Factors associated with adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) among adult people living with HIV and attending their clinical care, Eastern Ethiopia
To attain a successful treatment outcome, Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) treatment for people living with HIV requires more than 95 % adherence level. The adherence level varies depending on different population contexts. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate ART adherence level among HIV positive patients attending their clinical care in public health facilities in Harar and Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study among 626 ART attendees. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire with a face-to-face interview. ART adherence was considered when taking all antiretroviral treatment in a correctly prescribed doses at a right time (no dose missed or delayed for greater than or equal to 90 min) in the week prior to the study. Multivariable logistic analysis was applied to examine the association between the dependent and independent variables. Statistical significance was set at p-value <0.05.
Results
The level of ART adherence was 85 %. Adherence was more likely among patients of 35–44 years (AOR = 2.39; 95 % CI = 1.15–5.01), had monthly income of 501.00–999.00 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) (AOR = 6.73; 95 % CI = 2.71–16.75), no history of opportunistic infection (AOR = 2.81; 95 % CI = 1.47–5.36), and had good family support (AOR = 2.61; 95 % CI = 1.45–4.72). However, those who did not disclose their sero-status (AOR = 0.45; 95 % CI = 0.21–0.97) and did experience depression (AOR = 0.36; 95 % CI = 0.21–0.61) were less likely adherent than their counter parts.
Conclusions
The level of ART adherence was sub-optimal. Concerted and collaborative efforts through effective and efficient interventions are needed in view of the identified factors in order to improve the adherence level.
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Authors’ contributions
SHL conceived and participated in designing, conducting, performing the statistical analysis and manuscript writing, AD and LO and YD participated in designing, performing the statistical analysis and manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Abkürzungen
AIDS
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
ART
AntiretroViral therapy
ARV
Anti retro viral
AZT
Zidovudine
CD4
Cluster differentiation
CSA
Central statistical authority
D4t
Stavudine
DACA
Drug administration and control authority
EDHS
Ethiopian demographic and health survey
ETB
Ethiopian birr
FDC
Fixed dose combination
FMOH
Federal ministry of health
HIV
Human immune deficiency virus
MOH
Ministry of health
NRTI
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
NVP
Nevirapine
PLWH
People living with HIV
RHAPCO
Regional HIV/AIDS prevention and coordinator office
SNNPR
South nation nationalities and peoples region
WHO
World health organization
Background
The increased availability of ART has essentially improved the survival rates through lowering incidence of opportunistic infections among people living with HIV. Even though access to ART is vital; ensuring the patients’ adherence to the prescribed regimen is equally important. In order to attain a successful treatment outcome, the current treatment for HIV/AIDS regimen requires adherence level of greater than 95 % [1‐5].
Improving adherence requires collaboration with the patient in an effort to understand and improve individual impediments to adherence. This can generally be done by establishing dedicated time to educate every patient, plan for adherence, and maintain support and collaboration throughout the course of treatments. In this way, adherence can regularly be assessed, problems can be averted, and side effects can be dealt [6]. There are many alterable factors known to affect the treatment adherence. These are depression, regimen complexity, medication side effects, and relationship between patients and care providers which should be addressed prior to starting their treatments and throughout the ongoing treatments [7‐9].
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In Ethiopia, a numbers of studies have been conducted on ART adherence and factors associated with ART adherence [7‐10]. The studies have reported a range of factors influencing ART adherence at various levels; however, the findings were varying depending on the contexts of the studies. In this regard, there have been very limited researches in Eastern Ethiopia. Therefore, with this study, we intended to determine the adherence level and its associated factors among adult people living with HIV and attending their clinical care in public health facilities found in Harar and Dire Dawa towns, Eastern Ethiopia.
Methods and procedures
Study setting and participants
The study was conducted in Harar and Dire Dawa towns which are located in the East of Addis Ababa—the capital city of Ethiopia. There were seven health centers and one public health hospital in Dire Dawa town, and three health centers, two military and two public hospitals in the Harar town which were providing ART service and care for patients [11].
