Background
Parents
Older siblings, aunts, uncles and grandparents
Peer-to-peer communication
Methods
Setting
Study participants and sampling design
Measures
Dependent variables: Accurate vs. inaccurate knowledge of HIV transmission routes, and knowledge of HIV prevention strategies
Key independent variables
Family structure (FS)
Family/peer communication
Other correlates at the individual, familial and community levels
Statistical Methods
Ethical considerations
Results
Descriptive results
Variables | % or Mean ± SD (Sample size: N= 2 028) |
---|---|
Individual factors
| |
Gender Male | 45.9 |
Age (in years) [range 12 - 29] | 16.5 ± 4.2 |
Education (in years completed) [Range 0 - 24] | 8.1 ± 2.9 |
Sexually experienced (% yes) | 32.0 |
Migratory status (% migrant) | 48.5 |
Religion | |
Catholics | 68.1 |
Protestants | 26.3 |
Other | 5.6 |
Family environment
| |
Family structure | |
Two-parent | 48.7 |
Father-only | 5.0 |
Mother-only | 17.2 |
Brother/Sister | 9.5 |
Uncle/Aunts | 5.6 |
Grandparents | 14.0 |
HWI (40% poorest) | 29.9 |
Parent/guardian-child communication [Range 0 - 10] | 1.566 ± 2.019 |
Education of parent/guardian | |
None | 30.3 |
Primary | 40.2 |
Secondary & + | 29.5 |
Peer influences
| |
Peer-to-peer communication [Range 0 - 10] | 2.142 ± 2.259 |
Community characteristics
| |
CDI (40% poorest) | 25.0 |
Urban Residence | 17.4 |
Variables | Range | Number of items | Cronbach's alpha | Correct answer | Frequency of correct (or incorrect) answers | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. Knowledge of HIV transmission routes
| 0-6 | 6 | .74 | |||
A.1 Accurate knowledge of HIV transmission routes
| 0-4 | 4 | ||||
Unprotected sexual intercourse | Yes | 1 791 | 88.3 | |||
Sharing needles/unclean medical equipment | Yes | 1 403 | 69.2 | |||
Blood transfusions | Yes | 1 503 | 74.1 | |||
Mother-to-child transmission | Yes | 1 107 | 54.6 | |||
% Accurate knowledge of HIV transmission routes | 41.6 | |||||
A.2 Inaccurate knowledge of HIV transmission routes
| 0-2 | 2 | ||||
Mosquito or other insect bites | No | 296 | 14.6 | |||
Casual contact with infected person | No | 201 | 9.9 | |||
% Inaccurate knowledge of HIV transmission routes | 21.1 | |||||
B. Knowledge of HIV prevention strategies
| 0-8 | 8 | .81 | |||
Sexual abstinence/chastity | Yes | 1 543 | 76.1 | |||
Stay faithful to partner | Yes | 1 186 | 58.5 | |||
Encourage partner to stay faithful | Yes | 898 | 44.3 | |||
Avoid contaminated blood transfusions | Yes | 984 | 48.5 | |||
Use condoms correctly at every sexual intercourse | Yes | 1 245 | 61.4 | |||
Avoid not sharing needles | Yes | 1 006 | 49.6 | |||
Avoid commercial sex workers | Yes | 748 | 36.9 | |||
Avoid casual partners | Yes | 320 | 15.8 | |||
% Accurate knowledge of HIV prevention strategies | 9.0 |
Multivariate results
Co-occurrence of accurate and inaccurate knowledge of HIV transmission routes
Gross effects | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Accurate | Inaccurate | Accurate | Inaccurate | Accurate | Inaccurate | Accurate | Inaccurate |
Family environment
| ||||||||
Family structure (Ref.: Grandparents) | ||||||||
Two-parent | .201**(.085) | -.147(.089) | .175**(.087) | -.169*(.092) | .193**(.087) | -.160*(.092) | .138**(.069) | -.146(.102) |
Father-only | .387***(.107) | -.005(.114) | .388**(.148) | -.006(.156) | .328**(.146) | -.024(.156) | .226*(.121) | -.041(.168) |
Mother-only | .175*(.099) | -.314**(.110) | .119(.103) | -.369**(.114) | .138(.102) | -.359**(.114) | .065(.109) | -.297**(.119) |
