Background
Methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Nationals | Immigrants | Latin America | Eastern Europe | Africa | Asia | Western Europe & North America | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 1,102,391 | 149,149 | 41,060 | 56,011 | 37,603 | 5,723 | 8,752 |
Demographic information | |||||||
0-14 years, % | 11.6 | 14.2 | 11.0 | 13.6 | 18.8 | 18.2 | 11.1 |
15-44 years, % | 36.8 | 67.3 | 68.2 | 68.7 | 67.4 | 63.7 | 55.5 |
45-64 years, % | 27.7 | 17.0 | 18.7 | 17.0 | 12.9 | 15.9 | 27.5 |
65 years +, % | 23.9 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 5.9 |
Women, % | 51.1 | 46.1 | 56.4 | 48.2 | 33.4 | 44.7 | 40.6 |
Rural, % | 39.8 | 37.4 | 23.6 | 46.8 | 38.8 | 18.1 | 49.2 |
Length of stay in Spain ≥5 years, % | --- | 59.0 | 60.0 | 58.4 | 59.8 | 49.2 | 61.0 |
Morbidity burden | |||||||
Healthy users/non-users, % | 22.1 | 43.0 | 37.5 | 46.7 | 40.5 | 52.9 | 50.7 |
Low/moderate morbidity, % | 71.7 | 54.4 | 59.8 | 51.1 | 56.6 | 45.1 | 46.8 |
High/very high morbidity, % | 6.2 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.5 |
Use of Primary Care | |||||||
No visits to doctor, % | 22.2 | 37.8 | 34.9 | 41.1 | 31.5 | 46.5 | 52.1 |
No visits to nurse, % | 48.7 | 73.0 | 72.0 | 75.4 | 69.0 | 79.5 | 75.8 |
Mean (SD) No. of visits to doctor, normal care | 6.4 (8.1) | 3.3 (5.0) | 3.7 (5.1) | 3.0 (4.9) | 3.7 (5.1) | 2.5 (4.3) | 2.7 (5.1) |
Mean (SD) No. of visits to doctor, urgent care | 0.4 (1.1) | 0.4 (1.1) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.4 (1.1) | 0.6 (1.4) | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.2 (0.9) |
Mean (SD) No. of visits to nurse | 3.3 (7.2) | 0.8 (2.9) | 0.8 (2.7) | 0.7 (2.8) | 0.9 (2.8) | 0.7 (3.7) | 1.0 (3.3) |
Use of Specialised Care | |||||||
No visits, % | 48.3 | 75.6 | 59.3 | 70.6 | 71.1 | 74.1 | 75.7 |
Mean (SD) No. of visits | 2.7 (4.7) | 1.3 (3.2) | 1.7 (3.5) | 1.2 (3.0) | 1.2 (3.0) | 1.0 (2.8) | 1.1 (3.2) |
Use of Hospital Care | |||||||
Mean (SD) No. of planned admissions/100 ind. | 3.8 (25.1) | 1.6 (30.0) | 2.0 (20.7) | 1.5 (17.5) | 1.4 (50.8) | 0.8 (10.0) | 1.7 (14.6) |
Mean (SD) No. of unplanned admissions/100 ind. | 4.7 (27.0) | 2.7 (17.7) | 2.8 (18.8) | 2.5 (17.9) | 3.2 (19.9) | 2.8 (18.7) | 2.2 (17.9) |
Mean (SD) hospital stay, days | 6.5 (8.3) | 4.3 (9.3) | 4.3 (5.9) | 4.4 (13.3) | 4.0 (6.0) | 4.5 (5.7) | 5.5 (9.2) |
Use of Emergency Care | |||||||
No visits, % | 82.2 | 85.2 | 82.5 | 85.7 | 85.9 | 85.8 | 90.6 |
