Background
Conceptual framework and hypotheses
Methods
Data
Outcome variable
Determinants variables
Decision making power
Statistical analyses
Ethical consideration
Results
Description of included countries
Variable
|
year
|
Sample size
|
Population
|
GDP per capita
| Adult literacy rate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Total (millions 2005) | Growth rate (1975 – 2005) | %urban (2005) | Value (US$ 2005) | Growth rate (1990 – 2005) | Men | Women | ||
Benin | 2006 | 6000 | 18000 | 8.5 | 3.2 | 40.1 | 508 | 1.4 | 47.9 | 23.3 |
Burkina Faso | 2003 | 3605 | 12477 | 13.9 | 2.8 | 18.3 | 391 | 1.3 | 31.4 | 16.6 |
Ethiopia | 2005 | 6033 | 14070 | 79 | 2.8 | 16 | 157 | 1.5 | 50.0 | 22.8 |
Ghana | 2003 | 5015 | 5691 | 22.5 | 2.6 | 47.8 | 485 | 2.0 | 66.4 | 49.8 |
Kenya | 2003 | 3578 | 8195 | 35.6 | 3.2 | 20.7 | 547 | -.1 | 77.7 | 70.2 |
Lesotho | 2004 | 2797 | 7095 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 18.7 | 808 | 2.3 | 73.7 | 90.3 |
Liberia | 2007 | 6009 | 7092 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 58.1 | 167 | 2.3 | 58.3 | 45.7 |
Madagascar | 2004* | 2432 | 7949 | 18.6 | 2.9 | 26.8 | 271 | -.7 | 76.5 | 65.3 |
Malawi | 2004 | 3261 | 11698 | 13.2 | 3.1 | 17.2 | 161 | 1.0 | 74.9 | 54.0 |
Mozambique | 2003 | 2900 | 12418 | 20.5 | 2.2 | 34.5 | 335 | 4.3 | 54.8 | 25.0 |
Namibia | 2007 | 3915 | 9804 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 35.1 | 3016 | 1.4 | 86.8 | 83.5 |
Nigeria | 2003 | 2346 | 7620 | 141.4 | 2.8 | 48.2 | 752 | 0.8 | 78.2 | 60.1 |
Rwanda | 2005 | 4820 | 11321 | 9.2 | 2.5 | 19.3 | 238 | 0.1 | 71.4 | 59.8 |
Swaziland | 2006 | 4156 | 4987 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 24.1 | 2414 | 0.2 | 80.9 | 78.3 |
Tanzania | 2004 | 2635 | 10329 | 38.5 | 2.9 | 24.2 | 316 | 1.7 | 77.5 | 62.2 |
Uganda | 2006 | 2503 | 8531 | 28.9 | 3.3 | 12.6 | 303 | 3.2 | 76.8 | 57.7 |
Zimbabwe | 2006* | 7175 | 8907 | 13.1 | 2.5 | 35.9 | 259 | -2.1 | 92.7 | 86.2 |
Benin | Burkina Faso | Ethiopia | Ghana | Kenya | Lesotho | Liberia | Madagascar | Malawi | Mozambique | Namibia | Nigeria | Rwanda | Swaziland | Tanzania | Uganda | Zimbabwe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % |
Sex
| |||||||||||||||||
