nach oben

Current Oncology Reports

Erschienen in:

01.08.2018 | Integrative Care (C Lammersfeld, Section Editor)

Flaxseed Bioactive Compounds and Colorectal Cancer Prevention

verfasst von: Jennifer A. A. DeLuca, Erika L. Garcia-Villatoro, Clinton D. Allred

Erschienen in: Current Oncology Reports | Ausgabe 8/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Flaxseed and its bioactive components have been associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer incidence and progression. This review aims to summarize recent research regarding the role of flaxseed and each of its major dietary bioactive components in reducing colorectal cancer.

Recent Findings

In both human and animal model experiments, flaxseed consumption had beneficial effects on colon physiology associated with reduction in colorectal cancer risk or occurrence. Considered separately, each of flaxseed’s major bioactive components, including fiber, alpha-linolenic acid, lignans, and other phytochemicals, is also associated with decreased risk of colonic neoplasms and regulation of cell growth through several potential mechanisms.

Summary

Collectively, experimental data suggests that consumption of flaxseed and/or its bioactive components may reduce colorectal cancer risk by a variety of mechanisms. Future studies should focus on the mechanisms by which whole flaxseed can prevent colorectal cancer.

American Cancer Society (2017). Key statistics for colorectal cancer. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html. Accessed 27 Apr 2017.

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65:5–29. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21254.CrossRefPubMed

American Cancer Society (2016). Colorectal cancer risk factors. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html . Accessed 25 May 2017.

Birt DF, Phillips GJ. Diet, genes, and microbes. Toxicol Pathol. 2014;42:182–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192623313506791.CrossRefPubMed

Kuppusamy P, Yusoff MM, Maniam GP, Ichwan SJA, Soundharrajan I, Govindan N. Nutraceuticals as potential therapeutic agents for colon cancer: a review. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2014;4:173–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2014.04.002.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Xie G, Raufman J-P. Role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in colon neoplasia. Cancers (Basel). 2015;7:1436–46. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers7030847.CrossRef

Barone M, Lofano K, De Tullio N, Licino R, Albano F, Di Leo A. Dietary, endocrine, and metabolic factors in the development of colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2012;43:13–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12029-011-9332-7.CrossRefPubMed

Mármol I, Sánchez-de-Diego C, Pradilla Dieste A, Cerrada E, Rodriguez Yoldi MJ. Colorectal carcinoma: a general overview and future perspectives in colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010197.

Xia M, Land H. Tumor suppressor p53 restricts Ras stimulation of RhoA and cancer cell motility. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2007;14:215–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb1208.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Vaiopoulos AG, Athanasoula KC, Papavassiliou AG. Epigenetic modifications in colorectal cancer: molecular insights and therapeutic challenges. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol basis Dis. 2014;1842:971–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.02.006.CrossRef

11.

Lu Y, Chen J, Zheng J, Hu G, Wang J, Huang C, et al. Mucosal adherent bacterial dysbiosis in patients with colorectal adenomas. Sci Rep. 2016;6:26337. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26337.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

• O’Keefe SJD. Diet, microorganisms and their metabolites, and colon cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;13:691–706. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2016.165. This reference offers a comprehensive review of the mechanisms of microbial metabolites modulated by diet on CRC prevention. CrossRefPubMed

13.

Lattimer JM, Haub MD. Effects of dietary fiber and its components on metabolic health. Nutrients. 2010;2:1266–89. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2121266.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Calviello G, Serini S, Piccioni E. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the prevention of colorectal cancer: molecular mechanisms involved. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14:3059–69.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Lechner D, Kállay E, Cross HS. Phytoestrogens and colorectal cancer prevention. Vitam Horm. 2005;70:169–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0083-6729(05)70006-6.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Alshafe MM, Kassem SS, Abdelkader MM, Hanafi EM. Flaxseed as functional food. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2015;6:1944–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.898.CrossRef

17.

• Kajla P, Sharma A, Sood DR. Flaxseed—a potential functional food source. J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52:1857–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1293-y. Additional details of the composition and properties of flaxseed are reviewed. CrossRefPubMed

18.

Vaisey-Genser M, Morris DH. History of the cultivation and uses of flaxseed. In: Muir AD, Westcott ND, editors. Flax: the genus Linum. New York: Taylor and Francis Ltd; 2003. p. 1–21.

19.

Hall C, Tulbek MC, Flaxseed XY. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2006;51:1–97.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Flax Canada 2015 Inc (2009). GRAS Notice 000280: Whole and milled flaxseed. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/ucm269248.pdf. Accessed 11 Apr 2017.

21.

Hernández-Salazar M, Guevara-González RG, Cruz-Hernández A, Guevara-Olvera L, Bello-Pérez LA, Castaño-Tostado E, et al. Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and its total non-digestible fraction influence the expression of genes involved in azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in rats. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2013;68:259–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-013-0372-y.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Bommareddy A, Arasada BL, Mathees DP, Dwivedi C. Chemopreventive effects of dietary flaxseed on colon tumor development. Nutr Cancer. 2006;54:216–22. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327914nc5402_8.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Bommareddy A, Zhang X, Schrader D, Kaushik RS, Zeman D, Matthees DP, et al. Effects of dietary flaxseed on intestinal tumorigenesis in ApcMin mouse. Nutr Cancer. 2009;61:276–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580802419764.CrossRefPubMed

24.