Brother/Sister | .329**(.114) | -.212*(.126) | .338**(.119) | -.193(.129) | .367**(.119) | -.179(.129) | .204**(.099) | .171(.136) |
Uncle/Aunts | .174(.139) | -.326**(.159) | .132(.145) | -.409**(.165) | .151(.144) | -.399**(.165) | .115(.151) | -.378**(.170) |
HWI (Ref.: middle/rich) | -.238***(.048) | .078(.053) | -.162**(.069) | .069(.072) | ||||
Parent/guardian-child communication | .118 ***(.014) | -.041**(.014) | .116***(.015) | -.041**(.016) | .048**(.018) | -.039**(.019) | ||
Education of P/G (Ref. : none)
| ||||||||
Primary | .104(.065) | .016(.071) | .086(.074) | .047(.081) | ||||
Secondary & + | .192**(.068) | -.149*(.077) | .112*(.061) | -.102(.093) | ||||
Peer influences
| ||||||||
Peer-to-peer communication | .081***(.012) | .022(.014) | .079***(.013) | .024*(.014) | .066**(.032) | .007(.017) | ||
Individual factors
| ||||||||
Gender Male (Ref.: Female) | -.056(.056) | .027(.063) | .023(.045) | .021(.064) | ||||
Age (in years) | .112***(.002) | .040*(.021) | .052***(.011) | .021*(.011) | ||||
Education (in years completed) | .105***(.008) | -.095**(.048) | .082**(.013) | -.053***(.013) | ||||
Sexually experienced (Ref.: NO) | .413***(.045) | .141**(.049) | .103**(.041) | .134*(.068) | ||||
Migratory status (Ref.: non-migrant) | .166***(.044) | .084*(.049) | .043*(.024) | .039(.068) | ||||
Religion (Ref.: Catholic) | ||||||||
Protestants | .030 (.049) | -.029(.055) | .021(.068) | -.025(.074) | ||||
Other | -.046(.089) | -.025(.099) | -.025(.130) | -.036(.139) | ||||
Community characteristics
| ||||||||
CDI (Ref. : middle/rich) | -.084*(.051) | .143**(.058) | -.051(.071) | .111**(.052) | ||||
Type Residence (Ref. : rural) | .127**(.058) | -.162**(.062) | .086*(.048) | -.152**(.067) | ||||
ρ (Rho) | n/a | .238*** | .235*** | .261*** | ||||
Log- likelihood | n/a | -2 351.814 | -2 366.474 | -2 224.502 |
Knowledge of HIV prevention strategies
Variables | Gross effects | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Family environment
| ||||
Family structure (Ref.: Grandparents) | ||||
Two-parent | .160**(.071) | .157**(.69) | .147**(.65) | .073**(.35) |
Father-only | .664**(.234) | .480**(.245) | .559**(.221) | .359**(.159) |
Mother-only | .225(.166) | .106(.169) | .142 (.164) | .102 (.131) |
Brother/Sister | .469**(.191) | .362**(.189) | .421**(.198) | .227**(.101) |
Uncle/Aunts | .264(.229) | .185(.242) | .151 (.237) | .191 (.213) |
HWI (Ref.: middle/rich) | -.525***(.103) | -.217**(.112) | ||
Parent/guardian-child communication | .286***(.025) | .283***(.025) | .115***(.029) | |
Education of P/G (Ref. : none)
| ||||
Primary | .208**(.099) | .240*(.129) | ||
Secondary & + | .293**(.104) | .189*(.084) | ||
Peer influences
| ||||
Peer-to-peer communication | .234***(.022) | .232***(.023) | .108***(.027) | |
Individual factors
| ||||
Gender Male (Ref.: Female) | -.217**(.091) | -121(.102) | ||
Age (in years) | .143***(.012) | .089**(.039) | ||
Education (in years completed) | .254***(.019) | .160***(.024) | ||
Sexually experienced (Ref.: NO) | .930***(.098) | .275**(.134) | ||
Migratory status (Ref.: non-migrant) | .217**(.110) | .137(.108) | ||
Religion (Ref.: Catholic) | ||||
Protestants | .091(.104) | .122(.117) | ||
Other | .063(.201) | .014(.225) | ||
Community characteristics
| ||||
CDI (Ref. : middle/rich) | -.315**(.107) | -.131**(.058) | ||
Type Residence (Ref. : rural) | .387**(.118) | .320**(.131) | ||
Log- likelihood | ... | -1 285.056 | -1 294.152 | -1 181.146 |