Introduction
Materials and methods
Study
Design, sampling and data collection
Dependent variables
Independent variables
Nutritional status
Demographic size of the adolescent´s municipality of residence
Statistical analysis
Results
N | % | |
---|---|---|
Smoking
| ||
Non-smokers | 2551 | (78.0) |
Smokers | 720 | (22.0) |
Total | 3271 | (100.0) |
Screen-based media use
| ||
<2hours a day | 504 | (15.3) |
≥2hours a day | 2783 | (84.7) |
Total | 3287 | (100.0) |
Physical activity
| ||
60min 7days a week | 275 | (8.4) |
Less often | 2982 | (91.6) |
Total | 3257 | (100.0) |
Breakfast on weekdays
| ||
Five days a week | 2126 | (65.5) |
Less often | 1121 | (34.5) |
Total | 3247 | (100.0) |
Alcohol consumption
| ||
Never or rarely | 2475 | (76.2) |
Every day | 774 | (23.8) |
Total | 3249 | (100.0) |
Multiple health complaints
| ||
< 2 complaints more than once a week | 1899 | (57.9) |
≥2 complaints more than once a week | 1381 | (42.1) |
Total | 3280 | (100.0) |
Self-rated health
| ||
Excellent or good | 2957 | (90.1) |
Fair or poor | 324 | (9.9) |
Total | 3281 | (100.0) |
Life satisfaction
| ||
Satisfied | 2837 | (86.7) |
Dissatisfied | 437 | (13.3) |
Total | 3274 | (100.0) |
Composite variables | n(%) | Total (100%) | Original variables | n(%) | Total (100%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family affluence
| Family car | ||||
High | 1689 (52.5) | 3217 | None | 104 (3.2) | 3271 |
Medium | 1279 (39.8) | One | 1044 (31.9) | ||
Low | 249 (7.7) | Two or more | 2123 (64.9) | ||
Own bedroom | |||||
No | 1130 (34.7) | 3253 | |||
Yes | 2123 (65.3) | ||||
Holiday with family | |||||
Not at all | 298 (9.1) | 3261 | |||
Once | 905 (27.8) | ||||
Two or more times | 1058 (63.1) | ||||
No. of computers | |||||
None | 55 (1.7) | 3267 | |||
One | 1155 (35.4) | ||||
Two or more | 2057 (62.9) | ||||
School environment
| Students like being together | ||||
Favourable | 809 (25.0) | 3231 | Agree | 2796 (85.3) | 3276 |
Medium | 1615 (50.0) | Undecided or disagree | 480 (14.7) | ||
Poor | 807 (25.0) | Students kind and helpful | |||
Agree | 2093 (64.0) | 3272 | |||
Undecided or disagree | 1179 (36.0) | ||||
Accepted by students | |||||
Agree | 2499 (76.5) | 3267 | |||
Undecided or disagree | 768 (23.5) | ||||
Liking school | |||||
A lot | 2094 63.9) | 3279 | |||
Less than a lot | 1185 (36.1) | ||||
Academic achievement | |||||
Good or very good | 1789 (54.7) | 3269 | |||
Average or below | 1480 (45.3) | ||||
Pressured by schoolwork | |||||
Not pressured | 345 (10.5) | 3277 | |||
Pressured | 2932 (89.5) | ||||
Peer group
| Friends same gender | ||||
Favourable | 793 (24.8) | 3195 | 3 or more | 2488 (75.9) | 3279 |
Medium | 1600 (50.1) | Up to 2 | 791 (24.1) | ||
Low | 802 (25.1) | Friends different gender | |||
3 or more | 1791 (55.3) | 3241 | |||