• Gomides AF de F, Gonçalves RV, de Paula SO, Ferreira CL de LF, Comastri DS, Peluzio M do CG. Defatted flaxseed meal prevents the appearance of aberrant crypt foci in the colon of mice increasing the gene expression of p53. Nutr Hosp 2015;31:1675–1681. doi:https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.31.4.8279. Preclinical evidence of the role of defatted flaxseed intake on the prevention of CRC development is presented. Discussion of possible molecular mechanisms and interactions with the gut microbiota is offered.

25.

Zeng H, Lazarova DL, Bordonaro M. Mechanisms linking dietary fiber, gut microbiota and colon cancer prevention. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2014;6:41–51. https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v6.i2.41.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Hoy M, Goldman J (2014). Fiber intake of the the U.S. population: what we eat in America. NHANES 2009-2010;12:1–6. https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400530/pdf/DBrief/12_fiber_intake_0910.pdf. Accessed 11 Dec 2017.

27.

Trumbo P, Schlicker S, Yates AA, Poos M. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002:1621–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90346-9.

28.

Singh KK, Mridula D, Rehal J, Barnwal P. Flaxseed: a potential source of food, feed and fiber. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2011;51:210–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390903537241.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Morris DH (2007). Flax—a health and nutrition primer. 4th ed. Flax Council of Canada

30.

Dahl WJ, Lockert EA, Cammer AL, Whiting SJ. Effects of flax fiber on laxation and glycemic response in healthy volunteers. J Med Food. 2005;8:508–11. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.508.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Xu J, Zhou X, Chen C, Deng Q, Huang Q, Yang J, et al. Laxative effects of partially defatted flaxseed meal on normal and experimental constipated mice. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12:14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

32.

Fodje AML, Chang PR, Leterme P. In vitro bile acid binding and short-chain fatty acid profile of flax fiber and ethanol co-products. J Med Food. 2009;12:1065–73. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.0242.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Lin B, Gong J, Wang Q, Cui S, Yu H, Huang B. In-vitro assessment of the effects of dietary fibers on microbial fermentation and communities from large intestinal digesta of pigs. Food Hydrocoll. 2011;25:180–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.02.006.CrossRef

34.

Al Cunnane SE. Of traditional flaxseed in healthy. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61:62–8.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Burdge GC, Calder PC. Conversion of α-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2005;45:581–97. https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:2005047.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Tyagi A, Kumar U, Reddy S, Santosh VS, Mohammed SB, Ehtesham NZ, et al. Attenuation of colonic inflammation by partial replacement of dietary linoleic acid with α-linolenic acid in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease. Br J Nutr. 2012;108:1612–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511007197. CrossRefPubMed

37.

Hassan A, Ibrahim A, Mbodji K, Coeffier M, Ziegler F, Bounoure F, et al. An -linolenic acid-rich formula reduces oxidative stress and inflammation by regulating NF- B in rats with TNBS-induced colitis. J Nutr. 2010;140:1714–21. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.119768. CrossRefPubMed

38.

Dwivedi C, Natarajan K, Matthees DP. Chemopreventive effects of dietary flaxseed oil on colon tumor development. Nutr Cancer. 2005;51:52–8. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327914nc5101_8.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Oikarinen SI, Pajari A-M, Salminen I, Heinonen S-M, Adlercreutz H, Mutanen M. Effects of a flaxseed mixture and plant oils rich in alpha-linolenic acid on the adenoma formation in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice. Br J Nutr. 2005;94:510–8.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Almendingen K, Höstmark AT, Fausa O, Mosdöl A, Aabakken L, Vatn MH. Familial adenomatous polyposis patients have high levels of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and low levels of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in serum phospholipids. Int J Cancer. 2007;120:632–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22337.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Szachowicz-Petelska B, Sulkowski S, Figaszewski ZA. Altered membrane free unsaturated fatty acid composition in human colorectal cancer tissue. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007;294:237–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-006-9264-x.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Baró L, Hermoso JC, Núñez MC, Jiménez-Rios JA, Gil A. Abnormalities in plasma and red blood cell fatty acid profiles of patients with colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 1998;77:1978–83.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Kojima M, Wakai K, Tokudome S, Suzuki K, Tamakoshi K, Watanabe Y, et al. Serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161:462–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi066.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Daniel CR, McCullough ML, Patel RC, Jacobs EJ, Flanders WD, Thun MJ, et al. Dietary intake of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of U.S. men and women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2009;18:516–25. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0750.CrossRef

45.

