Background
Methods
Study design and location
Participants
Measurement of variables
Other variables collected on recruitment
Outcomes
Analysis
Results
Programme LTFU
Univariable analysis
Number (% LTFU)a
| LTFU rate (per 100 p-y) | Sub Hazard Ratiob(95 % CI) |
P value of relationship with LTFU | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years | <27 | 55 (49.1) | 24.24 | 1.00 | 0.07 |
27–31 | 51(41.2) | 19.55 | 0.74 (0.42–1.31) | ||
32–37 | 52 (44.2) | 20.98 | 0.83 (0.48–1.43) | ||
38–44 | 35 (25.7) | 11.20 | 0.41(0.19–0.89) | ||
>44 | 54 (25.9) | 12.57 | 0.46 (0.23–0.89) | ||
Age in years (binary) | ≤37 | 158 (44.9) | 21.62 | 1.00 | 0.01 |
>37 | 89 (25.8) | 12.00 | 0.51 (0.32–0.83) | ||
Age in years (continuous) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.07 | |||
Sex | Female | 212 (37.3) | 17.29 | 1.00 | 0.40 |
Male | 35 (42.9) | 23.72 | 1.27 (0.72–2.23) | ||
Clinic | 1 | 109 (37.6) | 17.89 | 1.00 | 0.10 |
2 | 50 (48.0) | 25.87 | 1.50(0.91–2.47) | ||
3 | 88 (33.0) | 14.63 | 0.84 (0.53–1.36) | ||
Marital status | Never married | 199 (40.2) | 19.13 | 1.00 | 0.20 |
Ever Married | 48 (29.2) | 13.72 | 0.69 (0.39–1.22) | ||
Number of current relationshipsc
| 0 | 61 (32.8) | 15.95 | 1.00 | 0.38 |
≥1 | 185 (39.5) | 18.51 | 1.25 (0.76–2.06) | ||
Religion | None | 19 (31.6) | 16.58 | 1.00 | 0.42 |
Zionist | 74 (45.9) | 20.92 | 1.34 (0.55–3.27) | ||
Shembe | 48 (41.7) | 22.77 | 1.39 (0.54–3.61) | ||
Christian | 90 (33.3) | 15.64 | 0.99 (0.40–2.44) | ||
Other | 16 (25.0) | 9.57 | 0.62 (0.17–2.25) | ||
Religion importance | Not at all | 31 (32.3) | 14.56 | 1.00 | 0.64 |
Somewhat | 49 (36.7) | 16.90 | 1.11 (0.52–2.41) | ||
Very | 167 (39.5) | 19.13 | 1.32 (0.68–2.57) | ||
Employment | No | 198 (37.9) | 18.17 | 1.00 | 0.95 |
Yes | 49 (38.8) | 17.69 | 1.02 (0.61–1.70) | ||
Government grant (self) | No | 67 (40.3) | 20.26 | 1.00 | 0.59 |
Yes | 180 (37.2) | 17.32 | 0.88 (0.57–1.38) | ||
Government grant (household) | No | 94 (34.0) | 15.66 | 1.00 | 0.27 |
Yes | 153 (40.5) | 19.63 | 1.27 (0.83–1.94) | ||
HIV diagnosis | This month | 31 (48.4) | 24.32 | 1.00 | 0.23 |
< one year | 80 (41.2) | 20.18 | 0.81 (0.44–1.48) | ||
1–2 years | 61 (29.5) | 12.91 | 0.52 (0.27–1.00) | ||
3 + years | 75 (37.3) | 18.01 | 0.78 (0.42–1.46) | ||
Highest educational leveld
| <1 year | 18 (27.8) | 12.28 | 1.00 | 0.07 |
Primary school | 67 (29.9) | 13.24 | 1.03 (0.39–2.72) | ||
Secondary, not matric | 85 (35.3) | 16.82 | 1.32 (0.52–3.36) | ||
Matric and higher | 67 (47.8) | 23.95 | 2.02 (0.80–5.14) | ||
Number of children | None | 16 (31.3) | 15.71 | 1.25 (0.46–3.38) | 0.03 |
1 child | 43 (53.5) | 26.28 | 2.34 (1.32–4.14) | ||
2 children | 67 (44.8) | 22.15 | 1.99 (1.13–3.50) | ||
3 children | 48 (33.3) | 16.60 | 1.34 (0.69–2.60) | ||
