Background
Methods
Hypothesised associations
Design and setting
Sample
% or mean (S.D.) | Missing data (%) | Cronbach’s αa | |
---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | |||
Self-perceived ability to continue working | 0.3 % | N/A | |
No | 43.4 % | ||
Yes or don’t know | 56.6 % | ||
Mediator variables | |||
Job satisfaction (range 1–5) | 3.59 (0.48) | 1.6 % | 0.91 |
Occupational commitment (range 1–5) | 4.05 (0.86) | 1.2 % | N/A |
Independent variables | |||
Job factors
| |||
Autonomy (range 1–4) | 2.70 (0.54) | 0.4 % | 0.91 |
Work pressure (range 1–5) | 2.90 (0.80) | 0.8 % | 0.84 |
Supportive leadership (range 1–5) | 3.53 (0.73) | 3.4 % | 0.91 |
Instrumental leadership (range 1–5) | 2.82 (0.59) | 3.8 % | 0.82 |
Organisational factors | |||
Sufficient educational opportunities | 1.5 % | N/A | |
No | 31.6 % | ||
Yes | 68.4 % | ||
Communication (range 1–4) | 2.52 (0.61) | 1.2 % | 0.87 |
Appreciation by senior management (range 1–4) | 2.47 (0.72) | 1.4 % | N/A |
Respondent characteristics (control variables) | |||
Age (years) | 46.79 (9.3) | 0.0 % | N/A |
Gender | 0.0 % | N/A | |
Male | 10.8 % | ||
Female | 89.2 % | ||
Perceived health (range 1–5) | 4.11 (0.61) | 3.3 % | N/A |
Working hours per week | 25.58 (7.48) | 2.7 % | N/A |
Irregular shifts | 2.9 % | N/A | |
No | 26.2 % | ||
Yes | 73.8 % | ||
Managerial tasks | 0.3 % | N/A | |
No | 88.0 % | ||
Yes | 12.0 % |
Measures
Self-perceived ability to continue working until the age of 65
Job satisfaction
Occupational commitment
Autonomy
Work pressure
Leadership style
Educational opportunities
Communication
Appreciation by senior management
Ethical considerations
Data analysis
Results
Self-perceived ability to continue working
Job factors and organisational factors related to job satisfaction
Job satisfaction | Occupational commitment | Self-perceived ability to continue working | |
---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | Coefficient | Coefficient | |
Simple linear regression (99 % C.I.) | Simple linear regression (99 % C.I.) | Simple logistic regression (99 % C.I.) | |
N = 695–718 | N = 696–721 | N = 700–728 | |
Mediators | |||
Job satisfaction (range 1–5) | - | - | 0.77 (0.35 – 1.21)** |
Occupational commitment (range 1–5) | - | - | 0.25 (0.02 – 0.48)** |
Job factors | |||
Autonomy (range 1–4) | 0.40 (0.32 – 0.48)** | 0.34 (0.19 – 0.49)** | 0.48 (0.11 – 0.85)** |
Work pressure (range 1–5) # | −0.32 (−0.37 – -0.27)** | −0.27 (−0.37 – -0.17)** | −0.46 (−0.71 – -0.21)** |
Supportive leadership (range 1–5) | 0.43 (0.39 – 0.48)** | 0.25 (0.14 – 0.37)** | 0.26 (−0.01 – 0.53) |
Instrumental leadership (range 1–5)# | −0.12 (−0.20 – -0.05)** | −0.14 (−0.28 – 0.00) | −0.19 (−0.52 – 0.14) |
Organisational factors | |||
Educational opportunities (no = ref.) | 0.35 (0.25 – 0.44)** | 0.10 (−0.08 – 0.28) | 0.17 (−0.24 – 0.59) |
Communication (range 1–4) | 0.39 (0.33 – 0.46)** | 0.33 (0.20 – 0.46)** | 0.39 (0.06 – 0.71)** |
Appreciation by senior management (range 1–4) | 0.32 (0.26 – 0.37)** | 0.31 (0.20 – 0.42)** | 0.49 (0.21 – 0.77)** |
Respondent characteristics | |||
Age | −0.00 (−0.01 – 0.00) | −0.00 (−0.01 – 0.01) | 0.03 (0.01 – 0.05)** |
Gender (woman = ref.) | −0.10(−0.24 – 0.05) | −0.16 (−0.42 – 0.11) | 0.48 (−0.17 – 1.13) |
Perceived health (range 1–5) | 0.09 (0.01 – 0.17)** | 0.15 (0.01 – 0.28)** | 0.47 (0.14 – 0.80)** |
