Background
Methods
Study design and participants
The fitness consultation
Tests of fitness and muscle strength
Biochemical and clinical variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristic | |
---|---|
Sex (men/women) | 73 (57%)/54 (43%) |
Age (years) | 67.0 (59.8-73.8) |
Diabetes duration (years) | 3 (2-8) |
School education (basic/further) | 39 (31%)/88 (69%) |
Marital status (single/cohabiting) | 29 (23%)/98 (77%) |
VO2max (ml kg-1 min-1) | 19.0 (17.0-22.5) |
Arm curl test (times per 30 sec) | 17 (14-19) |
Chair stand test (times per 30 sec) | 14 (12-17) |
Haemoglobin A1c (%) | 6.8 (6.4-7.5) |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.3 (1.1-1.5) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.0 (4.2-5.6) |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.7 (2.2-3.3) |
Fasting triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.5 (1.1-2.3) |
Waist circumference (cm, men) | 105 (101-115) |
Waist circumference (cm, women) | 99 (92-107) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.6 (26.3-33.3) |
Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 140 (130-150) |
Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 80 (75-85) |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 7.7 (6.8-9.1) |
Antihypertensive medication (N/Y) | 36 (28%)/91 (72%) |
Antidiabetic treatment (diet/oral agents/insulin) | 37 (29%)/70 (55%)/20 (16%) |
Statin treatment (N/Y) | 49 (39%)/78 (61%) |
Smoking (N/Y) | 99 (78%)/28 (22%) |
Albumin/creatinine ratio (≤ 3.5/> 3.5) | 97 (76%)/30 (24%) |
Cardiovascular diseasea (N/Y) | 61 (48%)/66 (52%) |
Pain with function limitationb (N/Y) | 53 (42%)/74 (58%) |
Primary outcome measures
VO2max
(ml/kg/min) | Arm curl test (times per 30 sec) | Chair stand test (times per 30 sec) | Haemoglobin A1c
(%) | HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| Δ | SE | % |
p
a
| Δ | SE | % |
p
a
| Δ | SE | % |
p
a
| Δ | SE | % |
p
a
| Δ | SE | % |
p
a
| ||
Total | 127 | 0.46 | 0.20 | 2.5 | 0.032 | 5.9 | 0.30 | 33.2 | < 0.0001 | 5.1 | 0.31 | 34.1 | < 0.0001 | 0.020 | 0.066 | 0.3 | 0.57 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 8.6 | < 0.0001 | |
Sex | Male | 73 | 0.58 | 0.26 | 2.9 | * | 6.3 | 0.40 | 34.2 | 5.6 | 0.40 | 36.4 | -0.069 | 0.088 | -1.0 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 7.0 | ||||
Female | 54 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 2.0 | 5.3 | 0.46 | 31.8 | 4.4 | 0.47 | 31.0 | 0.129 | 0.098 | 1.8 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 10.2 | ||||||
Age | ≤ 67 years | 63 | 0.58 | 0.26 | 2.7 | * | 7.0 | 0.42 | 37.9 | * | 6.0 | 0.41 | 37.9 | * | 0.042 | 0.092 | 0.6 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 8.1 | ||
> 67 years | 64 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 2.0 | 4.7 | 0.43 | 27.8 | 4.1 | 0.45 | 29.2 | -0.002 | 0.096 | -0.0 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 9.3 | ||||||
Diabetes duration | ≤ 1 year | 31 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.8 | 7.0 | 0.60 | 38.4 | 6.8 | 0.58 | 45.2 | * | -0.066 | 0.130 | -1.0 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 10.0 | ||||
> 1 year | 96 | 0.58 | 0.23 | 3.2 | 5.5 | 0.35 | 31.2 | 4.5 | 0.36 | 30.0 | 0.049 | 0.077 | 0.7 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 8.1 | ||||||
School education | Further | 88 | 0.56 | 0.23 | 2.9 | 6.1 | 0.36 | 33.3 | 4.9 | 0.36 | 31.4 | 0.079 | 0.078 | 1.1 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 6.2 | |||||
Basic | 39 | 0.21 | 0.38 | 1.2 | 5.3 | 0.57 | 32.6 | 5.7 | 0.58 | 42.0 | -0.128 | 0.123 | -1.8 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 14.8 | ||||||
Marital status | Single | 29 | -0.37 | 0.49 | -2.3 | 3.9 | 0.68 | 23.0 | 3.4 | 0.71 | 24.2 | * | 0.168 | 0.153 | 2.3 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 10.7 | ||||
Co-habiting | 98 | 0.62 | 0.22 | 3.2 | 6.4 | 0.34 | 35.4 | 5.5 | 0.34 | 36.4 | -0.013 | 0.073 | -0.2 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 8.2 | ||||||
BMI | < 29.62 kg/m2
| 64 | 0.48 | 0.28 | 2.5 | 5.9 | 0.43 | 31.9 | 5.6 | 0.43 | 36.7 | 0.009 | 0.094 | 0.1 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 10.2 | * | ||||
≥ 29.62 kg/m2
| 63 | 0.44 | 0.29 | 2.4 | 5.9 | 0.43 | 34.7 | 4.5 | 0.44 | 31.2 | 0.030 | 0.093 | 0.4 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 6.9 | ||||||
Waist circum-ference | < ♂/♀ median | 60 | 0.84 | 0.27 | 4.3 | 5.9 | 0.44 | 32.0 | 5.6 | 0.43 | 36.6 | -0.001 | 0.096 | -0.0 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 7.4 | |||||
≥ ♂/♀ median | 67 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.2 | 5.9 | 0.43 | 34.3 | 4.6 | 0.44 | 31.4 | 0.039 | 0.092 | 0.5 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 9.8 | ||||||
