Background
Methods
Measures
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Tried to stay in contact with people
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Actively did things to reduce stress
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Considered that spiritual health activities are important
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Used trial and error practices with their health
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Currently smoked
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Ate less than the recommended five serves of vegetables a day [26]
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Ate less than the recommended two serves of fruit a day [26]
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Did not do sufficient physical activity to obtain a health benefit
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Did not follow alcohol consumption guidelines.
Results
n
| % (95 % CI) | X2 test p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 234/1460 | 16.0 (13.4–19.1) | 0.01 |
Female | 321/1534 | 20.9 (16.7–23.4) | |
Age group | |||
18 to 44 years | 269/1482 | 18.1 (15.1–24.5) | 0.71 |
45 to 64 years | 192/987 | 19.4 (17.1–22.0) | |
65 and over years | 95/525 | 18.1 (15.5–21.0) | |
Educationa | |||
Up to secondary schooling | 313/1380 | 22.7 (20.0–25.7) | <0.001 |
Trade, certificate or diploma | 141/757 | 18.6 (15.0–22.8) | |
Tertiary | 95/809 | 11.8 (9.1–15.1) | |
Marital statusa | |||
Married/ living with partner | 355/1993 | 17.8 (15.8–20.0) | 0.02 |
Separated/divorced | 53/187 | 28.5 (22.6–35.1) | |
Widowed | 34/147 | 23.1 (17.9–29.4) | |
Never married | 109/649 | 16.7 (12.3–22.3) | |
Income | |||
Up to $20,000 | 72/267 | 27.1 (22.3–32.5) | <0.001 |
$20,001–$40,000 | 64/307 | 20.9 (15.6–26.0) | |
$40,001–$60,000 | 56/304 | 18.2 (13.1–24.8) | |
$60,001–$80,000 | 62/393 | 15.8 (11.3–21.5) | |
$80,000 or more | 158/1134 | 13.9 (11.3–17.1) | |
Not stated | 143/589 | 24.3 (19.8–29.5) | |
Work statusa | |||
Employed | 310/1873 | 16.6 (14.2–19.1) | <0.001 |
Unemployed | 25/106 | 23.7 (12.9–39.6) | |
Engaged in home duties | 51/201 | 25.3 (18.9–33.1) | |
Student | 10/168 | 6.0 (2.7–13.0) | |
Retired | 118/584 | 20.2 (17.5–23.2) | |
Unable to work | 41/60 | 68.2 (55.4–78.8) | |
Country of birtha | |||
Australia | 423/2341 | 18.1 (16.1–20.2) | 0.008 |
UK / Ireland | 27/184 | 14.5 (10.4–20.0) | |
Other | 105/466 | 22.5 (17.5–28.4) | |
Family structurea | |||
Family and children | 246/1571 | 17.6 (15.0–20.5) | 0.12 |
Adults living alone | 61/282 | 21.8 (18.4–25.7) | |
Adult with partner - no children | 129/767 | 16.9 (14.4–19.6) | |
Adults living together related/unrelated | 80/342 | 23.3 (16.7–31.5) | |
Receive a pension | |||
Don't receive any benefit or pension | 353/2168 | 16.3 (14.2–18.6) | <0.001 |
Receive some form of benefit or pension | 202/825 | 24.4 (21.2–27.9) | |
Index of social disadvantagea | |||
SEIFA Quintile 1 (Most disadvantaged) | 119/584 | 20.3 (16.5–24.7) | 0.01 |
SEIFA Quintile 2 | 152/693 | 22.0 (18.4–26.0) | |
SEIFA Quintile 3 | 129/621 | 20.8 (16.4–25.9) | |
SEIFA Quintiles 4 | 82/548 | 14.9 (11.4–19.3) | |
SEIFA Quintile 5 (Least disadvantaged) | 74/541 | 13.6 (10.2–17.9) |
