Background
Methods
Participants
Questionnaire
Demographic characteristics | |
Gender | |
University (Pharmacy, Non-medical schools) | |
Presence of roommates | |
Allergy history | |
History of major illness | |
Items pertaining to medication/supplements | |
History of side effects | |
Routine usage of prescription medicine | |
Routine usage of over-the-counter drugs | |
Routine usage of supplements | |
Emotional response to medication | |
Trust medication | |
Impression that medication is dangerous | |
Feel disgust about taking medication | |
Experience with, response to, and recognition of medication | |
Take medicine instantly upon becoming ill | |
Experience with taking “too many” medications | |
Experience with family members/close acquaintances who take “too many” medications | |
Reacts if a doctor prescribes “too many” medications | |
Reacts if a doctor prescribes “too many” medications | |
Understanding of drug efficacy | |
Compliance with medication |
Mean (SD) |
t value | Effect size | Observed power (1-β) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender [n (%)] | Male [333 (35.7)] | Female [601 (64.3)] | ||||
Tablets | 4.47 (2.05) | 4.07 (1.33) | 3.168** |
d = 0.25 | 0.96 | |
Types of medications | 4.16 (1.49) | 3.91 (1.09) | 2.744** |
d = 0.20 | 0.83 | |
University [n (%)] | Pharmacy [562 (60.2)] | Non-medical schools [372 (39.8)] | ||||
Tablets | 4.34 (1.71) | 4.03 (1.49) | 2.894** |
d = 0.19 | 0.81 | |
Types of medications | 4.13 (1.26) | 3.79 (1.20) | 4.171*** |
d = 0.27 | 0.98 | |
Presence of cohabiters [n (%)] | Yes [727 (77.8)] | No [207 (22.2)] | ||||
Tablets | 4.20 (1.57) | 4.26 (1.83) | 0.413 | - | - | |
Types of medications | 4.03 (1.22) | 3.88 (1.35) | 1.567 | - | - | |
Allergy history [n (%)] | Yes [172 (18.4)] | No [762 (81.6)] | ||||
Tablets | 4.34 (1.79) | 4.19 (1.59) | 1.091 | - | - | |
Types of medications | 3.99 (1.05) | 4.00 (1.29) | 0.034 | - | - | |
History of major illness [n (%)] | Yes [175 (18.7)] | No [759 (81.3)] | ||||
Tablets | 4.79 (2.42) | 4.08 (1.35) | 3.741*** |
d = 0.44 | 1.00 | |
Types of medications | 4.35 (1.53) | 3.92 (1.16) | 3.537*** |
d = 0.35 | 0.99 |
Mean (SD) |
t value/F value | Effect size | Observed power(1-β) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
History of side effects [n (%)] | Yes [207 (22.2)] | No [727 (77.8)] | |||||
Tablets | 4.33 (1.85) | 4.18 (1.56) | 1.461 | - | - | ||
Types of medications | 4.11 (1.34) | 3.96 (1.22) | 1.114 | - | - | ||
Routine usage of prescription medicine [n (%)] | Yes [163 (17.5)] | No [771 (82.5)] | |||||
Tablets | 4.47 (1.66) | 4.16 (1.62) | 2.198* |
d = 0.19 | 0.60 | ||
Types of medications | 4.31 (1.25) | 3.93 (1.24) | 3.542*** |
d = 0.31 | 0.95 | ||
Routine usage of over-the-counter drugs [n (%)] | Yes [23 (2.5)] | Only when unwell [608 (65.1)] | No [303 (32.4)] | ||||
Tablets | 4.89 (2.02) | 4.2 (1.44) | 4.18 (1.93) | 0.307 | - | - | |
Types of medications | 4.02 (0.91) | 4.02 (1.27) | 3.95 (1.23) | 2.051 | - | - | |
Routine usage of supplements [n (%)] | Yes [124 (13.3)] | Only when unwell [125 (13.4)] | No [685 (73.3)] | ||||
Tablets | 4.96 (2.63)a, b
| 4.17 (1.51)a
| 4.09 (1.36)b
| 6.583** |
f = 0.18 | 1 | |
Types of medications | 4.22 (1.26)c
| 4.15 (1.55) | 3.93 (1.18)c
| 3.615* |
f = 0.09 | 0.71 |
Mean (SD) |
F value | Effect size | Observed power (1-β) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Do you think medicine is reliable? [n (%)] | Extremely reliable [229 (24.5)] | Reliable [669 (71.6)] | Somewhat reliable [27 (2.9)] | Not reliable [9 (1.0)]†
| ||||
Tablets | 4.44 (1.82) | 4.15 (1.55) | 3.70 (1.14) | 4.67 (2.87) | 4.070* |
f = 0.09 | 0.72 | |
Types of medications | 4.19 (1.37)a,b
| 3.96 (1.20)a
| 3.46 (0.95)b
| 3.67 (1.50) | 5.616** |
f = 0.11 | 0.86 | |
Do you think medicine is dangerous? [n (%)] | Extremely dangerous [118 (12.6)] | Dangerous [604 (64.7)] | Somewhat dangerous [202 (21.6)] | Not dangerous [10 (1.1)]j
| ||||
Tablets | 4.39 (1.75) | 4.12 (1.40) | 4.35 (2.09) | 5.40 (1.96) | 2.080 | - | - | |
Types of medications | 4.00 (1.32) | 3.97 (1.24) | 4.04 (1.26) | 4.60 (0.97) | 0.258 | - | - | |
Do you have an aversion to taking medicine? [n (%)] | Extremely dislike [25 (2.7)] | Dislike [287 (30.7)] | Mildly dislike [431 (46.1)] | No dislike [191 (20.4)] | ||||
Tablets | 4.20 (2.75) | 3.90 (1.61)c, d
| 4.23 (1.45)c, e
| 4.67 (1.77)d, e
| 7.859*** |
f = 0.17 | 1 | |
Types of medications | 3.56 (1.08)f
| 3.68 (1.12)g, h
| 4.06 (1.29)g, i
| 4.39 (1.24)f, h, i
| 14.373*** |
f = 0.22 | 1 |
Mean (SD) |
t value/F value | Effect size | Observed power (1-β) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experience with family members/close acquaintances who take “too many” medications [n (%)] | Yes [412 (44.1)] | No [522 (55.9)] | ||||
Tablets | 4.00 (1.41) | 4.38 (1.77) | 3.652*** |
d = 0.23 | 0.94 | |
Types of medications | 3.95 (1.24) | 4.04 (1.26) | 1.091 | - | - |