Introduction
Background
Materials and methods
REGION / STATE / MUNICIPALITY | COORDINATES | LOCALITIES WHERE INTERVIEWS WERE MADE |
---|---|---|
NORTHEASTERN | ||
Ceará
| ||
Acaraú | 02°53'08" S 40°26'57" W | Rio Acaraú, Arpoeiras |
Aquiraz | 03°54'05" S 38°23'28" W | Prainha, Iguape, Batoque |
Beberibe | 04°10'47" S 38°07'50" W | Parajuru, Rio Choro, Uruau, Sucatinga |
Camocim | 02°54'08" S 40°50'28" W | Rio Coreaú, Tatajuba |
Cascavel | 04°07'59" S 38°14'31" W | Rio Mal Cozinhado, Caponga, Balbino, Águas Belas |
Caucaia | 03°44'10" S 38°39'11" W | Rio São Gonçalo, Barra do Cauípe |
Cruz | 02°55'04" S 40°10'18" W | Preá |
Eusébio | 03°53'24" S 38°27'02" W | Rio Pacoti |
Fortim | 04°27'07" S 37°47'50" W | Rio Jaguaribe, Rio Piranji |
Icapui | 04°23'15" S 37°21'48" W | Manibu, Requenguela, Retiro Grande, Redonda, Peixe Gordo, Braço de mar da Barra Grande |
Itarema | 02°55'13" S 39°54'54" W | Braço de mar de Porto dos Barcos |
Jijoca | 02°53'42" S 40°26'57" W | Rio Guriu |
Paracuru | 03°24'36" S 39°01'50" W | Rio Curu |
São Gonçalo do Amarante | 03°36'26" S 38°58'06" W | Pecém, Taíba |
Trairi | 03°16'40" S 39°16'08" W | Rio Trairi, Rio Mundau, Guajiru, Flexeiras, Mundau |
Maranhão
| ||
Raposa | 02°25'23" S 44°06'12" W | Raposa |
Paraíba
| ||
Marcação | 06°48'11" S 35°04'50" W | Tramataia |
Rio Tinto | 06°48'11" S 35°04'50" W | Barra de Mamanguape |
Pernambuco
| ||
Goiana | 07°33'38" S 35°00'09" W | Estuário de Itapessoca |
Piauí
| ||
Cajueiro da Praia | 02°55'40" S 41°20'10" W | Barra Grande, Cajueiro de Cima |
NORTH
| ||
Pará
| ||
Bragança | 01°07'30" S 46°37'30" W | Rio Caeté, Rio Maguari, Praia de Ajuruteua |
Augusto Corrêa | 01°07'30" S 46°37'30" W | Rio Urumajó |
Surveyed communities
Results and Discussion
Regions / Brazilian States | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NORTHEASTERN | NORTH | |||||
Ceará (n = 42) | Maranhão (n = 29) | Paraíba (n = 19) | Pernambuco (n = 29) | Piauí (n = 32) | Pará (n = 30) | |
Intentional
| 12 | 02 | 12 | 10 | ||
Occasional
| 30 | 29 | 17 | 17 | 22 | 30 |
Age groups of fishers | 10 a 20 (25%) | 20 a 30 (10.3%) | 30 a 40 (26.3%) | 10 a 20 (10.3%) | 10 a 20 (3.1%) | 20 a 30 (23.3%) |
20 a 30 (50%) | 30 a 40 (17.2%) | 40 a 50 (26.3%) | 20 a 30 (10.3%) | 20 a 30 (15.6%) | 30 a 40 (30%) | |
30 a 40 (25%) | 40 a 50 (41.4%) | 50 a 60 (26.3%) | 30 a 40 (31 %) | 30 a 40 (15.6%) | 40 a 50 (33.3%) | |
50 a 60 (27.6%) | 60 a 70 (21.1%) | 40 a 50 (20.7%) | 40 a 50 (25%) | 50 a 60 (6.7%) | ||
60 a 70 (3.5%) | 50 a 60 (20.7%) | 50 a 60 (18.8%) | 60 a 70 (6.7%) | |||
60 a 70 (7%) | 60 a 70 (12.5%) | |||||
70 a 80 (9.4%) | ||||||
Ethnoclassification
| Colour only (n = 20), colour and skin appendages (n = 12), no answers (n = 10) | Colour only | Colour only | Colour only (n = 10), colour and skin appendages (n = 19) | Colour only (n = 30), colour and skin appendages (n = 2) | Colour only |
Population decline
| Yes (n = 8), no (n = 10), no answers (n = 24) | Yes (n = 15), no (n = 14) | Yes (n = 19) | Yes (n = 25), no (n = 4) | Yes (n = 13), no (n = 19) | Yes (n = 8), no (n = 22) |
Cited habitats