People living with HIV/AIDS, who are 18 years old and above, able to hear and communicate well or mentally fit and being on ART at least for 3 months were included in the study. The sample size of the study was calculated using a single population proportion formula with the assumptions of 95 % Confidence Level (CL), marginal error (d) of 0.05, and adherence level (P) of 0.74 % which was taken from previous study in Ethiopia [10]. Through applying a finite population correction, the initial calculated sample size was 296. After adding 10 % non-response rate and considering a design effect of two, the final sample size calculated was 626. A multi stage sampling technique was applied to select study participants. First, from seven health centers and one public health hospital in Dire Dawa, three health centers and one hospital were randomly selected. In the same manner, in Harar, one from the two hospitals and two from the three health centers were selected. The calculated sample size was allocated in proportional to the number of patients in each health facility. Finally, the respondents were selected through simple random sampling technique by using a sampling frame that was developed from the registration book of the patients.
Data collection
Face-to-face interview was applied to collect the data. Seven trained Diploma and Bachelor of Science (BSc) holder nurses who can speak the local languages fluently: Afan Oromo, Amharic and Semoligna collected the data. The interviews were undertaken in private room after signed written consent from the study subjects. Pretest was done on 5 % of the total sample size at Chiro Hospital which is one of the government hospital not included in the study. Interviewers and supervisors were trained for 3 days prior to the implementation of the actual field work on the objective, data collection techniques, maintaining data quality, and techniques of interview of the study. The data consistency and completeness were checked on daily basis by supervisors and the principal investigator.
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Measurements
ART adherence was defined as taking all pills in correctly prescribed doses at right time (no dose missed or delayed for greater than or equal to 90 min) [7]. According to this study, the adherence was measured by self- reported 7 day recall dose adherence. A structured pre tested questionnaire which was developed from different literatures was used for the purpose of data collection. The dependent variable of the study was adherence to ART and the independent variables were socio-demographic and economic factors, psychosocial and medication related characteristics. Depression was measured using a scale of 20-items from Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression which helps to examine different manifestations; for instance, restlessness, sleeplessness, poor appetite, loss of interest and feeling of loneliness in the week right before the study [12]. The internal consistency (Cronbach Alpha) of the scale was greater than 0.80. The responses were summed and those scored above the mean were categorized as depressed.
Data analysis
The data was cleaned, coded and entered in to Epidata software (Version 3.1) and exported to SPSS version 16.0 for analysis. First the descriptive analysis was conducted and the result was displayed in the form of tables, charts and figures. Then binary logistic analysis was conducted to measure the association between the dependent variable and independent variables: patient factors (socio-demographic, economic, socio cultural and psychosocial factors), medication and related characteristics (pill burden, treatment complexity, missed dose and medication side effects), system factors include access and health care providers’ related characteristics and social support, stigma, and disclosure status were among community related factors using odds ratio and 95 % confidence interval. Finally, multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted in order to identify the factors associated with the adherence level. Statistical significance was set at P-value <0.05.
Ethical considerations
Ethical approval for the study was secured from Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee of Haramaya University College of Health and Medical Sciences. Important information about the purpose of the study and its procedures were explained for the respondents with the assurance of maintaining their confidentiality in a strict manner. Participation in the study was based on each patient’s will and ability to give informed consent. Detail explanations had been given and they were assured that disagreements and discontinuations from the study did not have a negative effect on services to be provided at any time. The interviews were made after getting written informed consents from each patient.
Results
Brief participants’ characteristics
A total of 620 adult HIV patients on ART participated in the study. The mean age (±SD) of study participants was 36.7 (±10.7) where 42.3 % were in age group of 25–34 years; male constituted 313 (50.5 %); most of the study participants 254 (41 %) were married; and 287 (46.0 %) of them had attended elementary school. About one-third, 161 (26 %) were daily laborers; 133 (22 %) earned <500.00 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) (20.00 ETB = 1USD) per month; and 322 (56.8 %) had 2–4 family members (Table 1).