4+ children | 73 (27.4) | 11.84 | 1.00 | ||
CD4 count | <560 | 62 (37.1) | 19.38 | 1.00 | 0.69 |
560–631 | 61 (42.6) | 21.88 | 1.19 (0.69–2.07) | ||
632–768 | 62 (32.3) | 14.13 | 0.86 (0.48–1.56) | ||
≥769 | 61 (41.0) | 17.74 | 1.15 (0.65–2.01) | ||
Migration | No migration in last 2 years | 150 (34.7) | 15.84 | 1.00 | 0.32 |
Migration in last 2 years | 49 (42.9) | 21.77 | 1.38 (0.82–2.28) | ||
Missing data | 48 (43.8) | 22.01 | 1.36 (0.82–2.26) | ||
Number of previous CD4 counts | 0 | 95 (45.3) | 22.43 | 1.00 | 0.03 |
1 | 79 (41.8) | 20.11 | 0.89 (0.57–1.40) | ||
2+ | 73 (24.7) | 10.95 | 0.49 (0.29–0.85) |
Number (% LTFU)a
| LTFU rate (per 100 p-y) | Sub Hazard Ratiob(95%CI) |
P value of relationship with LTFU | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stigma (α = 0.75) | 0–35 | 57 (35.1) | 17.86 | 1.00 | 0.59 |
36–41 | 54 (33.3) | 14.62 | 0.82 (0.43–1.55) | ||
42–47 | 64 (37.5) | 16.58 | 0.92 (0.51–1.66) | ||
48+ | 72 (44.4) | 22.80 | 1.19 (0.67–2.10) | ||
Stigma (continuous) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 0.83 | |||
Categories of HIV disclosure | 0 | 34 (47.1) | 25.12 | 1.00 | 0.52 |
1 | 84 (35.7) | 17.28 | 0.73 (0.39–1.34) | ||
2 | 58 (41.4) | 20.43 | 0.83 (0.44–1.57) | ||
3 + | 71 (33.8) | 14.51 | 0.63 (0.34–1.19) | ||
HIV partner disclosure | No | 91 (35.2) | 17.86 | 1.00 | 0.58 |
Yes | 156 (39.7) | 18.18 | 1.13 (0.73–1.74) | ||
Testing reason | Self-initiated: non sickness | 79 (34.2) | 16.96 | 1.00 | 0.82 |
Self-initiated: sickness | 91 (41.8) | 19.83 | 1.17 (0.71–1.92) | ||
Other initiated | 77 (37.7) | 17.13 | 1.05 (0.62–1.78) | ||
Changed sexual behaviour | No | 78 (42.3) | 20.57 | 1.00 | 0.42 |
Yes | 169 (36.1) | 16.96 | 0.84 (0.55–1.28) | ||
Knowledge of people on ART | No | 44 (45.5) | 20.92 | 1.00 | 0.41 |
Yes | 203 (36.5) | 17.43 | 0.82 (0.51–1.32) | ||
ART knowledge | Low (> = 21) | 57 (40.4) | 20.24 | 1.00 | 0.44 |
Mid (22–23) | 52 (42.3) | 23.12 | 1.06 (0.59–1.92) | ||
High (24) | 138 (35.5) | 15.74 | 0.80 (0.48–1.31) | ||
HIV optimism | No | 79 (40.5) | 20.85 | 1.00 | 0.46 |
Yes | 168 (31.3) | 16.91 | 0.85 (0.55–1.31) | ||
Social support – time with family | < once a month/not at all | 20 (35.0) | 16.50 | 1.00 | 0.61 |
Once a month | 58 (41.4) | 18.04 | 1.12 (0.49–2.57) | ||
At least once a fortnight/several days a week | 25 (28.0) | 12.20 | 0.72 (0.26–2.03) | ||
Every day | 144 (38.9) | 19.49 | 1.21 (0.55–2.65) | ||
Social support – time with friends | < once a month/not at all | 74 (32.4) | 14.38 | 1.00 | 0.49 |
At least once a fortnight/Once a month | 49 (46.9) | 20.62 | 1.53 (0.87–2.69) | ||
Several days a week | 68 (38.2) | 19.36 | 1.32 (0.76–2.30) | ||
Every day | 56 (37.5) | 19.55 | 1.40 (0.78–2.51) | ||
Social support – rely on family/friends | A little/not at all | 33 (36.4) | 17.48 | 1.00 | 0.84 |
