Introduction
Methods
Participants
Clinical examination
Family relation | Probands (n = 58) | Offspring (n = 249) | Other relatives (n = 79) | Spouses (n = 48) | ||||
Trait | Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) | Range | Mean (SD) | Range |
Body composition at birth | ||||||||
Sex (men/women) | 34/24 | NA | 118/131 | NA | 38/41 | NA | 12/36 | NA |
Birth weight (g) | 3495 (510.9) | 2200, 4000 | 3573 (582.1) | 1950, 5500 | 3622 (467.3) | 2300, 4400 | 3466 (491.8) | 1950, 4500 |
Birth length (cm) | 50.8 (2.2) | 46.0, 54.0 | 52.3 (2.2) | 45.0, 59.0 | 52.3 (2.3) | 47.0, 59.0 | 50.7 (2.4) | 42.0, 54.0 |
Ponderal index | 26.5 (3.6) | 21.3, 36.2 | 24.9 (2.8) | 12.7, 33.6 | 25.4 (3.1) | 19.1, 36.2 | 26.6 (2.7) | 21.3, 32.0 |
Body composition in adulthood | ||||||||
Age (years) | 67.8 (8.2) | 43.3, 86.1 | 40.6 (9.0) | 14.9, 73.0 | 48.9 (16.9) | 19.7, 83.6 | 66.1 (8.2) | 42.5, 88.2 |
Weight (kg) | 88.2 (17.7) | 56.5, 153.0 | 78.6 (16.2) | 47.5, 134.2 | 80.3 (16.9) | 48.0, 124.0 | 78.0 (12.5) | 57.3, 110.0 |
Height (cm) | 169.0 (10.7) | 151.0, 191.5 | 173.1 (8.6) | 154.0, 200.0 | 169.8 (9.3) | 147.0, 192.0 | 165 (6.9) | 152.0, 179.0 |
Waist (cm) | 101.1 (14.1) | 79.0, 150.0 | 86.3 (13.9) | 61.0, 128.0 | 90.9 (14.4) | 63.0, 126.0 | 92.0 (11.4) | 72.0, 118.0 |
Hip (cm) | 105.9 (10.5) | 91.0, 155.0 | 99.6 (8.89) | 76.0, 132.0 | 101.9 (11.4) | 81.0, 137.0 | 104.1 (9.8) | 87.0, 131.0 |
Waist-hip ratio | 0.95 (0.1) | 0.79, 1.19 | 0.87 (0.10) | 0.67, 1.17 | 0.89 (0.1) | 0.68, 1.10 | 0.88 (0.08) | 0.71, 1.09 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.8 (5.3) | 22.3, 48.8 | 26.2 (4.85) | 16.9, 43.1 | 27.8 (5.3) | 17.9, 43.4 | 28.8 (5.2) | 20.3, 40.8 |
Fat free mass (kg) | 56.5 (13.0) | 36.3, 84.2 | 52.2 (10.8) | 30.3, 86.0 | 53.7 (12.6) | 35.8, 85.6 | 46.5 (7.6) | 32.8, 66.6 |
Fat mass (kg) | 32.6 (11.2) | 14.2, 79.5 | 25.6 (11.1) | 3.76, 58.8 | 30.4 (11.6) | 5.91, 60.6 | 30.2 (11.3) | 12.0, 58.2 |
Glyceamic regulation in adulthood | ||||||||
Probands (n = 28) | Offspring (n = 246) | Other relatives (n = 77) | Spouses (n = 47) | |||||
Fasting serum insulin (pmol/l) | 66.7 (37.3) | 18.0, 160.0 | 43.0 (31.5) | 5.67, 210.3 | 55.1 (40.4) | 15.7, 253.0 | 52.2 (41.7) | 18.3, 267.3 |
HOMA-B (%) | 388.7 (315.8) | 58.5, 1090 | 520.6 (361.5) | 75.0, 3182 | 530.2 (306.9) | 73.6, 1853 | 590.5 (444.5) | 170.7, 2839 |
BIGTT-AIR | 998.0 (874.6) | 140.9, 1889 | 2608.0 (1364) | 82.7, 9238 | 2705 (2032) | 1261, 14,000 | 4593 (10884) | 1244, 66,560 |
Insulinogenic index | 26.49 (25.2) | 7.20, 63.5 | 134.3 (422.2) | 8.35, 5970 | 101.8 (117.8) | 4.91, 815.2 | 95.5 (75.0) | 15.3, 368.3 |
AUC insulin 4 h (pmol/l*min) | 36,600 (30016) | 14,350, 77,980 | 45,380 (32892) | 12,120, 223,400 | 54,370 (30367) | 8060, 125,800 | 68,500 (56029) | 21,790, 329,300 |
Insulin sensitivity | ||||||||
HOMA-IR | 22.2 (14.7) | 4.98, 57.9 | 10.8 (9.47) | 0.95, 57.5 | 15.9 (20.1) | 3.52, 156.3 | 13.1 (11.1) | 3.90, 64.0 |
Matsuda insulin sensitivity index | 10.5 (7.3) | 2.35, 26.3 | 10.5 (6.08) | 1.50, 38.3 | 8.81 (5.6) | 1.10, 24.7 | 9.26 (7.43) | 0.96, 39.0 |
Relationship |
n
|
---|---|
Parent-offspring | 173 |
Siblings | 387 |
Avuncular | 82 |
Half-siblings | 16 |
Third-degree | 83 |
Fourth-degree | 56 |
Unrelated | 36 |
Variants known to associate with birth weight, BMI and T2DM
Calculation of surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity and insulin release
Statistical analyses
Results
Estimates of heritability