Table 1
Socio-demographic and economic characteristics among adult patients on ART in public health institutions in Harar and Dire Dawa towns, Eastern Ethiopia, 2012
Characteristics
Frequency(N = 620)
Percent (%)
Age in years
18–24
41
6.6
25–34
262
42.3
35–44
177
28.5
>=45
140
22.6
Sex
Male
313
50.5
Female
307
49.5
Religion
Orthodox
320
51.6
Muslim
201
32.4
Protestant
74
11.9
Others
25
4.0
Marital status
Married
254
41.0
Single
98
15.8
Divorce/separated
148
23.9
Widowed
120
19.4
Level of education
Unable to read and write
106
17.1
1–8
287
46.0
9–12
160
25.8
12+
67
10.8
Occupation
Government employee
59
9.5
Private employee
112
18.1
Daily laborer
117
18.9
Merchant
50
8.1
Have no job
182
29.4
Others
134
16.0
Average monthly income
<500.00 ETB
130
21.0
501.00–999.00ETB
66
10.6
>1000.00 ETB
75
12.1
Difficult to determine
349
56.3
Medication and related characteristics
The majority of the respondents, 420 (67.7 %), were tested for HIV before 24 weeks (2-years) and among those patients who were on ART, 369 (59.5 %) had started ART before 24 weeks (2 years). Based on patients’ record review, the respondents were on combination of ART drugs with regimen of Zidovudine (AZT), Lamivudine (3TC), Nevirapine (NVP), Efavirenz (EFV), Stavudine (d4t) and Tenofovir (TDF). About one-third of the participants 189 (30.1 %) were on AZT-3TC-NVP. High proportion of patients 293 (47.3 %) were taking 3 tablets per day while few of the respondents 13 (2.1 %) were taking more than or equal to 5 tablets per day including non-ART drugs (Table 2).
Table 2
Medication and related characteristics of adult patients on ART in public health institutions in Harar and Dire Dawa towns, Eastern Ethiopia, 2012
Characteristics
Frequency(N = 620)
Percent (%)
Duration after knowing sero status in weeks
3–12 weeks
138
22.30
13–24 weeks
62
10.00
>24 weeks
420
67.70
Duration after ART initiation in weeks
1–12 weeks
189
30.50
13–24 weeks
62
10.00
>24 weeks
369
59.50
ARV drug used
AZT-3TC-EFV
116
18.7
AZT-3TC-NVP
189
30.10
D4T-3TC-EFV
64
10.30
D4T-3TC-NVP
64
10.30
Others
187
30.20
Experienced side effects
Yes
232
37.40
No
388
62.60
Drugs other than ARV
Yes
462
74.50
No
158
25.50
Number of pills taken in a day
2 tablets
261
42.10
3 tablets
293
47.30
4 tablets
53
8.50
>=5 tablets
13
2.10
History of opportunistic infections(OIs)
Yes
222
35.80
No
398
64.20
Doses of ART status in the last 7 days
Missed
93
15.00
Not missed
527
85.00
Number of doses missed in last 7 days
1–2 doses
64
69.00
3–4 doses
13
14.00
5–7 doses
16
17.00
ART adherence level and reasons for missing their treatment
The level of dose adherence was 85 %; whereas, the rest 15 % missed doses (one and more) of their drugs in the last seven days (non-adherent). The main reasons given for missing their treatment were forgetting 37(39.8 %), being away from home 20 (21.5 %), and followed by being busy with different activities (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Reasons for skipping ARV drugs among adult patients on ART in public health institutions in Harar and Dire Dawa towns, Eastern Ethiopia, 2012
×
Factors associated adherence to ART
Patients who were in the age of 35–44 years old were 2.4 times (AOR = 2.39; 95 % CI = 1.15–5.01) more adherent than those older age group (≥45 years). Patients who earned an average income of 501–999 ETB per month were 6.73 times (AOR = 6.73; 95 % CI = 2.71–16.75) more likely adhered than those earned less than 500.00 ETB. Patients who took two tablets (AOR = 12.98; 95 % CI = 2.78–60.59), three tablets (AOR = 12.90; 95 % CI = 2.87–57.94) and four tablets (AOR = 5.87; 95 % CI = 1.02–28.54) per day were more adherent than those taking five and more tablets. Those who did not have history of opportunistic infection were 2.8 times (AOR = 2.81; 95 % CI = 1.47–5.36) more likely adhered than those experienced opportunistic infection. The odds of adhering to ART was 2.6 times higher among those getting good family support (AOR = 2.61; 95 % CI = 1.45–4.72) than those who had poor family support. On the other hand, adherence was less by 55 % (AOR = 0.45; 95 % CI = 0.21–0.97) among patients who did not disclose their sero-status to any family member than their counter parts and by 64 % (AOR = 0.36; 95 % CI = 0.21–0.61) among patients who did experience depression compared to those who did not (Table 3).
