Background
Youth masculinities and health
Masculinities in sub-Saharan Africa and the positions of churches
Masculinity studies in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
Methods
Study setting
Variables
Sociodemographic characteristics
Attitudes towards gender equality
The gender-equitable men (GEM) scale
Recruitment and data collection
Data analysis
Ethical approval
Results
n (%) | |
---|---|
Age group | |
18–20 | 160 (55.36) |
21–22 | 67 (23.18) |
23–24 | 62 (21.45) |
Marital status | |
Married/cohabiting | 64 (22.15) |
Single | 189 (65.40) |
Separated | 36 (12.46) |
Highest grade | |
Primary school | 27 (9.34) |
Secondary school | 163 (56.40) |
University | 99 (34.26) |
Place of residence | |
Bumbu | 105 (36.46) |
Masina | 97 (33.68) |
Camp Luka | 86 (29.86) |
Church affiliation | |
Salvation Army | 265 (91.70) |
Eglise du Christ au Congo | 24 (8.30) |
Church attendance | |
Yes | 223 (77.16) |
No | 66 (22.84) |
Attendance regularity | |
Always | 118 (40.83) |
Often | 73 (25.26) |
Seldom | 98 (33.91) |
Visit purposes | |
Sunday church service | 158 (54.41) |
Bible studies | 58 (20.57) |
Youth meetings | 73 (25.26) |
Main source of income | |
Young men themselves | 72 (24.91)) |
Heads of households | 217 (75.09 |
Labour status | |
Unemployed/students | 224 (77.51) |
Employed | 65 (22.49) |
Attitudes to gender equality | |
Low | 58 (20.07) |
Medium | 179 (61.94) |
High | 52 (17.99) |
GEM | |
Low | 112 (38.75) |
Medium | 87 (30.10) |
High | 90 31.14) |
Survey statements | Responses |
n (%) |
---|---|---|
A woman’s most important role is to take care of her home and cook for her family | Totally agree | 191 (66.09) |
Partially agree | 49 (16.96) | |
Disagree | 49 (16.96) | |
Men need more sex than women | Totally agree | 147 (50.87) |
Partially agree | 93 (32.18) | |
Disagree | 49 (19.86) | |
Men don’t talk about sex; you just do it | Totally agree | 119 (41.18) |
Partially agree | 87 (30.10) | |
Disagree | 83 (28.72) | |
There are times when a woman deserves to be beaten | Totally agree | 147 (50.87) |
Partially agree | 85 (29.41) | |
Disagree | 57 (19.72) | |
Changing diapers, giving a bath, and feeding kids is the mother’s responsibility | Totally agree | 185 (64.05) |
Partially agree | 53 (18.34) | |
Disagree | 51 (17.65) | |
It is a woman’s responsibility to avoid getting pregnant | Totally agree | 128 (44.29) |
Partially agree | 99 (34.26) | |
Disagree | 62 (21.45) | |
A man should have the final word about decisions in his home | Totally agree | 242 (83.74) |
Partially agree | 29 (10.03) | |
Disagree | 18 (6.23) | |
Men are always ready to have sex | Totally agree | 131 (45.33) |
Partially agree | 96 (33.22) | |
Disagree | 62 (21.45) | |
A woman should tolerate violence to keep her family together | Totally agree | 109 (37.52) |
Partially agree | 60 (20.76) | |
Disagree | 120 (41.52) | |
I would be outraged if my partner asked me to use a condom | Totally agree | 137 (47.40) |
Partially disagree | 87 (30.10) | |
Disagree | 65 (22.49) | |
A man and a woman should decide together if they want to have children | Totally agree | 239 (82.70) |
Partially agree | 28 (9.69) | |
Disagree | 22 (7.61) | |
I would never have a gay friend | Totally agree | 166 (57.44) |
Partially agree | 53 (18.33) | |
Disagree | 70 (24.22) | |
If someone insults me, I will defend my reputation, with force if I have to | Totally agree | 116 (40.28) |
Partially agree | 91 (31.60) | |
Disagree | 82 (28.12) | |
To be a man, you need to be tough | Totally agree | 145 (50.17) |
Partially agree | 85 (29.41) | |
Disagree | 59 (20.42) | |
Men should be embarrassed if they are unable to get an erection | Totally agree | 153 (52.94) |
Partially agree | 68 (23.53) | |
Disagree | 68 (23.53) |
Factors | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
23–24 | 1 | – |
21–22 | 0.56 (0.28–1.12) | – |
18–20 | 1.02 (0.57–1.84) | – |
Education | ||
Primary school | 1 | 1 |
Secondary school | 3.04 (1.22–7.58) | 2.65 (0.99–7.11) |
University | 3.43 (1.33–8.84) | 2.54 (0.90–7.16) |
Place of residence | ||
Bumbu | 1 | 1 |
Camp Luka | 2.53 (1.41–4.56) | 2.27(1.18–4.38) |
Masina | 3.10 (1.75–5.52) | 3.29 (1.73–6.25) |
Civil status | ||
Married/cohabiting | 1 | 1 |
Single | 2.75 (1.51–5.02) | 3.20 (1.64–6.25) |
Separated | 2.75 (1.18–6.39) | 3.54 (1.36–9.21) |
Job status | ||
Employed | 1 | – |
Unemployed | 1.05 (0.78–1.40) | – |
Church affiliation | ||
Salvation Army | 1 | – |
Eglise du Christ au Congo | 0.69 (0.30–1-60) | – |
Church attendance | ||
No | 1 | − |
Yes | 1.07 (0.61–1.85) | – |
Attendance frequency | ||
Seldom | 1 | – |
Often | 1.02 (0.55–1.88) | – |
Always | 1.49 (0.87–2.56) | – |
Main sources of income | ||
Young men | 1 | – |
Parents | 1.46 (0.85–2.50) | – |
Attitudes to gender equality | ||
Low equity | 1 | 1 |
Medium equity | 2.00 (1.07–3.76) | 2.56 (1.30–5.04) |
High equity | 9.33 (3.84–22.63) | 7.09 (2.81–17.89) |