Up to 2 | 1450 (44.7) | ||||
After school with friends | |||||
4 or more days a week | 1266 (38.9) | 3257 | |||
3 or fewer days a week | 1991 (61.1) | ||||
Electronic communication | |||||
Every day | 1857 (43.2) | 3272 | |||
Less often | 1415 (56.8) | ||||
Non-composite variables | |||||
Municipality size
|
Gender
| ||||
Metropolitan | 806 (24.5) | 3291 | Male | 1702 (51.7) 3291 | |
<10,000 | 456 (13.9) | Female | 1589 (48.3) | ||
10,000-50,000 | 797 (24.2) |
Nutritional status
| |||
>50,000 | 1232 (37.4) | Underweight | 53 (2.0) 2640 | ||
Normal weight | 2192 (83.0) | ||||
Overweight | 342 (13.0) | ||||
Obese | 53 (2.0) |
Differences in unhealthy behaviours
Smoking | Sedentary | Not meeting PAGL | Irregular breakfast | Alcohol daily | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age 11
| |||||
Family affluence
| |||||
Medium vs. High | 0.42 (0.14-1.27) | 0.76 (0.53-1.07) | 1.05 (0.61-1.79) | 1.00 (0.69-1.47) | 1.27 (0.68-2.37) |
Low vs. High | 0.28 (0.03-2.40) | 0.61 (0.35-1.08) | 1.30 (0.48-3.55) | 1.12 (0.60-2.09) | - |
School environment
| |||||
Medium vs. Favourable | 2.47 (0.63-9.83) | 1.19 (0.83-1.70) | 0.67 (0.39-1.17) | 1.44 (0.96-2.18) | 1.00 (0.50-1.98) |
Poor vs. Favourable | 4.33 (0.97-19.3) | 1.50 (0.91-2.46) | 1.44 (0.61-3.43) | 1.65 (0.99-2.77) | 0.97 (0.39-2.40) |
Peer groups
| |||||
Medium vs. Favourable | 0.18 (0.05-0.64)** | 0.74 (0.47-1.14) | 1.43 (0.78-2.59) | 0.51 (0.32-0.79)** | 0.57 (0.26-1.26) |
Poor vs. Favourable | 0.58 (0.18-1.89) | 0.54 (0.33-0.91)* | 1.40 (0.65-2.98) | 1.12 (0.68-1.84) | 1.58 (0.68-3.67) |
Gender
| |||||
Female vs. Male | 0.71 (0.25-2.02) | 0.82 (0.59-1.14) | 1.75 (1.03-2.98)** | 1.22 (0.86-1.75) | 0.15 (0.06-0.36)** |
Nutritional status
| |||||
Ow/O vs. UN | 2.25 (0.72-6.99) | 1.51 (0.95-2.41) | 1.44 (0.68-3.05) | 1.18 (0.75-1.87) | 1.12 (0.52-2.39) |
Municipality size
| |||||
Metropolitan vs. >50,000 | 0.95 (0.20-4.46) | 0.93 (0.61-1.43) | 0.53 (0.26-1.07) | 0.81 (0.51-1.28) | 0.31 (0.12-0.79)** |
<10,000 vs. >50,000 | 2.56 (0.65-10.0) | 0.81 (0.51-1.30) | 0.43 (0.21-0.89)* | 1.04 (0.64-1.71) | 0.77 (0.34-1.70) |
10,000-50,000 vs. >50,000 | 2.20 (0.55-8.76) | 0.77 (0.49-1.21) | 0.42 (0.20-0.89)* | 0.70 (0.42-1.16) | 0.56 (0.23-1.40) |
Age 13
| |||||
Family affluence
| |||||
Medium vs. High | 0.70 (0.48-1.02) | 0.79 (0.49-1.27) | 1.08 (0.61-1.89) | 1.00 (0.76-1.34) | 0.71 (0.50-1.01) |
Low vs. High | 0.43 (0.14-1.25) | 0.57 (0.22-1.46) | 0.61 (0.20-1.84) | 2.17 (1.12-4.19)* | 0.66 (0.28-1.56) |
School environment
| |||||
Medium vs. Favourable | 2.37 (1.37-4.10)** | 1.20 (0.68-2.12) | 1.04 (0.55-1.99) | 1.65 (1.15-2.37)** | 1.55 (0.99-2.41) |
Poor vs. Favourable | 4.34 (2.41-7.80)** | 1.44 (0.73-2.84) | 1.13 (0.52-2.44) | 2.04 (1.35-3.09)** | 1.79 (1.08-2.96)* |