Table 3
Factors associate with ART adherence among adult patients on ART in public health institutions in Harar and Dire Dawa towns, Eastern Ethiopia, 2012
Adherence status
Characteristics
Adhered No (%)
Not Adhered No (%)
COR(95 % CI)
AOR(95 % CI)
Age in years
18–24
32 (78.8)
9 (22.0)
0.97 (0.42–2.25)
0.84 (0.31–2.25)
25–34
226 (86.3)
36 (13.7)
1.71 (1.00–2.29)
1.27 (0.68–2.37)
35–44
159 (89.9)
18 (10.2)
2.41(1.28–4.54)
2.40 (1.15–5.01)*
> = 45
110 (78.6)
30 (21.4)
1
1
Average income/month
<500.00ETB
123 (94.6)
7 (5.4)
1
1
501–999.00 ETB
61 (92.4)
5 (7.6)
4.09 (1.828–9.187)
6.73 (2.71–16.75)*
>1000.00 ETB
60 (80.0)
15 (20.0)
2.85 (1.100–7.359)
1.62 (0.57–4.58)
Not determined
283 (81.1)
66 (18.9)
0.93 (0.99–1.745)
1.21 (0.59–2.49)
Waiting time
≤30 min
364 (87.5)
52 (12.5)
1.70 (1.12–2.76)
1.36 (0.79–2.34)
>30 min
163 (79.9)
41 (20.1)
1
Depressiom
Yes
257 (81.3)
59 (18.7)
0.55 (0.35–0.87)
0.36 (0.213–0.614)*
No
270 (88.8)
34 (11.2)
1
1
Pill burden
2 tablets
221 (84.7)
40 (15.3)
3.45 (1.08–11.09)
12.98 (2.781–60.59)*
3 tablets
257 (87.7)
36 (12.3)
4.46 (1.38–14.38)
12.90 (2.87–57.94)*
4 tablets
41 (77.4)
12 (22.6)
2.14 (0.59–7.75)
5.87 (1.21–28.54)*
5 tablets and more
8 (61.5)
5 (38.5)
1
1
Substance use
Used
158 (77.8)
45 (22.2)
0.46 (0.29–0.71)
0.612 (0.37–1.03)
Not-used
369 (88.5)
48 (11.5)
1
Opportunistic infections(OIs)
Not encountered
198 (89.2)
24 (10.8)
1.73 (1.05–2.24)
2.81 (1.47–5.36)*
Encountered
324 (82.7)
69 (17.3)
1
1
Disclosure status
No
402 (83.4)
80 (16.6)
0.52 (0.28–0.97)
0.45(0.21–0.97)*
Yes
125 (90.6)
13 (9.4)
1
1
Family support
Good
232 (89.2)
28 (108)
1.83 (1.14–2.94)
2.61(1.47–4.72)*
Poor
295 (89.1)
65 (18.1)
1
1
Adherence counseling
Yes
509 (85.8)
84 (14.2)
3.03 (1.32–6.69)
2.45(0.37–1.03)
No
18 (66.7)
9 (33.3)
1
Well-skilled counselor
Yes
497 (86.1)
80 (13.9)
3.27 (1.47–7.27)
1.22(0.311–4.79)
No
30 (69.8)
13 (30.2)
1
Satisfaction to counselor
Satisfied
493 (89.2)
81 (14.1)
2.15 (1.07–4.32)
1.24(0.38–4.08)
Not satisfied
34 (73.9)
12 (26.1)
1
*Statistically significant association (P <0.05)
Discussion
The level of adherence identified was 85 %. The reasons for skipping doses were forgetting to take, being far from home, being busy and running out of pill. Factors associated with the ART adherence were age, income, pill burden, opportunistic infections, disclosure and depression status and family support.
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The level of adherence identified here was 85 % which is lower than the recommended level of adherence. In the current recommendation, at least 95 % of ART adherence level is required to suppress viral replication, show clinical improvement and increased CD4 count [13]. This implicates maximum effort still are needed to push up the adherence to the status of the recommended level. Despite the adherence level is less than the recommended level; the obtained result was higher than other studies in different parts of Ethiopia such as Addis Ababa [10], Yirgalam [7], and Jimma [8, 9]. One possible explanation might be many of the participants in this study have been on ART for longer duration, and those taking the drug/s for a longer duration usually acquire skills how to deal with some of the obstacles hindering them not to adhere. Further, context variations may also explain the difference observed.