Men | 23.0 | 22.4 | 30.0 | 46.8 | 30.4 | 28.3 | 45.9 | 23.4 | 21.8 | 18.9 | 28.5 | 23.5 | 29.9 | 45.5 | 20.3 | 22.7 | 44.6 |
Women | 77.0 | 77.6 | 70.0 | 53.2 | 69.6 | 71.7 | 54.1 | 76.6 | 78.2 | 81.1 | 71.5 | 76.5 | 70.1 | 54.5 | 79.7 | 77.3 | 55.4 |
Age
| |||||||||||||||||
15–24 | 33.9 | 40.3 | 40.7 | 36.4 | 42.8 | 45.3 | 37.9 | 36.3 | 43.2 | 40.8 | 41.8 | 41.2 | 43.3 | 48.4 | 41.6 | 41.6 | 46.6 |
25–34 | 34.0 | 27.4 | 29.3 | 29.4 | 29.3 | 25.3 | 29.2 | 30.5 | 31.6 | 29.5 | 30.8 | 29.2 | 27.1 | 26.8 | 31.5 | 30.3 | 28.4 |
35+ | 32.1 | 32.3 | 29.9 | 34.2 | 27.9 | 29.4 | 32.8 | 33.2 | 25.2 | 29.6 | 27.4 | 29.6 | 29.7 | 24.8 | 26.9 | 28.1 | 25.1 |
Education
| |||||||||||||||||
No education | 58.8 | 76.2 | 54.2 | 28.3 | 13.5 | 07.3 | 29.8 | 14.6 | 20.7 | 32.0 | 08.6 | 35.1 | 21.2 | 08.1 | 22.0 | 17.4 | 03.1 |
Primary | 21.9 | 13.2 | 24.4 | 18.4 | 53.3 | 58.8 | 34 | 39.8 | 62.6 | 56.6 | 27.7 | 22.8 | 67.2 | 33.5 | 64.0 | 59.1 | 31.6 |
Secondary+ | 19.2 | 10.6 | 21.4 | 53.3 | 33.3 | 33.9 | 36.2 | 45.6 | 16.7 | 11.3 | 63.7 | 42.1 | 11.6 | 58.3 | 14.0 | 23.5 | 65.3 |
Occupation
| |||||||||||||||||
Working | 80.5 | 86.7 | 50.5 | 79.2 | 64.9 | 44.9 | 71.1 | 75.2 | 63.6 | 72.9 | 56.9 | 61.2 | 67.9 | 50.7 | 79.1 | 88.1 | 54.6 |
Not working | 19.5 | 13.3 | 49.5 | 20.8 | 35.1 | 55.1 | 28.9 | 24.8 | 36.4 | 27.1 | 43.1 | 38.8 | 32.1 | 49.3 | 20.9 | 11.9 | 45.4 |
Marital
| |||||||||||||||||
Never married | 22.6 | 24.9 | 31.3 | 32.8 | 34.4 | 38.0 | 32.6 | 26.3 | 19.7 | 21.1 | 58.7 | 31.9 | 40.5 | 56.5 | 28.2 | 26.9 | 36.7 |
Currently married | 73.1 | 71.6 | 59.6 | 60.0 | 57.2 | 49.9 | 59.8 | 61.9 | 70.2 | 66.3 | 35.0 | 63.7 | 49.2 | 36.6 | 63.0 | 61.7 | 52.8 |
Formerly married | 04.3 | 03.5 | 09.1 | 07.2 | 8.4 | 12.1 | 7.5 | 11.8 | 10.2 | 12.6 | 06.3 | 04.4 | 10.3 | 06.9 | 08.8 | 11.4 | 10.5 |
Wealth
| |||||||||||||||||
Poorest | 18.7 | 16.7 | 19.7 | 23.9 | 16.3 | 17.2 | 19.3 | 12.5 | 16.7 | 18.9 | 15.7 | 19.1 | 19.5 | 14.9 | 17.4 | 20.5 | 17.8 |
Poor | 19.1 | 18.5 | 15.0 | 18.2 | 15.8 | 19.8 | 19.8 | 10.7 | 20.1 | 15.1 | 17.4 | 18.0 | 18.7 | 16.4 | 18.5 | 19.0 | 18.5 |
Middle | 19.3 | 23.1 | 14.6 | 17.5 | 17 | 18.3 | 19.8 | 13.1 | 21.8 | 17.6 | 24.1 | 19.6 | 18.1 | 18.8 | 18.1 | 17.5 | 18.2 |
Richer | 21.0 | 16.4 | 14.3 | 18.6 | 19.7 | 20.5 | 20.7 | 18.7 | 21.3 | 20.7 | 25.1 | 20.8 | 19.6 | 21.7 | 22.7 | 18.3 | 23.0 |