Peer groups
| |||||
Medium vs. Favourable | 0.45 (0.30-0.67)** | 0.29 (0.13-0.66)** | 1.48 (0.81-2.69) | 0.97 (0.69-1.34) | 0.57 (0.39-0.84)** |
Poor vs. Favourable | 0.48 (0.30-0.78)** | 0.15 (0.06-0.35)** | 1.62 (0.77-3.40) | 0.90 (0.61-1.32) | 0.91 (0.59-1.41) |
Gender
| |||||
Female vs. Male | 1.16 (0.81-1.66) | 0.72 (0.45-1.15) | 1.27 (0.75-2.16) | 1.59 (1.20-2.10)** | 0.71 (0.51-0.99)* |
Nutritional status
| |||||
Ow/O vs. UN | 1.18 (0.73-1.92) | 1.37 (0.67-2.79) | 2.50 (0.88-7.07) | 1.38 (0.94-2.02) | 1.31 (0.85-2.03) |
Municipalities size
| |||||
Metropolitan vs. >50,000 | 1.27 (0.80-2.0) | 1.28 (0.71-2.30) | 0.96 (0.48-1.90) | 0.93 (0.65-1.33) | 1.04 (0.67-1.60) |
<10,000 vs. >50,000 | 1.10 (0.66-1.83) | 1.09 (0.57-2.08) | 2.82 (0.94-8.44) | 0.76 (0.50-1.14) | 1.04 (0.65-1.69) |
10,000-50,000 vs. >50,000 | 0.90 (0.55-1.46) | 1.84 (0.97-3.48) | 0.66 (0.35-1.25) | 1.19 (0.83-1.71) | 1.22 (0.80-1.87) |
Age 15
| |||||
Family affluence
| |||||
Medium vs. High | 0.88 (0.65-1.19) | 0.98 (0.56-1.71) | 1.26 (0.74-2.15) | 0.93 (0.68-1.26) | 0.71 (0.52-0.96)* |
Low vs. High | 0.92 (0.50-1.67) | 0.91 (0.33-2.52) | 5.0 (0.66-37.6) | 1.80 (0.98-3.31) | 0.54 (0.29-0.99)* |
School environment
| |||||
Medium vs. Favourable | 1.31 (0.87-1.97) | 0.58 (0.25-1.34) | 0.89 (0.45-1.79) | 0.74 (0.49-1.13) | 1.22 (0.81-1.85) |
Poor vs. Favourable | 1.66 (1.07-2.59)* | 0.79 (0.32-1.98) | 1.27 (0.58-2.81) | 1.15 (0.74-1.80) | 1.66 (1.06-2.58)* |
Peer groups
| |||||
Medium vs. Favourable | 0.87 (0.61-1.23) | 1.05 (0.55-2.03) | 1.53 (0.85-2.74) | 1.29 (0.90-1.83) | 0.74 (0.52-1.04) |
Poor vs. Favourable | 0.62 (0.42-0.93)* | 1.08 (0.52-2.23) | 1.26 (0.65-2.45) | 1.00 (0.67-1.49) | 0.53 (0.36-0.79)** |
Gender
| |||||
Female vs. Male | 1.49 (1.11-1.99)** | 0.45 (0.26-0.80)** | 2.05 (1.20-3.50)** | 1.65 (1.23-2.22)** | 0.82 (0.62-1.10) |
Nutritional status
| |||||
Ow/O vs. UN | 1.02 (0.66-1.57) | 2.77 (0.84-9.11) | 5.59 (1.34-23.4)* | 1.42 (0.92-2.19) | 0.76 (0.49-1.17) |
Municipality size
| |||||
Metropolitan vs. >50.000 | 1.02 (0.71-1.48) | 0.59 (0.30-1.18) | 0.99 (0.52-1.88) | 0.87 (0.59-1.26) | 1.36 (0.94-1.97) |
<10,000 vs. >50,000 | 0.89 (0.43-1.83) | 0.94 (0.20-4.29) | 1.04 (0.29-3.73) | 0.72 (0.34-1.52) | 0.88 (0.43-1.82) |
10,000-50,000 vs. >50,000 | 1.21 (0.86-1.70) | 0.59 (0.31-1.12) | 0.99 (0.54-1.82) | 0.97 (0.68-1.37) | 1.13 (0.80-1.60) |
Differences in health outcomes
Multiple health complaints | Poor self-reported health | Life dissatisfaction | |
---|---|---|---|
Age 11
| |||
Family affluence
| |||
Medium vs. High | 1.24 (0.90-1.70) | 0.72 (0.37-1.40) | 1.78 (1.06-2.98)* |
Low vs. High | 1.33 (0.78-2.26) | 1.64 (0.66-4.09) | 1.73 (0.77-3.86) |
School environment
| |||
Medium vs. Favourable | 1.37 (0.98-1.93) | 3.0 (1.30-6.93)** | 2.13 (1.16-3.92)** |