A lot | 214 (38.3) | 18.16 | 1.06 (0.59–1.93) | ||
Social support – open with friends/family | Not at all | 57 (36.8) | 15.81 | 1.00 | 0.06 |
A little | 93 (31.2) | 13.86 | 0.90 (0.52–1.57) | ||
A lot | 97 (45.4) | 24.72 | 1.54 (0.93–2.55) | ||
Social support- confidantc
| No | 16 (43.8) | 20.91 | 1.00 | 0.49 |
Yes | 226 (38.1) | 18.05 | 0.74 (0.32–1.72) | ||
Social capital – time with neighbours | < once a month/not at all | 65 (43.1) | 18.80 | 1.00 | 0.88 |
At least once a fortnight/Once a month | 38 (34.2) | 15.17 | 0.78 (0.41–1.49) | ||
Several days a week | 61 (37.7) | 18.30 | 0.93 (0.54–1.59) | ||
Every day | 83 (36.1) | 18.78 | 1.00 (0.60–1.67) | ||
Social capital – neighbourhood crimed
| Common | 108 (39.8) | 18.85 | 1.00 | 0.38 |
Unusual | 87 (33.3) | 14.95 | 0.81 (0.51–1.29) | ||
Rare | 49 (42.9) | 22.77 | 1.21(0.72–2.05) | ||
Social capital - group participation | No | 197 (41.1) | 20.32 | 1.00 | 0.07 |
Yes | 50 (26.0) | 10.69 | 0.58 (0.32–1.05) | ||
Social capital – neighbours giving time | No | 63 (38.1) | 16.42 | 1.00 | 0.50 |
Yes | 184 (38.0) | 18.72 | 1.16 (0.75–1.82) | ||
Social capital – neighbours giving money | No | 74 (37.8) | 15.81 | 1.00 | 0.42 |
Yes | 173 (38.2) | 19.24 | 1.19 (0.78–1.82) | ||
Social capital –community working together | Individual/neighbours or traditional leaders or municipal/district leaders taking lead | 166 (34.9) | 16.57 | 1.00 | 0.18 |
Traditional and local leaders together taking lead | 81 (44.4) | 21.15 | 1.32 (0.88–2.00) | ||
Relationship qualitye
| Low (0–23) | 59 (42.4) | 19.01 | 1.00 | 0.91 |
Mid (24–26) | 68 (39.7) | 19.26 | 0.95 (0.55–1.65) | ||
High (27–30) | 70 (38.6) | 18.29 | 0.89 (0.52–1.52) | ||
Most recent partner age differentialf
| Older | 186 (36.6) | 16.80 | 1.00 | 0.40 |
Same | 26 (38.5) | 19.87 | 1.08 (0.55–2.15) | ||
Younger | 34 (47.1) | 26.21 | 1.45 (0.85–2.49) | ||
Most recent partner location | In neighbourhood | 23 (43.5) | 21.42 | 1.00 | 0.10 |
Out of neighbourhood | 109 (45.0) | 22.22 | 1.06 (0.54–2.08) | ||
With participant | 115 (30.4) | 13.84 | 0.67 (0.33–1.34) | ||
Most recent partner HIV disclosure | No | 92 (35.9) | 18.15 | 1.00 | 0.69 |
Yes | 155 (39.4) | 18.03 | 1.09 (0.71–1.67) | ||
Most recent partner HIV status | Positive | 95 (41.1) | 18.95 | 1.00 | 0.10 |
Not known | 138 (34.1) | 16.14 | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) | ||
Negative | 14 (57.1) | 34.60 | 1.78 (0.81–3.90) |
Multivariable analysis
Subhazard Ratio (95 % CI) | P value of association with LTFU | Adjusted Subhazard Ratio (95 % CI) |
P value of association with LTFU | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ≤37 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.01 |