Body composition measured at birth | ||||
Trait |
n
| h2 (95% CI) | c2 (95% CI) | e2 (95% CI) |
Birth weight (g) | 297 | 0.80 (0.37; 1.23)* | 0.05 (−0.20; 0.30) | 0.15 (−0.09; 0.39) |
Ponderal index | 296 | 0.46 (0.01; 0.91)* | 0.02 (− 0.18; 0.22) | 0.53 (0.22; 0.84)* |
Birth length (cm) | 296 | 0.15 (−0.54; 0.84) | 0.17 (−0.18; 0.52) | 0.67 (0.30; 1.04)* |
Adult body composition | ||||
Weight (kg) | 406 | 0.35 (0.04; 0.66)* | 0.01 (−0.15; 0.17) | 0.64 (0.42; 0.86)* |
Height (cm) | 406 | 0.30 (0.01; 0.59)* | 0.32 (0.12; 0.52)* | 0.39 (0.21; 0.57)* |
Waist (cm) | 398 | 0.28 (−0.01; 0.57)* | 0.03 (−0.13; 0.19) | 0.69 (0.49; 0.89)* |
Waist-hip ratio | 397 | 0.34 (0.14; 0.54)* | 0 (0) | 0.66 (0.46; 0.86)* |
BMI (kg/m2) | 406 | 0.32 (0.03; 0.61)* | 0.07 (−0.07; 0.21) | 0.61 (0.39; 0.83)* |
Fat mass (kg) | 338 | 0.50 (0.26; 0.74)* | 0 (0) | 0.50 (0.26; 0.74)* |
Fat free mass (kg) | 338 | 0.09 (−0.52; 0.70) | 0.17 (−0.16; 0.50) | 0.74 (0.39; 1.09)* |
Adult measures of glycaemic control | ||||
Insulin secretion | ||||
HOMA-B (%) | 367 | 0.27 (−0.06; 0.60)* | 0.02 (−0.16; 0.20) | 0.71 (0.38; 1.04)* |
BIGTT-AIR | 312 | 0.31 (0.09; 0.53)* | 0 (0) | 0.69 (0.47; 0.91)* |
Insulinogenic index | 318 | 0.25 (0.03; 0.47)* | 0 (0) | 0.75 (0.53; 0.97)* |
AUC insulin 4 h (pmol/l*min) | 302 | 0.25 (1.01; 0.49)* | 0 (0) | 0.75 (0.51; 0.99)* |
Insulin sensitivity | ||||
HOMA-IR | 367 | 0.37 (0.12; 0.62)* | 0 (0) | 0.63 (0.38; 0.88)* |
Matsuda insulin sensitivity index | 367 | 0.31 (0.07; 0.55)* | 0 (0) | 0.69 (0.45; 0.93)* |
Genetic correlations between birth weight and insulin sensitivity
Birth weight (g) | Ponderal index | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| ρP | ρG (95% CI) |
n
| ρP | ρG (95% CI) | |
Insulin sensitivity in adulthood | ||||||
HOMA-IR | 376 | - 0.12 | - 0.31 (- 0.64; 0.02) | 376 | - 0.09 | - 0.35 (- 0,76; 0.06) |
Matsuda insulin sensitivity index | 376 | 0.15* | 0.36 (0.03; 0.69)*# | 376 | 0.14* | 0.52 (0.15; 0.89)*# |
Genetic correlations between birth weight and insulin secretion
Birth weight (g) | Ponderal index | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| ρP | ρG (95% CI) |
n
| ρP | ρG (95% CI) | |
Insulin secretion in adulthood | ||||||
HOMA-B (%) | 376 | - 0.01 | - 0.22 (- 0.57; 0.13) | 376 | - 0.08 | - 0.33 (- 0.76; 0.10) |
BIGTT-AIR | 349 | 0.11 | - 0.03 (- 0.44; 0.38) | 349 | 0.03 | - 0.10 (- 0.61; 0.41) |
Insulinogenic index | 348 | 0.06 | 0.08 (- 0.31; 0.47) | 348 | - 0.02 | - 0.18 (- 0.67; 0.31) |
AUC insulin 4 h (pmol/l*min) | 345 | - 0.14* | - 0.29 (- 0.72; 0.14) | 345 | - 0.14* | - 0.66 (- 1.13; - 0.19)*# |
Fasting serum insulin (pmol/l) | 377 | - 0.09 | - 0.28 (- 0.61; 0.05) | 377 | - 0.13* | - 0.47 (- 0.86;− 0.08)*# |
Genetic correlations between birth weight and adult body weight
Birth weight (g) | Ponderal index | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traits measured in adulthood |
n
| ρP | ρG (95% CI) |
n
| ρP | ρG (95% CI) |
Weight (kg) | 411 | 0.25* | 0.38 (0.09; 0.67)*# | 411 | 0.15 | 0.12 (- 0.31; 0.55) |
Height (cm) | 411 | 0.16* | 0.17 (- 0.14; 0.48) | 411 | - 0.08 | 0.33 (- 0.02; 0.68) |
Waist (cm) | 406 | 0.08 | 0.08 (- 0.27; 0.43) | 406 | 0.08 | - 0.24 (- 0.65; 0.17) |
Waist-hip ratio | 406 | - 0.03 | 0.03 (- 0.32; 0.38) | 406 | - 0.01 | - 0.36 (- 0.75; 0.03) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 411 | 0.16* | 0.24 (- 0.07; 0.55) | 411 | 0.12 | - 0.01 (- 0.42; 0.40) |
Fat mass (kg) | 376 | 0.04 | 0.04 (- 0.29; 0.37) | 376 | 0.01 | - 0.06 (- 0.47; 0.35) |