Mean (SD) No. of visits/10 ind. | 2.8 (7.8) | 2.3 (7.2) | 2.7 (7.4) | 2.3 (7.0) | 2.3 (7.4) | 2.3 (7.2) | 1.4 (5.5) |
High priority visits, % | 48.9 | 37.2 | 40.9 | 36.5 | 33.6 | 31.3 | 42.2 |
Pharmacy use | |||||||
No use, % | 24.8 | 46.2 | 43.7 | 49.9 | 39.3 | 53.9 | 58.9 |
Mean (SD) cost, € | 317.5 (716.2) | 47.0 (220.0) | 50.9 (201.7) | 42.3 (200.4) | 43.5 (230.3) | 33.4 (139.6) | 82.0 (367.0) |
Use of Primary Care (visits to doctor) | Use of Specialised Care | Use of Hospital Care (total admissions) | Use of Hospital Care (unplanned admissions) | Use of Emergency Care | Pharmacy Use | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRRa
| IRRb
| IRRa
| IRRb
| IRRa
| IRRb
| IRRa
| IRRb
| IRRa
| IRRb
| IRRa
| IRRb
| |
Length of stay in Spain < 5 years | ||||||||||||
Children | ||||||||||||
Nationals (ref) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
Immigrants | 0.79†
| 0.93†
| 0.59†
| 0.70†
| 1.02 | 1.30†
| 0.83* | 1.03 | 0.76†
| 0.92* | 0.66†
| 0.71†
|
Africa | 0.80†
| 0.95†
| 0.57†
| 0.67†
| 1.45†
| 1.81†
| 0.95 | 1.15 | 0.59†
| 0.69†
| 0.75†
| 0.87†
|
Asia | 0.59†
| 0.83†
| 0.39†
| 0.55†
| 0.32* | 0.51 | 0.43* | 0.69 | 1.03 | 1.50†
| 0.35†
| 0.41†
|
Eastern Europe | 0.84†
| 0.96†
| 0.55†
| 0.65†
| 0.81* | 1.01 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 0.89* | 1.07 | 0.66†
| 0.70†
|
Latin America | 0.78†
| 0.92†
| 0.75†
| 0.88* | 1.01 | 1.24 | 0.77 | 0.96 | 0.78†
| 0.92 | 0.65†
| 0.64†
|
Western Europe & North America | 0.52†
| 0.69†
| 0.45†
| 0.57†
| 0.54 | 0.8 | 0.68 | 1.0 | 0.60†
| 0.79 | 0.41†
| 0.40†
|
Adults | ||||||||||||
Nationals (ref) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
Immigrants | 0.68†
| 0.88†
| 0.60†
| 0.71†
| 0.78†
| 0.91†
| 0.95 | 1.03 | 0.87†
| 1.05* | 0.37†
| 0.41†
|
Africa | 0.88†
| 1.06†
| 0.68†
| 0.72†
| 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.42†
| 1.36†
| 0.96 | 1.07* | 0.40†
| 0.45†
|
Asia | 0.46†
| 0.75†
| 0.52†
| 0.65†
| 0.74* | 0.88 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.82* | 1.12 | 0.26†
| 0.33†
|
Eastern Europe | 0.57†
| 0.80†
| 0.52†
| 0.65†
| 0.67†
| 0.83†
| 0.79†
| 0.89* | 0.77†
| 0.98 | 0.34†
| 0.37†
|
Latin America | 0.76†
| 0.88†
| 0.84†
| 0.99 | 0.84†
| 0.96 | 0.88* | 0.97 | 1.02 | 1.19†
| 0.40†
| 0.45†
|
Western Europe & North America | 0.44†
| 0.69†
| 0.39†
| 0.49†
| 0.40†
| 0.54†
| 0.47†
| 0.58* | 0.47†
| 0.62†
| 0.38†
| 0.36†
|