Richest | 21.8 | 25.2 | 36.5 | 21.8 | 31.2 | 24.2 | 20.3 | 44.9 | 20.1 | 27.6 | 17.7 | 22.5 | 24.1 | 28.2 | 23.3 | 24.7 | 22.5 |
Type of residence
| |||||||||||||||||
Urban | 42.0 | 24.5 | 30.1 | 39.9 | 33.1 | 26.7 | 43.7 | 64.3 | 14.3 | 43.7 | 44.3 | 40.6 | 23.2 | 32.6 | 24.0 | 16.7 | 35.2 |
Rural | 58.0 | 75.5 | 69.9 | 60.1 | 66.9 | 73.3 | 56.3 | 35.7 | 85.7 | 56.3 | 55.7 | 59.4 | 76.8 | 67.4 | 76.0 | 83.3 | 64.8 |
Decision making indices
| |||||||||||||||||
Respondent alone (1–5) | 58.2 | 62.6 | 42.9 | 59.1 | 73.6 | 70.2 | 53.1 | 65.2 | 66.4 | 73.3 | 31.2 | 52.7 | 62.4 | 16.2 | 70.3 | 45.7 | 16.8 |
Husband/Partner alone (1–5) | 43.5 | 57.5 | 42.9 | 29.6 | 52.7 | 46.0 | 45.4 | 23.9 | 58.5 | 51.8 | 30.1 | 56.8 | 28.8 | 16.9 | 54.0 | 55.7 | 10.9 |
Husband-wife (1–5) | 35.1 | 19.5 | 58.4 | 24.6 | 42.7 | 38.6 | 59.9 | 52.2 | 42.6 | 42.0 | 43.5 | 29.9 | 41.1 | 14.9 | 36.7 | 46.8 | 28.1 |
Media access
| |||||||||||||||||
Read newspaper | 14.1 | 11.0 | 26.5 | 28.8 | 51.1 | 23.6 | 32.9 | 43.7 | 32.8 | 19.0 | 65.6 | 30.4 | 29.4 | 68.2 | 42.1 | 28.2 | 50.3 |
Listen to radio | 84.5 | 72.6 | 53.7 | 89.6 | 85.6 | 58.9 | 70.5 | 79.1 | 83.0 | 86.8 | 89.1 | 78.7 | 81.4 | 83.6 | 80.7 | 82.7 | 64.3 |
Watch television | 40.8 | 30.2 | 32.3 | 59.0 | 46.4 | 18.0 | 44.1 | 47.2 | 17.1 | 36.7 | 51.5 | 49.8 | 17.1 | 48.4 | 33.2 | 18.3 | 44.7 |
Justification of IPVAW by gender norm transgressed
Factors associated with attitudes towards IPVAW
Benin
|
Burkina Faso
|
Ethiopia
|
Ghana
|
Kenya
|
Lesotho
|
Liberia
|
Madagascar
|
Malawi
|
Mozambique
|
Namibia
|
Nigeria
|
Rwanda
|
Swaziland
|
Tanzania
|
Uganda
|
Zimbabwe
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR |
Sex
| |||||||||||||||||
Women (vs men) | 4.40 | 3.71 | 4.03 | 1.73 | ns | 0.71 | 4.37 | 5.36 | 1.99 | 1.38 | ns | 1.49 | 2.13 | ns | 2.01 | 1.76 | 1.35 |
Age
†
| |||||||||||||||||
15–24 | ns | ns | 1.28 | 1.77 | 1.67 | 1.45 | 1.49 | 1.41 | 1.44 | 1.26 | 1.25 | 1.44 | 1.38 | 2.56 | 1.56 | 1.34 | 2.21 |
25–34 | ns | ns | ns | 1.48 | ns | ns | 1.17 | ns | ns | 1.13 | ns | ns | ns | 1.24 | 1.19 | ns | 1.44 |
Education
†
| |||||||||||||||||
No education | 2.12 | 2.19 | 2.20 | 2.09 | 2.46 | 1.61 | ns | ns | 1.33 | 1.84 | ns | 1.36 | 1.91 | 1.42 | 2.04 | ns | 2.06 |