Demographic characteristics | Health status | Social support | Actions/beliefs | Actions/perceptions related to medical treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female OR 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | Fair/poor health status OR 5.9 (4.7–7.2) | Get support from partner OR 2.6 (2.1–3.2) | Don’t actively try to stay in contact with people OR 1.7 (1.2–2.3) | Sometimes not/not at all comfortable talking with doctor OR 1.8 (1.2–2.9) |
Divorced/Separated OR 1.5 (1.1–1.8) | Have at least one chronic condition OR 3.1 (2.5–3.8) | Get support from family OR 2.5 (2.0–3.1) | Actively do things to reduce stress OR 1.6 (1.2–2.0) | Sometimes doesn’t/doesn’t at all follow doctor’s instructions OR 1.5 (1.3–1.9) |
Home duties OR 1.9 (1.3–2.7) Retired OR 1.4 (1.2–1.7) Unable to work OR 9.8 (5.9–16.0) | Health condition very severe OR 6.0 (4.9–7.3) | Get support from friends OR 3.0 (2.1–4.3) | Spiritual health activities important OR 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | Sometimes doesn’t/doesn’t worry at all that not following doctors’ instructions might make health worse OR 1.3 (1.0–1.6) |
Rent from government OR 2.4 (1.6–3.7) Other housing OR 1.7 (1.0–3.0) | Lack energy to do what is needed all/most/some of the time OR 5.2 (4.3–6.3) | Get support from neighbours or community or church OR 2.6 (1.7–4.0) | Use trial and error practices with health OR 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | Not always compliant taking drugs OR 1.3 (1.1–1.6) |
Live alone OR 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | Have to make adjustments to daily life all/most/some of the time OR 4.6 (3.6–5.9) | Get support from support groups OR 1.8 (1.0–3.0) | Currently smoke OR 1.9 (1.5–2.4) | Went to doctor more than 20 times in the last year OR 4.4 (3.2–6.2) |
Born in country other than Australia, the UK or Ireland OR 1.4 (1.1–2.0) | Care about health some/most/all of the time OR 2.1 (1.4–3.3) | Receive some support OR 3.4 (2.8–4.1) | Eat less than 5 serves of vegetables daily OR 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | Sometimes not/not comfortable at all talking with other health professional OR 2.8 (1.7–4.7) |
Household income up to $60,000 OR 1.8 (1.5–2.2) | Have high or very high psychological distress OR 8.1 (6.4–10.2) | Eat less than 2 serves of fruit daily OR 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | Went to other health professional more than 20 times in the last year OR 2.1 (1.4–3.2) | |
Have barely enough or not enough money to get by until next pay OR 2.3 (1.9–2.8) | Obese OR 1.9 (1.6–2.4) | Doesn’t do sufficient physical activity OR 1.6 (1.3–1.9) | ||
Get no pension or benefit OR 1.7 (1.4–2.0) Expense stopped some form of medical intervention OR 2.2 (1.8–2.7) | Doesn’t follow alcohol consumption guidelines for long term health OR 1.4 (1.1–1.6) | |||
High or highest level of social disadvantage OR 1.5 (1.2–1.8) |
Sometimes, almost always or always angry about health | Odds Ratio | Bias corrected confidence intervals |
p
|
---|---|---|---|
Don't always do what the doctor advises | 1.289 | 1.112–1.481 | 0.001 |
Have some support from groups or others | 1.511 | 1.200–1.930 | <0.001 |
Have at least one chronic condition | 1.592 | 1.282–2.100 | <0.001 |
Have to make adjustments to daily life | 1.835 | 1.292–2.237 | <0.001 |
Have a fair to poor health status | 1.424 | 1.265–1.697 | <0.001 |
Have a severe health condition | 1.145 | 1.079–1.211 | <0.001 |
High psychological distress | 1.122 | 1.089–1.142 | <0.001 |
Have a tertiary education | 0.568 | 0.425–0.747 | <0.001 |
AgeXAdjustment interaction | 0.992 | 0.989–0.998 | <0.001 |