Background
Title | Location | Study design and methods | Data sources | Participants | Analysis approach |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human Resources | |||||
Women and Leadership within the Cambodia Health Sector | Battambang province, Cambodia | Qualitative, life history interviews | In-depth interviews (N = 20) | Health managers (14 F, 6 M) | Thematic analysis |
Gender Mainstreaming in the Posting and Deployment of Health Workers in Zimbabwe | Midlands province, Zimbabwe | Cross-sectional mixed-methods design; Life history interviews | Policy and documentreview | National Gender Policy, Public Service Regulations, Manpower Development Plan | Thematic analysis using a framework approach |
In-depth interviews (N = 30) | Health workers (nurses, midwives and environmental health technicians), N = 19 (8 M, 11 F) Human resource officers/managers N = 11 (6 M, 5F) | ||||
Exploring Gendered Experiences of Community Health Workers Using Photovoice in Rural Wakiso District, Uganda | Wakiso district, Uganda | Qualitative community-based participatory approach using photovoice | Discussions during meetings around photographs | Community health workers, N = 10 (5 F, 5 M) | Conventional content analysis using Atlas ti version 6.0.15 |
Service Delivery | |||||
Why are Maternal Health Outcomes Worse for Migrant Women in Masindi, Uganda? | Nyantonzi Parish, Masindi district, western Uganda | Qualitative | FGDs (N = 5) | Migrant women who have recently given birth Migrant pregnant women Spouses of migrant women whose wives were pregnant Spouses of migrant women whose wives recently gave birth | Thematic analysis using NVIVO |
Are the Women of Indian Sundarbans Living in the Dark? An Intersectional Analysis of Eye Health Care Seeking Among the Elderly | Indian Sundarbans, eastern Indian state of West Bengal | Mixed methods | Survey (N = 422) | Visually impaired elderly (174 M/268 F) | Quantitative data were analysed using STATA 11 and qualitative data analysed thematically using NVIVO 10 |
In-depth interviews (N = 24) | Visually impaired elderly men and women (12 M/12 F) | ||||
Gender Analysis of Family Care for Elderly: Evidence from Beijing, China | Beijing, China | Cross-sectional mixed methods study | Survey (N = 924) | Elderly (458 M, 466 F) | Analysed using SPSS 19, using Mann–Whitney U test; descriptive analysis; binary logistic regression |
In-depth interviews (N = 18) | Households with elders and one of their children (9 M/9 F) | ||||
Strengthening Male Involvement in Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV in Enugu State, Nigeria | Enugu state, Nigeria | Qualitative | Document review | Journal articles, Research reports, Nigerian policy documents on national guidelines on PMTCT and integrated national guidelines for HIV prevention, treatment and care, Global reports on PMTCT strategic vision | Thematic content analysis using NVIVO 11 |
In-depth interviews (N = 30) | Women and their male partners, N = 18 (9 F, 9 M) Health workers (doctors, nurses, pharmacists), N = 12 (4 M/8 F) | ||||
FGDs (N = 4) | Support groups (2 F, 2 M) FGD participants = 30, FGD F Enugu = 8, FGD F Nsukka = 8, FGD M Enugu = 6, FGD M Nsukka = 8 | ||||
Financing and Governance | |||||
Male Involvement in the National Health Insurance Fund/Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau Prepaid Insurance Card for Pregnant Women in Pangani District, Tanzania | Pangani district,Tanzania | Qualitative | In-depth interviews (N = 6) | Male partners who re-enrolled/did not re-enroll | Thematic analysis |
FGDs (N = 5) | Female partners who re-enrolled/did not re-enroll, N = 3 (31 participants) Community health workers, N = 2 (4 M/7 F) | ||||
Group discussions (N = 8) | Healthcare providers, N = 5 (4 with female nurses and 1 with female nurses and one male nurse) (10 F, 1 M) Managerial teams, N = 3), (7F, 5 M) | ||||
Mainstreaming Gender into PMTCT Guidelines in Tanzania | TANZANIA | Qualitative | Policy/ document review | Five PMTCT policy/strategy documents | Content analysis Thematic analysis |
Key informant interviews | Leaders of the health facilities and heads of reproductive and child health units involved in PMTCT (N = 26) |
Methods
Results
The intersection of gender with other social stratifiers
“For example, I am a Lugbara, another mother is an Alur and then a Munyoro mother. If a nurse came and asked us in Munyoro only one mother will reply, those who do not answer back in the language will be abandoned, the Munyoro mother will be attended to first. At that moment, you will automatically know that she was picked because of tribe, you become timid, they will even start barking at you because you cannot explain your problems, even when nurses talk, you don’t understand.” (Respondent 1, FGD 1 women group)
Importance of male involvement
“…I never expected a man, being a leader, valued women like this because generally a man is likely to get promoted. However, my chief was different from others; he promoted a woman.” (Married health manager, female)
Community level: “…What happens to men all the time is that they feel that family planning is always for the women… that it is the women that need such services…that is why I don’t follow my wife to go for it.” (P6, FGD male support group, Nsukka)Health system level: “The attitude of the nurses at times contributes a lot to why some [men] don’t like to follow their wives for antenatal.” (P2, FGD Male support group Enugu)
“Nowadays he has changed, when you fall sick he asks you to go to the facility as he knows it’s free...he cannot say I don’t have to go because we do not have money... if I wouldn’t have gone with him the first day he could not know...” (FGD – women at Pangani Hospital)
Gendered social norms influence health system structures and processes
“It [my husband’s relocation] affected me because when I went for upgrading, other upgradings were already done and I was told that my name was once listed at my previous posting location and it was said that ‘No this one resigned from this hospital so she will find other things where she is’, secondly most of my juniors are now Sisters-in-Charge, they always laugh at me that they have been promoted before me, so it affected me so much. I think if I was still there I was going to be one of the seniors there.” (Married female health worker)
“As a male CHW, I can use any means of transport available like a bicycle or motorcycle or car to transport a patient to a health facility in case of any problem in the community. For a female CHW, it might be hard to use certain means of transport like bicycles to transport a patient to the hospital.” (Male CHW, Photographer 10, age 31)
“[In the meeting] mostly they [senior health system staff] accept men’s ideas because they believe that men have a long-sighted vision. Moreover, men are more well-educated than me; most of them are doctors and I am just a medical associate. Therefore, my skill and knowledge are lower than them…” (Married, health manager, female)“Some people are disappointed [with me] as he is older [than me] and I became his chief.” (Single, health manager, female)