Pearl DS, Masoodi M, Eiden M, Brümmer J, Gullick D, Mckeever TM, et al. Altered colonic mucosal availability of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in ulcerative colitis and the relationship to disease activity. J Crohn's Colitis. 2014;8:70–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crohns.2013.03.013.CrossRef

46.

Fernández-Bañares F, Esteve M, Navarro E, Cabré E, Boix J, Abad-Lacruz A, et al. Changes of the mucosal n3 and n6 fatty acid status occur early in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Gut. 1996;38:254–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

47.

Bommareddy A, Zhang XY, Kaushik RS, Dwivedi C. Effects of components present in flaxseed on human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells: possible mechanisms of flaxseed on colon cancer development in animals. Drug Discov Ther. 2010;4:184–9.PubMed

48.

Chamberland JP, Moon H-S. Down-regulation of malignant potential by alpha linolenic acid in human and mouse colon cancer cells. Familial Cancer. 2015;14:25–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10689-014-9762-z.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Goyal A, Sharma V, Upadhyay N, Gill S, Sihag M. Flax and flaxseed oil: an ancient medicine & modern functional food. J Food Sci Technol. 2014;51:1633–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1247-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Katare C, Saxena S, Agrawal S, Prasad G, Nutrition BPS, Sciences F. Flax seed: a potential medicinal food. J Nutr Food Sci. 2012;2:1–8. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000120.CrossRef

51.

Wang LQ, Meselhy MR, Li Y, Qin GW, Hattori M. Human intestinal bacteria capable of transforming secoisolariciresinol diglucoside to mammalian lignans, enterodiol and enterolactone. Chem Pharm Bull. 2000;48:1606–10.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Woting A, Clavel T, Loh G, Blaut M. Bacterial transformation of dietary lignans in gnotobiotic rats. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2010;72:507–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00863.x.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Kuijsten A, Arts ICW, van’t Veer P, Hollman PCH. The relative bioavailability of enterolignans in humans is enhanced by milling and crushing of flaxseed. J Nutr. 2005;135:2812–6.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Clavel T, Doré J, Blaut M. Bioavailability of lignans in human subjects. Nutr Res Rev. 2006;19:187–96. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422407249704.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Danbara N, Yuri T, Tsujita-Kyutoku M, Tsukamoto R, Uehara N, Tsubura A. Enterolactone induces apoptosis and inhibits growth of Colo 201 human colon cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Anticancer Res. 2005;25:2269–76.PubMed

56.

Johnsen NF, Olsen A, Thomsen BLR, Christensen J, Egeberg R, Bach Knudsen KE, et al. Plasma enterolactone and risk of colon and rectal cancer in a case–cohort study of Danish men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21:153–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-009-9445-5.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Kuijsten A, Arts ICW, Hollman PCH, van’t Veer P, Kampman E. Plasma enterolignans are associated with lower colorectal adenoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2006;15:1132–6. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0991.CrossRef

58.

Smeds AI, Hakala K, Hurmerinta TT, Kortela L, Saarinen NM, Mäkelä SI. Determination of plant and enterolignans in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006;41:898–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.12.036.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Qu H, Madl RL, Takemoto DJ, Baybutt RC, Wang W. Lignans are involved in the antitumor activity of wheat bran in colon cancer SW480 cells. J Nutr. 2005;135:598–602.CrossRefPubMed

60.

• Curry CA (2015). Chemoprotective effects of flaxseed lignans enterodiol and enterolactone in non-transformed colonocytes. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/156226. Accessed 11 Apr 2017. This study followed a mechanistic approach to elucidate the role of flaxseed lignans in healthy colonocytes.

61.

Weige CC, Allred KF, Allred CD. Estradiol alters cell growth in nonmalignant colonocytes and reduces the formation of preneoplastic lesions in the colon. Cancer Res. 2009;69:9118–24. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-2348.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Sieger A, Nogala-Kalucka M, Lampart-Szczapa E. The content and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in cold-pressed plant oils. J Food Lipids. 2008;15:137–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4522.2007.00107.x.CrossRef

63.

Kawabata K, Yamamoto T, Hara A, Shimizu M, Yamada Y, Matsunaga K, et al. Modifying effects of ferulic acid on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats. Cancer Lett. 2000;157:15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3835(00)00461-4.

Titel: Flaxseed Bioactive Compounds and Colorectal Cancer Prevention
verfasst von: Jennifer A. A. DeLuca
Erika L. Garcia-Villatoro
Clinton D. Allred
Publikationsdatum: 01.08.2018
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Current Oncology Reports / Ausgabe 8/2018
Print ISSN: 1523-3790
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-6269
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-018-0704-z

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

Umsetzung der POMGAT-Leitlinie läuft

03.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Seit November 2023 gibt es evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zum perioperativen Management bei gastrointestinalen Tumoren (POMGAT) auf S3-Niveau. Vieles wird schon entsprechend der Empfehlungen durchgeführt. Wo es im Alltag noch hapert, zeigt eine Umfrage in einem Klinikverbund.

Springer Medizin

Flaxseed Bioactive Compounds and Colorectal Cancer Prevention