>37 | 0.51 (0.32–0.83) | 0.51 (0.30–0.87) | |||
Sex | Female | 1.00 | 0.41 | 1.00 | 0.36 |
Male | 1.27 (0.72–2.23) | 1.31 (0.73–2.37) | |||
Number of previous CD4 counts | 0 | 1.00 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 0.01 |
1 | 0.89 (0.57–1.40) | 0.76 (0.48–1.22) | |||
2+ | 0.49 (0.29–0.85) | 0.43 (0.25–0.73) | |||
Social support – open with friends/family | Not at all | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 0.02 |
A little | 0.90 (0.52–1.57) | 0.81 (0.45–1.43) | |||
A lot | 1.54 (0.93–2.55) | 1.57 (0.94–2.62) | |||
Most recent partner HIV status | Positive | 1.00 | 0.10 | 1.00 | 0.01 |
Not known | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) | 0.77 (0.50–1.19) | |||
Negative | 1.78 (0.81–3.90) | 2.40 (1.18–4.88) | |||
Number of children | None | 1.25 (0.46–3.38) | 0.03 | 0.68 (0.24–1.87) | 0.04 |
1 child | 2.34 (1.32–4.14) | 2.05 (1.14–3.69) | |||
2 children | 1.99 (1.13–3.50) | 1.71 (0.94–3.09) | |||
3 children | 1.34 (0.69–2.60) | 1.14 (0.57–2.30) | |||
4+ children | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Subhazard Ratio (95 % CI) |
P value of association with LTFU (LRT) | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95 % CI) |
P value of association with LTFU (LRT) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ≤37 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.02 |
>37 | 0.51 (0.32–0.83) | 0.49 (0.28–0.87) | |||
Sex | Female | 1.00 | 0.41 | 1.00 | 0.29 |
Male | 1.27 (0.72–2.23) | 1.38 (0.76–2.52) | |||
Social support – open with friends/family and partner disclosure | Not at all open and not disclosed to partner | 1.00 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 0.01 |
Not at all open and disclosed to partner | 3.40 (1.18–9.83) | 3.03 (0.95–9.73) | |||
A little open and not disclosed to partner | 2.55 (0.82–7.96) | 2.72 (0.86–8.64) | |||
A little open and disclosed to partner | 1.88 (0.65–5.49) | 1.41 (0.44–4.53) | |||
A lot open and not disclosed to partner | 3.84 (1.30–11.31) | 4.22 (1..47–12.11) | |||
A lot open and disclosed to partner | 3.48 (1.24–9.78) | 3.12 (1.03–9.45) | |||
Number of previous CD4 counts | 0 | 1.00 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 0.01 |
1 | 0.89 (0.57–1.40) | 0.71 (0.45–1.14) | |||
2+ | 0.49 (0.29–0.85) | 0.43 (0.25–0.73) | |||
Most recent partner HIV status | Positive | 1.00 | 0.10 | 1.00 | 0.02 |
Not known | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) | 0.74 (0.45–1.22) | |||
Negative | 1.78 (0.81–3.90) | 2.18 (1.05–4.51) | |||
Number of children | None | 1.25 (0.46–3.38) | 0.03 | 0.69 (0.25–1.94) | 0.02 |
1 child | 2.34 (1.32–4.14) | 2.23 (1.21–4.10) | |||
2 children | 1.99 (1.13–3.50) | 1.88 (0.99–3.54) | |||
3 children | 1.34 (0.69–2.60) | 1.15 (0.55–2.39) | |||
4+ children | 1.00 | 1.00 |