Background
Methods
Setting
Data
Variables
Theme | Covariatea | Definition |
---|---|---|
Access to healthcare | ||
Health facility density | Number of health facilities per 100,000 population. | |
Vaccination coverage | Percentage of fully immunized children between 12 and 23 months. | |
Under-five mortality rate | Number of deaths of children under five per 1000 live births. | |
Socioeconomic status | ||
Poverty headcount ratio | Percentage of the total population living below the national poverty line. | |
Literacy rate | Percentage of the population older than 15 who can read and write. | |
Demography & key populations | ||
Sex ratio | Number of males per 100 females. | |
Elderly population | Percentage of population over 65 years of age. | |
Ageing index | Number of persons aged 60 or over per 100 persons under the age of 15. | |
Stunting | Percentage of children under five with a height-for-age z-score below −2 standard deviations, from the median of the reference population. | |
Migrant distribution | Percentage of total internal migrant population per area. | |
Miners | Percentage of wage earners in mining industry/ total population in mining and quarrying industry. | |
Population density | Number of persons per square kilometre. | |
Security | Districts of Pakistan that were frequently reported as “insecure”. | |
Quality of TB diagnostic and treatment services | ||
Testing rate | Number of persons tested for TB per 100,000 population. | |
Test positivity rate | Percentage of tested individuals with a positive test result. | |
Bacteriologically diagnosed | Proportion of total cases with a bacteriologically confirmed test result. | |
Treatment success rate | Proportion of notified cases who have completed their treatment. |
Statistical analysis
Spatial autocorrelation
Univariable and multivariable analyses
Results
Descriptive analysis
Variable | N | Meana | SD | Min | Max | Missing | Nationalb | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | |||||||
Population | 64 | 2,488,828 | 2,039,092 | 449,100 | 14,386,878 | 0 | 0.0 | 159,284,969 |
Case notification | 64 | 3219 | 3291 | 455 | 23,686 | 0 | 0.0 | 205,985 |
Case notification rate | 64 | 124 | 33 | 50 | 187 | 0 | 0.0 | 129 |
Healthcare access | ||||||||
Facility density (per 100,000 population) | 64 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 5.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.7 |
Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births) | 64c | 46 | 9 | 35 | 67 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Vaccination coverage (%) | 64 | 87.2 | 3.8 | 76.4 | 94.5 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Socioeconomic status | ||||||||
Poverty headcount ratio (%) | 64 | 32.3 | 12.1 | 3.6 | 63.7 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Literacy rate (%) | 64 | 54.7 | 7.8 | 37.5 | 73.7 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
TB programme efforts | ||||||||
Bacteriologically confirmed (%) | 64 | 74.1 | 7.3 | 56.9 | 89.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 72.5 |
Test positivity rate (%) | 64 | 6.3 | 1.4 | 3.3 | 10.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 6.5 |
Test rate (per 100,000 population) | 64 | 1199 | 352 | 569 | 2015 | 0 | 0.0 | 1145 |
Treatment success rate (%) | 64 | 94.4 | 2.3 | 87.1 | 99.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 94.5 |
Demography | ||||||||