| Only estuarine areas (camboas) (n = 26), only sea (n = 13), estuarine areas (camboas) and sea (n = 3) | Only estuarine areas (camboas) (n = 24), only sea (n = 1), estuarine areas (camboas) and sea (n = 4) | Only estuarine areas (camboas) (n = 3), estuarine areas (camboas) and sea (n = 16) | Only estuarine areas (camboas) (n = 29) | Only estuarine areas (camboas) (n = 30), estuarine areas (camboas) and sea (n = 2) | Only estuarine areas (camboas) (n = 12), only sea (n = 10), estuarine areas (camboas) and sea (n = 8) |
Sazonal migration
| Yes (n = 19), no (n = 2), no answers (n = 21) | No (n = 29) | Yes (n = 19) | Yes (n = 15), no (n = 1), no answers (n = 13) | No (n = 32) | No (n = 30) |
Cited preys
| No answers (n = 31), "dirt in the water" (n = 3), fish larvae (n = 1), shrimp larvae (n = 3), crabs (n = 2), algae (n = 2), "lodo" (n = 1) | No answers (n = 14), "dirt in the water" (n = 5), algae (n = 1), "lodo" (n = 11) | No answers (n = 4), fish and shrimp larvae (n = 6), algae (n = 4), "lodo" (n = 5) | No answers (n = 12), adult shrimp (n = 3), shrimp larvae (n = 11), algae (n = 1), mud and "lodo" (n = 2) | No answers (n = 7), "dirt in the water" (n = 5), shrimp larvae (n = 1), algae (n = 4), mud and "lodo" (n = 16) | No answers (n = 6), "dirt in the water" (n = 4), fish larvae (n = 1), shrimp larvae (n = 1), algae (n = 7), mud and "lodo" (n = 19) |
Cited Predators
| No answers (n = 33), "baiacu" (n = 4), "moréias" (n = 3), "ciobas" (n = 1), "cavalas" (n = 1), "beijupirás" (n = 1), other fishes (n = 1) | No answers (21), none (n = 1), large fish ("mero") (n = 1), other fishes (n = 3), crabs (n = 3) | None (all answers) | No answers (n = 21), none (n = 6), crabs (n = 1), large fish ("mero") (n = 1) | No answers (n = 20), none (n = 3), large fish ("mero") (n = 1), "baiacu" (n = 4), crabs (n = 2), "pacamão" (n = 2), "dourado velho" (n = 1), "bagre" (n = 3), "carapitanga" (n = 1), "ariacó" ("cioba") (n = 1) | No answers (n = 11), none (n = 1), "pescada amarela" (n = 3), "garoupa" (n = 4), "gorijuba" (n = 3), "cação" (n = 6), "camurupim" (n = 1), "piraúna" (n = 1), "pargo" (n = 2), "sirigado" (n = 1), large fish ("mero") (n = 1), "baiacu" (n = 2), "bagre" (n = 1), "ariacó" ("cioba") (n = 3), other fishes (n = 5), crabs (n = 1) |
Feeding behavior
| Not mentioned | Not mentioned | One respondent | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Social structure (adults)
| Solitary (generally) (n = 12), groups of 2 or 3 individuals (n = 5), solitary and groups of 2 or 3 individuals (n = 1), no answers (n = 24) | Solitary (n = 14), groups of 2 a 5 individuals (n = 11), solitary and groups of 2 or 3 individuals (n = 4) | Not mentioned | Solitary (n = 21), groups of 2 a 3 individuals (n = 6), solitary and groups (n = 1), no answers (n = 1) | Solitary (n = 12), groups of 2 a 3 individuals (n = 16), solitary and groups of 2 a 3 individuals (n = 4) | Solitary (n = 24), groups of 2 a 3 individuals (n = 5), solitary and groups of 2 or 3 individuals (n = 1) |
Pregnancy
| No answers (n = 28), male (n = 11), female (n = 3) | Female (n = 29) | Male (n = 2), female (n = 17) | No answers (n = 6), male (n = 11), female (n = 12) | Male (n = 3), female (n = 29) | Male (n = 0), female (n = 30) |
Courtship behavior
| Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Mentioned by one respondents | Not mentioned | Mentioned by three respondents | Not mentioned |
Reproductive period