Primary | 1.44 | 1.99 | 1.97 | 1.69 | 2.23 | 1.61 | ns | ns | 1.44 | 1.67 | 1.21 | ns | 1.85 | 1.54 | 2.45 | 1.31 | 1.38 |
Occupation
†
| |||||||||||||||||
Not working | 0.86 | 1.20 | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.79 | 0.78 | 0.80 | 1.19 | ns | ns | 1.20 | ns | 0.86 | ns | 0.85 |
Marital
†
| |||||||||||||||||
Currently married | 1.44 | ns | ns | ns | 1.46 | ns | ns | 1.35 | 0.69 | ns | 0.69 | ns | 0.81 | ns | ns | ns | 0.75 |
Formerly married | 1.60 | 1.42 | 1.57 | ns | 1.52 | ns | 1.40 | ns | 0.56 | ns | ns | ns | 0.78 | ns | 0.78 | ns | ns |
Wealth
†
| |||||||||||||||||
Poorest | 2.65 | ns | ns | 3.24 | 1.87 | 1.77 | 1.24 | 1.47 | 1.47 | 1.22 | 5.85 | 2.08 | ns | 1.69 | 1.70 | 1.42 | 2.88 |
Poor | 2.14 | ns | 1.26 | 2.06 | 1.78 | 1.59 | 1.25 | ns | 1.54 | 1.38 | 3.94 | 1.83 | ns | 1.61 | 1.63 | 1.73 | 2.72 |
Middle | 2.21 | ns | ns | 1.93 | 1.66 | 1.31 | ns | ns | 1.40 | 1.44 | 3.08 | 1.56 | 1.17 | 1.36 | 1.48 | 1.45 | 2.25 |
Richer | 1.79 | 1.23 | 1.28 | 1.64 | 1.73 | ns | ns | 1.22 | 1.38 | 1.43 | 1.71 | 1.47 | 1.18 | 1.28 | 1.24 | 1.44 | 1.61 |
Type of residence
| |||||||||||||||||
Rural (versus urban) | 1.18 | ns | 2.06 | ns | ns | 1.22 | 1.15 | 0.73 | 1.21 | 1.15 | ns | ns | 1.15 | 1.38 | ns | 1.49 | 1.24 |
Decision making indices
| |||||||||||||||||
Respondent alone (0–5) | 0.92 | 0.95 | 1.22 | ns | 1.12 | ns | 1.38 | ns | 1.11 | 0.95 | 1.12 | ns | 1.10 | ns | 1.08 | 1.08 | 1.13 |
Husband/Partner alone (0–5) | 1.06 | ns | 1.21 | ns | 1.11 | 1.09 | 1.36 | 1.14 | 1.13 | 1.12 | 1.20 | 1.21 | 1.11 | 1.10 | ns | 1.23 | 1.15 |
Husband-wife (0–5) | 0.92 | 0.88 | ns | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.81 | 1.18 | 0.90 | 0.92 | na | na | 0.93 | ns | ns | 0.91 | ns | 1.08 |
Media access
| |||||||||||||||||
Read newspaper | 0.84 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.85 | ns | 1.20 | ns | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.88 | ns | ns | ns | 0.74 |
Listen to radio | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.83 | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.80 | ns | ns | ns | 1.23 |
Watch television | ns | ns | 0.85 | 0.85 | ns | ns | ns | 0.81 | ns | 1.22 | 1.26 | ns | ns | ns | 1.18 | ns | ns |