Stunting (%) | 64 | 41.2 | 7.0 | 27.7 | 55.9 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Sex ratio (male: female) | 64 | 99.2 | 4.8 | 90.2 | 119.3 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Population density (per km2) | 64 | 1108 | 1038 | 86 | 8111 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Elderly population (%) | 64 | 7.8 | 1.3 | 4.8 | 11.3 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Migrant population (%)c | 64 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.39 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Variable | N | Meana | SD | Min | Max | Missing | Nationalb | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | |||||||
Population | 75 | 364,160 | 304,925 | 5284 | 1,931,225 | 0 | 0.0 | 27,311,978 |
Case notification | 75 | 494 | 572 | 4 | 3642 | 0 | 0.0 | 37,025 |
Case notification rate | 75 | 110 | 49 | 31 | 227 | 0 | 0.0 | 136 |
Healthcare access | ||||||||
Facility density (per 100,000 population) | 75 | 98.9 | 73.6 | 24.7 | 530.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 65.6 |
Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births) | 75c | 64 | 9 | 55 | 82 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Vaccination coverage (%) | 75c | 88.9 | 4.7 | 79.8 | 97.4 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Socio-economic status | ||||||||
Poverty headcount ratio (%) | 75 | 27.7 | 13.4 | 4.0 | 64.1 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Literacy rate (%) | 75 | 58.1 | 10.6 | 34.6 | 87.3 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Demography | ||||||||
Stunting (%) | 75c | 43.4 | 9.7 | 31.3 | 59.5 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Sex ratio (male: female) | 75 | 92.7 | 9.0 | 76.0 | 127.3 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Population density (per km2) | 75 | 312 | 590 | 3 | 4416 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Ageing index (elders per 100 persons under 15)d | 74 | 16.3 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 35.5 | 1 | 1.3 | N/A |
Miners | 75c | 1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
Migrant distribution (%) | 75c | 35.9 | 5.0 | 26.0 | 39.3 | 0 | 0.0 | N/A |
TB programme efforts | ||||||||
Bacteriologically confirmed (%) | 75 | 72.2 | 12.8 | 22.2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 70.3 |
Treatment success rate (%) | 74 | 92.4 | 4.8 | 81.7 | 100.0 | 1 | 1.3 | 90.7 |
Variable | N | Meana | SD | Min | Max | Missing | Nationalb | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | |||||||
Population | 142 | 1,310,675 | 1,686,617 | 26,265 | 14,040,575 | 0 | 0.0 | 186,115,787 |
Case notification | 142 | 2297 | 3286 | 21 | 22,185 | 0 | 0.0 | 326,153 |
Case notification rate | 142 | 147 | 93 | 9 | 689 | 0 | 0.0 | 175 |
Healthcare access | ||||||||
Facility density (per 100,000 population) | 132 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 8.9 | 10 | 7.0 | 0.8 |
Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births) | 122c | 95.6 | 15.7 | 43.0 | 111.0 | 20 | 14.1 | N/A |
Vaccination coverage (%) | 122 | 69.9 | 23.0 | 3.0 | 99.0 | 20 | 14.1 | N/A |
Socio-economic status | ||||||||
Poverty headcount ratio (%) | 114 | 45.3 | 24.2 | 3.7 | 96.4 | 28 | 19.7 | N/A |
Literacy rate (%) | 122 | 49.9 | 14.5 | 19.6 | 85.0 | 20 | 14.1 | N/A |
Demography | ||||||||
Stunting (%) | 92c | 44.1 | 7.7 | 22.2 | 56.7 | 50 | 35.2 | N/A |
Migrant distribution (%) | 115c | 28.5 | 28.0 | 0.7 | 67.8 | 27 | 19.0 | N/A |
TB programme efforts | ||||||||
Bacteriologically confirmed (%) | 141 | 54.0 | 15.3 | 6.3 | 100.0 | 1 | 0.7 | 52.0 |
Test positivity rate (%) | 139 | 14.7 | 6.6 | 1.9 | 41.7 | 3 | 2.1 | 13.8 |
Test rate (per 100,000 population) | 139 | 478 | 498 | 40 | 4369 | 3 | 2.1 | 542 |
Treatment success rate (%) | 141 | 92.6 | 5.7 | 75.0 | 100.0 | 1 | 0.7 | 91.8 |
Statistical results
Covariate | Univariable | Non-spatial multivariable a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
B | CI | B | CI | |
Constant | – | – | 52.12 | 9.74–261.59 |