Length of stay in Spain ≥ 5 years | ||||||||||||
Children | ||||||||||||
Nationals (ref) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
Immigrants | 0.77†
| 0.90†
| 0.61†
| 0.69†
| 0.79* | 0.93 | 0.71* | 0.84 | 0.69†
| 0.79†
| 0.55†
| 0.60†
|
Africa | 0.80†
| 0.90†
| 0.56†
| 0.62†
| 0.53†
| 0.58†
| 0.62* | 0.7 | 0.54†
| 0.60†
| 0.58†
| 0.58†
|
Asia | 0.63†
| 0.84†
| 0.56†
| 0.72* | 0.44 | 0.65 | 0.46 | 0.67 | 0.95 | 1.29 | 0.55†
| 0.72* |
Eastern Europe | 0.78†
| 0.90†
| 0.59†
| 0.65†
| 0.88 | 1.04 | 0.74 | 0.89 | 0.80†
| 0.9 | 0.60†
| 0.63†
|
Latin America | 0.78†
| 0.92†
| 0.73†
| 0.86* | 1.2 | 1.53* | 0.87 | 1.02 | 0.71†
| 0.82* | 0.42†
| 0.53†
|
Western Europe & North America | 0.61†
| 0.78†
| 0.61†
| 0.73* | 0.68 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.05 | 0.69* | 0.86 | 0.52†
| 0.83* |
Adults | ||||||||||||
Nationals (ref) | 1.00 | |||||||||||
Immigrants | 0.88†
| 0.95†
| 0.71†
| 0.74†
| 0.78†
| 0.83†
| 0.91†
| 0.94* | 1.07†
| 1.16†
| 0.53†
| 0.54†
|
Africa | 1.04†
| 1.10†
| 0.71†
| 0.70†
| 0.74†
| 0.76†
| 0.97 | 0.98 | 1.06* | 1.11†
| 0.54†
| 0.56†
|
Asia | 0.67†
| 0.84†
| 0.64†
| 0.74†
| 0.71* | 0.81 | 0.92 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.24†
| 0.41†
| 0.47†
|
Eastern Europe | 0.80†
| 0.90†
| 0.72†
| 0.76†
| 0.76†
| 0.83†
| 0.87* | 0.93* | 1.03* | 1.14†
| 0.53†
| 0.55†
|
Latin America | 0.91†
| 0.93†
| 0.90†
| 0.92†
| 0.86†
| 0.89†
| 0.94 | 0.96 | 1.25†
| 1.32†
| 0.49†
| 0.50†
|
Western Europe & North America | 0.68†
| 0.79†
| 0.64†
| 0.66†
| 0.74†
| 0.81* | 0.78* | 0.82* | 0.65†
| 0.73†
| 0.73†
| 0.71†
|
Use of Emergency Care | Use of Hospital Care | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC users | PC non-users | PC users | PC non-users | |||||
Mean No. of visits/10 ind. | IRR | Mean No. of visits/10 ind. | IRR | Mean No. of unplanned admissions/100 ind. | IRR | Mean No. of unplanned admissions/100 ind. | IRR | |
Nationals | 3.13 | (ref) | 1.10 | (ref) | 4.60 | (ref) | 2.70 | (ref) |
Immigrants | 3.28 | 1.20†
| 0.58 | 0.91†
| 4.02 | 1.15†
| 0.70 | 0.61†
|
Africa | 3.72 | 1.08†
| 0.63 | 0.88* | 4.10 | 1.25†
| 0.70 | 0.58†
|
Asia | 3.44 | 1.36†
| 0.58 | 1.52†
| 3.73 | 1.47†
| 0.78 | 0.59 |
Eastern Europe | 3.07 | 1.22†
| 0.64 | 0.88†
| 4.35 | 1.13†
| 0.74 | 0.57†
|
Latin America | 3.32 | 1.32†
| 0.79 | 1.04 | 3.77 | 1.05 | 0.72 | 0.82 |
Western Europe & North America | 2.76 | 0.94* | 0.29 | 0.37†
| 4.14 | 1.12 | 0.61 | 0.26†
|