The main reasons for skipping were forgetting to take, being far from home, being busy, running out of pill, drug toxicity, too ill and fear of stigma which were similar to other studies in Jimma [8, 9], Nigeria [14, 15], Kenya [16]. The reported reasons implicate a strong message for future intervention that can be tailored to each of them. For example, for the reason mentioned forgetting, it is possible to craft an innovative way like reminding them through message using mobile technology. At the same time, for patients who claimed being away from home as a reason, it is possible to encourage them plan a kind of regular reminder for themselves every time the patient going away from their residential home.
The level of adherence was significantly influenced by age that patients in age group of 35–44 years old were more likely to be adherent than the younger and older. This is in agreement with a study conducted in Kenya that had found adherence to ART increased with increased age and decrease as the age goes beyond 60 years [16]. The possible explanation of this might be the younger might fear sigma and discrimination compared with middle aged adults. On the other hand, when they are getting older, the cognitive challenges can exist so that it decreases the adherence to the treatment.
Patients who had an average income of 501–999.00 ETB were more likely adhered than those earned less average monthly income (<500.00 ETB). However, a study in Kenya found that employed patients who had higher monthly income were less adhered to treatments [16]. The explanation of this may indicates that lower level income can expose them to various psychological issues which can hamper the adherence. It is also apparent that patients who have higher level income are usually those employed and engaged in business works which in one way can subject them busy and away from home periodically.
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Depressed patients were about 0.36 times less likely adherent than those non-depressed. Other comparable findings were also documented from within and outside of the country [8‐10, 17]. This might be explained as that those depressed patients usually experience hopelessness and demoralization which can expose them skipping or forgetting their regular treatment. This finding has a strong implication that there is a need to design to screen patients on a regular bases and then provide them appropriate counseling.
Those who did not disclose about own sero-status was found to be associated with adherence similar to other studies conducted in different parts of Ethiopia [8, 10]. When there is no self- disclosure, the persons may fear to take their treatments when other people present. In such case there is a need to develop skill to maintain adherence in the non-disclosure state or design a way to encourage for disclosure.
Those patients taking less pill burden were more likely adherent. The finding is comparable with previous reports that pill burden likely decreases the ART adherence [18, 19]. This might be associated with when a number of pill increases, it may subjects them to experience more adverse effects from the medications which potentially lead them to skip their treatment.
It was revealed that patients who did not encounter opportunistic infections had more adherences to their treatment which is consistent with the finding of other study in, United State of America [21] and England [22]. This might show the multiple occurrences of the infections potentially increase pill burden which can be associated with increased level of adverse reaction so that influence the treatment adherence.
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Patients who got family support were more likely adhered than the counterparts consistent with studies in Jimma [8, 9]. Most of the time, the support start from accepting HIV result that would result in disclosing their status possibly received support from their family and friends which have immediate and long term positive influences on their adherence [20].
The finding of this study should need to be interpreted with some limitations. The measurement of adherence was only relied on patients’ report of missed doses. It may be subjected to social desirability and recall bias which leads to overestimation of adherence level.
Conclusions
The ART adherence level in this study was 85 % which is sub optimal (<95 % adherence level). It was revealed that the patient age, middle level of monthly income, depression, pill burden, opportunistic infections, disclosure status and family support were the predictors of ART adherence. Collaborative efforts of the Regional Health Office, Regional HIV/AIDS prevention coordinating office, adherence counselors and adherence supports were recommended to draw effective and efficient interventions targeting these factors.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Haramaya University for funding this research. We also sincerely acknowledge managers of Harar regional state Health office, Dire Dawa Administration Health office, Regional HAPCOs, Head of Hospitals, Health centers, and ART clinic, Counselors, adherence supporters and study participants for providing us valuable information.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Authors’ contributions
SHL conceived and participated in designing, conducting, performing the statistical analysis and manuscript writing, AD and LO and YD participated in designing, performing the statistical analysis and manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Factors associated with adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) among adult people living with HIV and attending their clinical care, Eastern Ethiopia