Poor vs. Favourable | 1.90 (1.22-2.95)** | 4.29 (1.67-11.0)** | 4.24 (2.14-8.38)** |
Peer group
| |||
Medium vs. Favourable | 0.95 (0.64-1.40) | 1.58 (0.63-4.0) | 1.14 (0.59-2.21) |
Poor vs. Favourable | 1.29 (0.81-2.03) | 1.60 (0.58-4.40) | 1.33 (0.64-2.76) |
Gender
| |||
Female vs. Male | 1.24 (0.92-1.68) | 2.91 (1.52-5.58)** | 1.21 (0.75-1.96) |
Nutritional status
| |||
Ow/O vs. UN | 0.95 (0.63-1.41) | 1.57 (0.77-3.19) | 1.21 (0.68-2.14) |
Municipality size
| |||
Metropolitan vs. >50,000 | 0.83 (0.56-1.23) | 0.66 (0.28-1.54) | 0.52 (0.27-1.00) |
<10,000 vs. >50,000 | 1.40 (0.92-2.14) | 1.05 (0.44-2.51) | 1.02 (0.54-1.92) |
10,000-50,000 vs. >50,000 | 1.12 (0.74-1.72) | 1.18 (0.53-2.62) | 0.63 (0.32-1.23) |
Age 13
| |||
Family affluence
| |||
Medium vs. High | 0.95 (0.71-1.26) | 0.79 (0.48-1.29) | 1.26 (0.83-1.92) |
Low vs. High | 0.98 (0.50-1.91) | 1.87 (0.75-4.70) | 3.34 (1.53-7.31)** |
School environment
| |||
Medium vs. Favourable | 2.38 (1.65-3.45)** | 3.86 (1.49-10.03)** | 3.15 (1.51-6.56)** |
Poor vs. Favourable | 4.46 (2.91-6.82)** | 9.56 (3.66-25.02)** | 7.63 (3.60-16.15)** |
Peer group
| |||
Medium vs. Favourable | 0.98 (0.70-1.36) | 0.93 (0.51-1.69) | 1.26 (0.73-2.15) |
Poor vs. Favourable | 0.96 (0.65-1.42) | 1.18 (0.63-2.23) | 1.59 (0.90-2.83) |
Gender
| |||
Female vs. Male | 2.37 (1.79-3.13)** | 2.17 (1.33-3.53)** | 3.18 (2.04-4.96)** |
Nutritional status
| |||
Ow/O vs. UN | 1.39 (0.94-2.04) | 1.83 (1.03-3.26)* | 1.24 (0.71-2.17) |
Municipality size
| |||
Metropolitan vs. >50,000 | 1.07 (0.74-1.53) | 1.04 (0.51-2.09) | 1.51 (0.88-2.57) |
<10,000 vs. >50,000 | 0.87 (0.58-1.30) | 1.99 (1.02-3.91)* | 1.34 (0.73-2.45) |
10,000-50,000 vs. >50,000 | 0.89 (0.62-1.28) | 2.13 (1.16-3.92)** | 1.28 (0.74-2.21) |
Age 15
| |||
Family affluence
| |||
Medium vs. High | 0.90 (0.66-1.24) | 1.62 (1.04-2.52)* | 1.11 (0.72-1.17) |
Low vs. High | 0.99 (0.54-1.84) | 0.92 (0.36-2.37) | 2.41 (1.18-4.95)** |
School environment
| |||
Medium vs. Favourable | 0.87 (0.56-1.33) | 1.45 (0.68-3.12) | 0.91 (0.44-1.86) |
Poor vs. Favourable | 1.56 (0.98-2.47) | 2.72 (1.26-5.87)** | 3.43 (1.72-6.85)** |
Peer group
| |||
Medium vs. Favourable | 1.29 (0.90-1.84) | 0.79 (0.646-1.35) | 0.97 (0.57-1.64) |
Poor vs. Favourable | 1.17 (0.78-1.76) | 1.01 (0.57-1.78) | 1.54 (0.89-2.66) |
Gender
| |||
Female vs. male | 3.43 (2.54-4.65)** | 2.50 (1.57-3.96)** | 1.41 (0.92-2.15) |
Nutritional status
| |||
Ow/O vs. UN | 1.47 (0.94-2.31) | 2.81 (1.63-4.83)** | 1.51 (0.86-2.65) |
Municipality size
| |||
Metropolitan vs. >50,000 | 1.08 (0.74-1.59) | 1.33 (0.75-2.37) | 1.08 (0.56-1.85) |
<10,000 vs. >50,000 | 1.18 (0.56-2.51) | 1.59 (0.54-4.64) | 1.11 (0.36-3.42) |
10,000-50,000 vs. >50,000 | 1.11 (0.77-1.58) | 1.66 (1.00-2.76) | 1.00 (0.61-1.63) |