Population density | 0.01 | − 0.002 – 0.01 | 4.5e-3** | 1.7e-3 – 7.3e-3 |
Bacteriologically diagnosed | −1.51** | −2.45 – − 0.57 | −1.33*** | − 1.65 - -1.01 |
Testing rate | 0.05*** | 0.03–0.07 | 0.06*** | 0.06–0.07 |
Positivity rate | 12.83*** | 7.97–8.52 | 14.44*** | 12.44–16.48 |
Facility density | 0.37 | −7.17 – 8.51 | – | – |
Treatment success rate | 5.87*** | 2.82–8.99 | − 0.25 | − 1.52 - 1.04 |
Vaccination coverage | − 1.22 | −3.12 – 0.72 | 0.34 | −0.39 - 1.08 |
Literacy rate | 0.23 | −0.07 – 1.20 | −0.2 | − 0.54 - 0.13 |
Poverty headcount ratio | −0.62* | −1.21 – − 0.2 | −0.05 | − 0.24 - 0.15 |
Stunting | 0.56 | −0.50 – 1.63 | −0.02 | − 0.36 - 0.32 |
Under-five mortality ratio | 1.15** | 0.31–1.99 | − 0.05 | −0.38 - 0.27 |
Sex ratio | 0.53 | −1.01 – 2.09 | 0.14 | −0.58 - 0.86 |
Elderly population | −1.83 | −7.17 – 3.82 | 1.11 | −1.58 - 3.88 |
Migrant distribution | 0.88 | −0.32 – 2.10 | – | – |
Global Moran’s I of the residuals | −0.07 | |||
P-value of global Moran’s I | 0.28 |
Univariable | Non-spatial multivariable a | Spatial multivariable b | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariate | B | CI | B | CI | B | CI |
Constant | – | – | ||||
Facility density | − 0.29*** | − 0.42 – − 0.16 | − 0.19 | − 0.39 - 0 | − 0.19* | − 0.37 - -0.01 |
Sex ratio | 0.99 | −0.18 – 2.18 | 1.56* | 0.31–2.83 | 1.54** | 0.40–2.69 |
Treatment success rate | −5.19*** | −6.95 – −3.40 | − 3.66*** | −5.38 - -1.91 | −3.68*** | −5.27 - -2.08 |
Stunting | −1.83*** | −2.83 – − 0.83 | − 1.89* | − 3.27 - -0.48 | − 1.88** | −3.15 - -0.60 |
Bacteriologically diagnosed | − 0.63 | −1.45 – 0.18 | − 0.32 | − 1.06 - 0.43 | −0.31 | − 0.99 - 0.37 |
Population density | 0.03*** | 0.01–0.05 | 0 | −0.02 - 0.01 | 0 | −0.02 - 0.01 |
Migrant distribution | −0.43 | − 2.52 – 1.71 | −1.31 | −3.59 - 1.02 | − 1.36 | − 3.47 - 0.8 |
Literacy rate | 0.04 | −0.97 – 1.05 | 1.21 | −0.16 - 2.6 | 1.16 | −0.11 - 2.44 |
Under-five mortality rate | 0.45 | −0.68 – 1.60 | ||||
Poverty headcount ratio | −0.89* | −1.57 – − 0.04 | 57.39 | −41.65 - 324.53 | 50.99 | −39.55 - 277.15 |
Ageing index | −1.07 | −2.79 – 0.67 | −0.58 | −3.28 - 2.19 | −0.56 | −3.06 - 2.01 |
Miners | −20.88* | −35.76 – − 2.54 | ||||
Vaccination coverage | −1.29 | −3.48 – 0.95 | − 1.2 | − 3.45 - 1.1 | −1.23 | −3.29 - 0.88 |
Global Moran’s I of the residuals | 0.17 | −0.02 | ||||
P-value of global Moran’s I | 0.01 | 0.44 |
Univariable | Non-spatial multivariable a | Spatial multivariable b | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariate | B | CI | B | CI | B | CI |
Constant | – | – | 25.00*** | 25.60–60.60 | 24.06*** | 23.60–57.97 |
Testing rate | 0.04*** | 0.02–0.07 | 0.08*** | 0.05–0.11 | 0.08*** | 0.05–0.10 |
Test positivity rate | 4.04*** | 2.20–5.91 | 4.32*** | 2.6–6.08 | 4.29*** | 2.73–5.87 |
Bacteriologically diagnosed | −1.84*** | −2.58 – − 1.10 | −1.43*** | − 2.06 - -0.8 | −1.45*** | −2.02 - -0.88 |
Treatment success rate | 0.99 | 0.97–1.02 | 0.06 | −1.45 - 1.59 | 0.07 | −1.34 - 1.5 |
Vaccination coverage | 1.88*** | 1.38–2.38 | 1.15*** | 0.52–1.78 | 1.17*** | 0.61–1.72 |
Migrant distribution | 1.5*** | 1.06–1.9 | 0.61 | −0.63 - 1.86 | 0.64 | −0.51 - 1.81 |
Facility density | −9.19 | −20.01 – 3.10 | 20.64** | 7.94–34.84 | 20.41*** | 8.42–33.72 |
Poverty headcount ratio | −1.87*** | − 90.40 – −75.37 | 6.42 | −36.05 - 77.09 | 16.56 | −25.55 - 82.48 |
Stunting | −1.27* | −2.47 – −0.05 | 1.55 | −1.18 - 4.37 | 1.52 | −0.94 - 4.04 |
Under-five mortality rate | −1.86** | −2.15 – −0.47 | −0.55 | − 2.19 - 1.1 | − 0.55 | −2.06 - 0.99 |
Security | − 0.11 | − 0.43 – − 0.21 | −7.35 | −45.33 - 56.99 | − 7.85 | −42.66 - 48.11 |
Global Moran’s I of the residuals | 0.11 | −0.04 | ||||
P-value of global Moran’s I | 0.01 | 0.14 |