| No answers (n = 31), winter (n = 7), summer (n = 1), throughout the year (n = 3) | No answers (n = 21), winter (n = 5), summer (n = 3) | No answers (n = 2), summer (n = 16), throghout the year (n = 1) | No answers (n = 22), winter (n = 5), summer (n = 1), throghout the year (n = 1) | No answers (n = 23), winter (n = 6), summer (n = 1), throughout the year (n = 2) | No answers (n = 23), winter (n = 3), summer (n = 3), throughout the year (n = 1) |
Brazilian States | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paraiba (n = 19) | Pernambuco (n = 29) | Ceara (n = 42) | Piauí (n = 32) | |||||
Intentional fishers (n= 2) | Occasional fishers (n = 17) | Intentional fishers (n= 12) | Occasional fishers (n = 17) | Intentional fishers (n= 12) | Occasional fishers (n = 30) | Intentional fishers (n = 10) | Occasional fishers (n = 22) | |
Ethnoclassification | Colour (n = 2) | Colour (n = 17) | Colour (n = 3), colour and skin appendages (n = 9) | Colour (n = 7), colour and skin appendages (n = 10) | Colour (n = 2), colour and skin appendages (n = 10) | Colour (n = 19), colour and skin appendages (n = 2), No answers (n = 9) | Colour (n = 8), colour and skin appendages (n = 2) | Colour (n = 22) |
Population decline | Yes (n = 2) | Yes (n = 17) | Yes (n = 9), no (n = 3) | Yes (n = 16), no (n = 1) | Yes (n = 5), no (n = 6) no answers (n = 1) | Yes (n = 3), no (n = 4) no answers (n = 23) | Yes (n = 8), no (n = 2) | Yes (n = 5), no (n = 17) |
Habitats | Estuarine areas only (camboas) (n = 2) | Estuarine areas (camboas) and sea (n = 17) | Estuarine areas only (camboas) (n = 12) | Estuarine areas only (camboas) (n = 17) | Estuarine areas only (camboas) (n = 12) | Estuarine areas only (camboas) (n = 12), sea only (n = 12), estuarine areas (camboas) and sea (n = 6) | Estuarine areas only (camboas) (n = 9), estuarine areas (camboas) and sea (n = 1) | Estuarine areas only (camboas) (n = 21), estuarine areas (camboas) and sea (n = 1) |
Seasonal migration | Yes (n = 2) | Yes (n = 17) | Yes (n = 9), no answers (n = 3) | Yes (n = 5), no (n = 1), no answers (n = 11) | Yes (n = 9), no (n = 1), no answers (n = 2) | Yes (n = 10), no (n = 1), no answers (n = 19) | No (n = 10) | No (n = 22) |
Quoted prey types | Shrimp larvae (n = 2) | Shrimp and larvae (n = 4), algae (n = 4), "lodo" (n = 5), no answers (n = 4) | Adult shrimp (n = 2), shrimp larvae (n = 7), algae (n = 1), no answers (n = 2) | Adult shrimp (n = 1), shrimp larvae (n = 4), mud and "lodo" (n = 2), no answers (n = 10) | Fish and algae (n = 1), shrimp larvae (n = 3), crabs (n = 2), "dirt in the water" (n = 3), "lodo" (n = 1), no answers (n = 2) | "Dirt in the water" (n = 1), no answers (n = 29) | Egg of fish (1), algae (n = 1), "dirt in the water" (n = 1), mud and "lodo" (n = 6), no answers (n = 1) | "Dirt in the water" (n = 4), lama and "lodo" (n = 10), shrymp larvae (1), algae (n = 3), no answers (6) |
Quoted predators | None (all answers) | None (all answers) | None (n = 5), large fish ("mero") (n = 1), no answers (n = 6) | None (n = 1), crabs (n = 1), no answers (n = 15) | "Baiacu" (n = 4), "moréias" (n = 3), no answers (n = 5) | Other fishes (n = 1); "cioba", "cavala" e "beijupirá" (n = 1), no answers (n = 28) | "Baiacu" (n = 1), "dourado velho" (n = 1), "bagre" (n = 1), "carapitanga" (n = 1), "siri" (n = 2), no answers (n = 7) | "Baiacu" (n = 3), "pacamão" (n = 2), "bagre" (n = 2), "cioba" (n = 1), no answers (n = 16) |