Systolic pressure | ≤ 130 mmHg | 50 | 0.48 | 0.32 | 2.6 | 5.6 | 0.50 | 31.2 | 3.9 | 0.50 | 25.9 | 0.137 | 0.109 | 1.9 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 8.5 | |||||
> 130 mmHg | 75 | 0.51 | 0.26 | 2.7 | 6.3 | 0.39 | 35.5 | 6.0 | 0.40 | 40.0 | -0.050 | 0.086 | -0.7 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 8.8 | ||||||
Diastolic pressure | ≤ 80 mmHg | 89 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 1.5 | 5.9 | 0.37 | 32.9 | 5.0 | 0.38 | 33.4 | 0.063 | 0.081 | 0.9 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 9.0 | |||||
> 80 mmHg | 36 | 0.93 | 0.35 | 4.9 | 6.2 | 0.54 | 36.3 | 5.6 | 0.55 | 36.9 | -0.070 | 0.121 | -1.0 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 8.2 | ||||||
Antihypertensive medi-cation | No | 36 | 1.07 | 0.35 | 5.4 | 7.3 | 0.57 | 40.6 | 6.1 | 0.58 | 40.1 | 0.128 | 0.127 | 1.9 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 12.1 | |||||
Yes | 91 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.9 | 5.3 | 0.36 | 30.2 | 4.7 | 0.36 | 31.7 | -0.019 | 0.077 | -0.3 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 7.3 | ||||||
Albumin/ creatinine ratio | ≤ 3.5 | 97 | 0.58 | 0.22 | 3.1 | 6.7 | 0.34 | 38.1 | * | 5.8 | 0.35 | 39.1 | * | 0.033 | 0.075 | 0.5 | * | 0.12 | 0.02 | 8.7 | ||
> 3.5 | 30 | -0.05 | 0.45 | -0.3 | 3.4 | 0.60 | 18.5 | 2.9 | 0.61 | 19.5 | -0.036 | 0.134 | -0.5 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 8.2 | ||||||
Fasting plasma glucose | ≤ 7 mmol/l | 38 | 0.21 | 0.36 | 1.1 | 6.6 | 0.54 | 37.0 | 6.1 | 0.55 | 42.3 | 0.064 | 0.119 | 1.0 | * | 0.11 | 0.04 | 7.9 | ||||
> 7 mmol/l | 89 | 0.58 | 0.24 | 3.2 | 5.6 | 0.37 | 31.5 | 4.6 | 0.37 | 30.5 | -0.005 | 0.079 | -0.1 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 8.9 | ||||||
Diabetes treatment | Diet alone | 37 | 0.42 | 0.36 | 2.2 | 7.0 | 0.57 | 38.8 | 6.7 | 0.55 | 44.8 | * | 0.128 | 0.126 | 2.0 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 11.3 | ||||
Oral agents | 70 | 0.73 | 0.27 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 0.40 | 33.7 | 5.0 | 0.41 | 32.9 | -0.016 | 0.089 | -0.2 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 8.5 | ||||||
Insulin | 20 | -0.31 | 0.54 | -1.7 | 3.9 | 0.75 | 21.8 | 2.4 | 0.78 | 16.9 | -0.041 | 0.159 | -0.6 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 4.5 | ||||||
Statin treatmentb
| None | 38 | 1.36 | 0.36 | 7.5 | 6.3 | 0.56 | 36.1 | 5.3 | 0.57 | 37.8 | 0.192 | 0.120 | 2.7 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 13.3 | |||||
Un-changed | 78 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.9 | 5.9 | 0.39 | 33.0 | 5.0 | 0.40 | 33.0 | -0.061 | 0.086 | -0.9 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 5.8 | ||||||
Initiated | 11 | -0.33 | 0.62 | -1.7 | 4.8 | 0.92 | 26.5 | 5.0 | 0.91 | 31.2 | -0.043 | 0.204 | -0.6 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 9.7 | ||||||
Smoking | No | 99 | 0.45 | 0.21 | 2.3 | 5.9 | 0.33 | 33.2 | 5.2 | 0.34 | 33.9 | 0.115 | 0.072 | 1.6 | * | 0.09 | 0.02 | 6.7 | ||||
Yes | 28 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 3.1 | 5.6 | 0.72 | 32.6 | 4.9 | 0.77 | 35.0 | -0.454 | 0.157 | -6.3 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 18.5 | ||||||
Pain with function limitation | No | 53 | 1.53 | 0.32 | 7.9 | * | 6.0 | 0.49 | 32.4 | 5.7 | 0.48 | 37.7 | -0.006 | 0.108 | -0.1 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 12.2 | ||||
Yes | 74 | -0.15 | 0.25 | -0.8 | 5.9 | 0.39 | 34.1 | 4.7 | 0.40 | 32.0 | 0.036 | 0.084 | 0.5 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 6.5 | ||||||
Cardiovascular disease | No | 66 | 1.03 | 0.23 | 5.2 | * | 6.0 | 0.39 | 33.3 | 5.5 | 0.38 | 35.2 | 0.012 | 0.084 | 0.2 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 8.9 | ||||
Yes | 45 | -0.77 | 0.37 | -4.3 | 5.7 | 0.54 | 32.6 | 4.1 | 0.55 | 29.4 | -0.082 | 0.118 | -1.1 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 3.8 |
Subgroup analyses
Secondary outcome measures
Secondary outcome measure | Δ | SE |
p
|
---|---|---|---|
Waist circumference (cm) | 0.28 | 0.54 | 0.93 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.13 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 2.50 | 1.83 | 0.037 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 1.38 | 0.92 | 0.0009 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.79 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | -0.25 | 0.08 | 0.006 |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | -0.31 | 0.07 | < 0.0001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | -0.09 | 0.14 | 0.66 |