PBS-T (0.5% Tween-20 in PBS, PH 7.4) for 1 h. After washing three times with PBS-T, the membrane was incubated with diluted rabbit anti-gI IgG or pre-immune serum (1:100) overnight at 4°C. Following three times washing with PBS-T, the membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) (Zhongshan Co. Ltd., Beijing, China) at a dilution of 1:5000 for 1 h at 37°C. After three times washing with PBS-T, the membrane was reacted with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) (Zhongshan Co. Ltd., Beijing, China) in the presence of 0.1% H
2O
2. The reaction was terminated by washing the membrane in distilled water.
Determination of mRNA expression of gI in infected cells
The levels of the mRNA transcripts of gI were determined by a rapid real-time quantitative PCR(RT-PCR) method using icycler IQ Real-time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad Corp., Hercules, CA) coupled with SYBR Green chemistry. SYBR Green dye has a high affinity for double-stranded DNA(ds-DNA) and exhibits enhancement of fluorescence upon binding to the dsDNA. The total RNA was extracted from uninfected or DEV-infected DEFs at different times (0.5 hr, 1 hr, 1.5 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr, 6 hr, 8 hr, 12 hr, 24 hr, 36 hr, 48 hr, and 60 hr postinfection [hp.i.]), using the Total RNA Isolation System(TaKaRa). The RNA integrity was assessed by running the samples in a 1% agarose gel following standard protocol. The concentration of RNA was determined by measuring A260, and the purity was checked by the A260/A280 ratio (greater than 1.8). The purified RNA was treated with 2 units DNase at 37°C for 30 min followed by inactivation at 65°C for 15 min. 2 μg RNA was used as template for reverse transcription at 37°C for 1 h to synthesize cDNA in Quantscript RT Kit(TianGen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The RT-PCR primers designed based on the sequence of gI and β-actin cDNA are: gI forward primer (P1) is (5'-GCCGTGGAAGACAGAC-3') and gI reverse primer (P2) is (5'-CCAAGACGAGGGCAATCA-3'); β-actin forward primer (P1) is (5'-CCGGGCATCGCTGACA-3') and β-actin forward primer (P1) is (5'-GGATTCA TCATACTCCTGCTTGCT-3'). The primers were checked by running a conventional PCR and the amplifications were analyzed for expected product by electrophoresis in 3% agarose gels, cDNA equivalent of 5 ng original RNA was used in PCR. The β-actin mRNA expression was determined using the same amount of cDNA as an RNA-competence control. The standard curves of the real time-PCR were generated by successive dilutions of recombinant plasmid pMD18-T-gI or pMD18-T-β-actin, respectively. The amplifications were carried out in a 96 well plate in a 20 μl reaction volume containing 9 μl of SYBR Green Real Master Mix(TianGen), 0.5 μl each of forward and reverse primers and 1 μl of the 1:10 diluted recombinant plasmid. The temperature profile for SYBR Green RT-PCR was 95°C 1 min followed by 45 cycles of 95°C 5 s, 60°C 20 s and 72°C 25 s. SYBR Green RT-PCR of unknown samples was performed in a 96 well plate using 1 μl of each of the cDNA for gI gene or β-actin gene following the reaction parameters as described above. Each sample had 3 replicates, both negative control and blank control were run along with the unknown samples. After a SYBR Green RT-PCR run, data acquisition and subsequent data analyses were done using the icycler IQ Real-time PCR Detection System and iQ5 Optical System Software (BioRad). Each cycle threshold (CT) value was determined by iQ5 optical system software, and normalized by the β-actin expression level.
Intracellular localization of the gI protein in DEV-infected cells
DEFs, grown on coverslips in a six-well culture plate, were either mock infected or infected with DEV CHv strain. The cells were harvested at different times postinfection (2 h p.i., 4 h p.i., 8 h p.i., 12 h p.i., 24 h p.i., 36 h p.i., 48 h p.i., and72 h p.i.), and then they were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min at room temperature. After washing with PBS-T, the fixed cells were treated with PBS buffer containing 0.2% Triton X-100 for 15 min to increase the cellular membrane permeability. The coverslips were then blocked for 1 h in PBS containing 5% bovine serum albumin at 37°C. The cells were washed three times for 5 min in PBS-T, then incubated with purified rabbit polyclonal antibodies IgG (1:100 dilution) specific for recombinant proteins DEV gI or pre-immune serum at 4°C overnight, washed three times for 5 min in PBS-T, and then treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Zhongshan Co. Ltd., Beijing, China) for 1 h at 37°C. The cell nuclei were visualized by 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) counterstaining (5 mg/ml; Zhongshan Co. Ltd., Beijing, China). Fluorescent images were examined under the Bio-Rad MRC 1024 imaging system.
Acknowledgements
The research were supported by grants from the Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (PCSIRT0848), the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (nycytx-45-12), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31072157), An-chun Cheng and Ming-shu Wang are the corresponding authors. Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province&Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng district, Yaan 625014, Sichuan province of China. Tel.: +86 835 2885774; fax: +86 835 2885774.; E-mail address: chenganchun@vip.163.com (A. Cheng); mshwang@ 163.com (M. Wang).
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
LJL carried out most of the experiments and wrote the manuscript. ACC and MSW critically revised the manuscript and the experiment design. JX, XYY, SCZ, DKZ, RYJ, QHL, YZ, ZLC, XYC helped with the experiment. All of the authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.