Feeding behavior | One respondent | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Social structure (adults) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Solitary (generally) (n = 7), groups of 2 or 3 individuals (n = 5) | Solitary (generally) (n = 14), groups of 2 or 3 individuals (n = 1), solitary and groups of 2 or 3 individuals (n = 1), no answers (n = 1) | Solitary (generally) (n = 4), groups of 2 or 3 individuals (n = 5), solitary or in groups of 2 or 3 individuals (n = 1), no answers (n = 2) | Solitary (generally) (n = 8), no answers (n = 22) | Solitary (generally) (n = 3), groups of 2 or 3 individuals (n = 7) | Solitary (generally) (n = 9), groups of 2 or 3 individuals (n = 9), solitary or in groups of 2 or 3 individuals (n = 4) |
Presence of brooding pouch | Female (n = 2) | Male (n = 1), female (n = 16) | Male (n = 6), female (n = 4), no answers (n = 2) | Male (n = 5), female (n = 8), no answers (n = 4) | Male (n = 10), female (n = 2) | Male (n = 1), female (n = 1), no answers (n = 28) | Male (n = 3), female (n = 7) | Female (n = 22) |
Courtship behavior | One respondent | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Three respondents | Not mentioned |
Reproductive period | Summer (n = 2) | Summer (n = 14), throughout the year (n = 1), no answers (n = 2) | Winter (n = 1), throughout the year (n = 1), no answers (n = 10) | Summer (n = 1), Winter (n = 4), no answers (n = 12) | Summer (n = 1), Winter (n = 6), throughout the year (n = 3), no answers (n = 2) | Winter (n = 1), no answers (n = 29) | Summer (n = 1), Winter (n = 1), throughout the year (n = 2), no answers (n = 6) | Winter (n = 5), no answers (n = 17) |
Ethnotaxonomy
Habitat
Feeding ecology
Captivity care
Predation
Reproduction
Sexual behavior
Sex differentiation
Social structure
Population declines
Objective | Information provided by fishers |
---|---|
Identify threats to seahorses populations Determine those populations targetted by fisheries, the incidental capture in fisheries, and other sources of mortality | Population declines through overharvesting and bycatch; habitat damage. |
Identify and document useful practices for maintaining seahorses in captivity (live trade) | Keeping seahorses in the wild until selling the specimens |
Identify economic incentives that threaten seahorse wild populations | Brooding seahorses are captured because they are accepted by buyers; No control of seahorses caught as bycatch in commercial nets; specimens enter the dried trade |
Reduce to the greatest extent practicable the incidental capture and mortality of seahorses in nets through the development of spatial and seasonal closures | Fishers detain a broad knowledge of seahorses' habitats and main areas of occurrence. |
Establish necessary measures to protect and conserve seahorse habitats, through the identification of areas of critical habitat. | Fishers detain a broad knowledge of seahorses' habitats and main areas of occurrence, and of possible migrations |
Gather information on seahorse populations and their habitats Initiate and/or continue long-term monitoring of priority seahorse populations | Fishers' knowledge on seahorses' habitat use, colour patterns and skin filaments can be used to monitor seahorse populations, and to better delimit seahorse populations from a taxonomic viewpoint. |