Working hours per week | −0.01 (−0.01 – 0.00) | −0.00 (−0.01 – 0.01) | 0.02 (−0.01 – 0.04) |
Irregular shifts (no = ref.) | −0.05 (−0.16 – 0.05) | −0.08 (−0.27 – 0.11) | −0.24 (−0.68 – 0.21) |
Managerial tasks (no = ref.) | 0.09 (−0.05 – 0.24) | 0.15 (−0.10 – 0.41) | −0.01 (−0.61 – 0.58) |
Job satisfaction | Occupational commitment | Self-perceived ability to continue working | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | Coefficient | Coefficient | ||
Multiple linear regression (95 % C.I.) | Multiple linear regression (95 % C.I.) | 1) Multiple logistic regression (95 % C.I.) | 2) Multiple logistic regression (95 % C.I.) | |
N = 660 | N = 667 | N = 688 | N = 673 | |
Mediators | ||||
Job satisfaction (range 1–5) | - | - | 0.72 (0.36 – 1.08)** | 0.26 (−0.21 – 0.74) |
Occupational commitment (range 1–5) | - | - | 0.09 (−0.11 – 0.29) | 0.07 (−0.13 – 0.27) |
Job factors | ||||
Autonomy (range 1–4) | 0.13 (0.08 – 0.18)** | 0.12 (−0.01 – 0.25) | - | 0.09 (−0.25 – 0.43) |
Work pressure (range 1–5)# | −0.15 (−0.18 – -0.12)** | −0.16 (−0.24 – -0.07)** | - | −0.30 (−0.54 – -0.06)* |
Supportive leadership (range 1–5) | 0.28 (0.25 – 0.32)** | 0.06 (−0.03 – 0.16) | - | |
Instrumental leadership (range 1–5)# | −0.00 (−0.04 – 0.04) | - | - | |
Organisational factors | ||||
Educational opportunities (no = ref.) | 0.12 (0.07 – 0.17)** | - | - | |
Communication (range 1–4) | 0.06 (0.01 – 0.11)* | 0.06 (−0.08 – 0.19) | - | −0.13 (−0.47 – 0.21) |
Appreciation by senior management (range 1–4) | 0.07 (0.03 – 0.11)** | 0.17 (0.07 – 0.28)** | - | 0.34 (0.05 – 0.62)* |
Respondent characteristics | ||||
Age | - | - | 0.04 (0.02 – 0.05)** | 0.04 (0.02 – 0.05)** |
Gender (woman = ref.) | - | - | - | |
Perceived health (range 1–5) | 0.04 (−0.00 – 0.07) | 0.11 (0.01 – 0.22)* | 0.47 (0.20 – 0.74)** | 0.44 (0.17 – 0.71)** |
Working hours per week | - | - | - | |
Irregular shifts (no = ref.) | - | - | - | |
Managerial tasks (no = ref.) | - | - | - | |
Test of model | R
2
= 0.62, F (8,651) = 137.01** | R2 = 0.12, F (6,660) = 14.94** | R2 = 0.10 (Nagelkerke), Model X
2
(4) = 51.10** | (R2 = 0.12 (Nagelkerke), Model X
2
(8) = 62.49** |
Job factors and organisational factors related to occupational commitment
Job satisfaction, occupational commitment and the self-perceived ability to continue working
Job satisfaction as mediator
Independent variables |
N
| Total effect | Total indirect effect | Direct effect |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (95 % C.I.) | Coefficient (95 % C.I.) | Coefficient (95 % C.I.) | ||
Job factors | ||||
Autonomy (range 1–4) | 715 | 0.140 (0.056 – 0.233)* | 0.077 (0.037 – 0.125)* | 0.063 (−0.034 – 0.160) |
Work pressure (range 1–5)# | 712 | −0.197 (−0.272 – -0.117)* | −0.070 (−0.127 – -0.016)* | −0.127 (−0.219 – -0.031)* |
Supportive leadership (range 1–5) | 702 | 0.106 (0.026 – 0.188)* | 0.162 (0.091 – 0.244)* | −0.056 (−0.175 – 0.060) |
Organisational factors | ||||
Educational opportunities (no = ref.) | 705 | 0.043 (−0.050 – 0.124) | 0.070 (0.040 – 0.108)* | −0.026 (−0.119 – 0.063) |
Communication (range 1–4) | 710 | 0.134 (0.052 – 0.227)* | 0.087 (0.035 – 0.139)* | 0.047 (−0.043 – 0.149) |
Appreciation by senior management (range 1–4) | 709 | 0.198 (0.114 – 0.286)* | 0.070 (0.027 – 0.119)* | 0.128 (0.032 – 0.224)* |