Background
Methodology
Continent | Percentage of first authors | No. of papers |
---|---|---|
North America | 37 % | 121 |
Europe | 35.8 % | 117 |
Africa | 10.7 % | 35 |
Asia | 7.3 % | 24 |
Australia/Oceania | 7 % | 23 |
South America | 2.1 % | 7 |
Results
Descriptives
Key thematic categories
(A) Thematic categories | (B) Sub-themes |
---|---|
Health systems | Accreditation |
Private health sector | |
Public health sector | |
Economic impact | |
Reform of systems for localisation | |
Patient care and safety | |
Resources | |
Access to healthcare | |
Education | |
Pharmaceuticals | Cost of medicines |
Access to medicine | |
Local production of medicine | |
Implications of drug patents | |
Antibiotics | |
Antimicrobial resistance | |
Governance in the pharmaceutical sector | |
Bilateral trade | |
Drug trials | |
Non-communicable diseases | Economic and health burden |
Prevention and intervention | |
Diabetes | |
Policy making around NCDs | |
Home based vs community based care for NCDs | |
Socio-economic status | |
Cardio vascular disease | |
Diabetes and nutrition | |
Communicable diseases | HIV and AIDS |
ART- sustained delivery and adherence | |
Programme sustainability | |
Community based awareness and prevention | |
Health rights of HIV patients | |
Healthcare equity | |
AIDS free generation and HIV/AIDS as a chronic illness | |
Research | Contrasting global north and south |
Drug development | |
Funding | |
Open access publishing | |
Conducting research on diseases | |
Scientific rigour | |
Underreporting in low and middle income countries. | |
Policy making – national & global levels | Home based care |
Implementation of policies | |
Incentives to improve | |
Spending on health | |
Millennium development goals and future policy | |
Development | |
Global fund | |
Migration | Obesity |
Sexual violence against migrants-prevention | |
Migrant health access | |
Refugees and NCDs | |
Brain drain | |
Therapeutic relationships | |
Technology | eHealth governance and legislation |
mHealth and NCDs | |
mHealth and mental health | |
Standardisation in health technology | |
Telemedicine | |
International aid | Foreign aid |
Volunteering | |
Ethical and sustainable volunteering | |
Coordination of aid | |
Satisfaction and effectiveness (with usage) | |
Global health as a field of study | Contributions to global health |
Governance of global health | |
Evolution of the field | |
Priorities | |
Partnerships & knowledge sharing | Reverse partnerships in volunteering |
International cooperation | |
‘Reverse innovation’ | |
Open innovation in low resource settings | |
Nutrition | Obesity in children |
Nutrition and chronic disease | |
Global response to obesity | |
Implications of trade agreements on nutrition | |
Mental health | Suicide and socio-economic status |
Work stress, ageing and depression | |
Human rights | |
Psychological impact of caregiving | |
Global threats | Weapon control |
Nutrition issues | |
Organised crime | |
Climate change | |
Tobacco | Tobacco control |
Nicotine replacement | |
Health and economic burden of consumption | |
Maternal health | Maternal mental health |
Mother to child HIV transmission | |
Infection control and maternal mortality | |
Trade | Pesticide residue on imported food |
TRIPS | |
Trade related diseases | |
Sustainable development | Sustainable impact of volunteerism |
Nutrition | |
Sustainable water sanitation | |
Sex workers | Health interventions |
Alcohol use and HIV vulnerability | |
Human rights violations | |
Global disease | NCDs |
Multi-morbidity | |
Epidemiology |
Key constructs (Labonte & Torgerson) | Thematic categories | Sub-themes | Examples from G&H |
---|---|---|---|
Global policy space & global health contexts | Global policies | Weapon control | [45]-Globalising weapon trade |
Global health | Epidemiology | [46]-Accountability in global health cooperation | |
Governance in health and pharmaceuticals | Food globalisation | [47]- Governments aiding nutrition crisis | |
Accountability | Global fund | ||
Nutrition | Millennium | ||
Development goals | |||
Global & domestic development contexts | Scientific research | Brain drain | [48] - Open access publishing in LMIC |
Educational development | Open innovation | [49]- Reverse innovation and volunteering | |
Global partnerships | Disease prevention strategies | [50]- Sustainable development in health | |
Development issues in LMIC | Resource allocation and effectiveness, | [51]- Coordination of development assistance | |
Voluntourism aid and NGOs | Emerging economies | ||
Sustainable development | Open publishing | ||
Underreporting in developing countries. | |||
Environmental pathways | Climate change | Impact on spread of diseases | [52]- Climate change and mosquito borne illnesses |
Climate sensitive health investment | [53]- Global health adaption with climate change | ||
Trade agreements & regulatory space of pharmaceutical products | Human rights | Antimicrobial resistance | [54]- Policy and access to medicine |
Implications of drug patents | Local production of medication | [39]- Import and production of generic medicine | |
Cost of medicines | Bilateral trade | ||
Access to medicine | |||
Healthcare systems | Healthcare regulation | Health rights | [55]- Conceptual framework for medical tourism |
Technology and health | Discourse on disease | [28]- eHealth legislation | |
Medical tourism | Telemedicine e/mHealth | [56]- Health market regulation in LMIC | |
Healthcare systems in LMIC | Access to healthcare systems | [57]- Access to healthcare in post conflict settings | |
Maternal health | Water sanitation | [58] - Facilitating access to healthcare | |
Public health service regulations | Mother to child HIV | ||
Female sex workers’ access to healthcare | Maternal mental health | ||
Domestic policy & national level contexts/influences | Governmental spending on health | Health system frameworks | [59]- Economic impact of spending on health |
Policy Global health diplomacy | Reducing practice-implementation gap | [60]- Health 'quality chasm’ in resource limited settings | |
Policy making on care systems | [32]- Frameworks learning from other international experience | ||
Improvement incentives | |||
Population level health influences: NCDs | Prevention and intervention | Prevalence | [61]- Effects of diabetes on domestic health system |
Burden- economic and health | Care systems | [62]- Integrating mHealth and mental health care | |
Diabetes | Policy management | [63]- Nicotine replacement therapies | |
Cardio vascular disease | Psychological impacts | [64]- Framework for prevention and control of NCDs | |
Tobacco | Mental health and SES Suicide | ||
Mental health | Tobacco’s global mortality | ||
Nutrition | Nicotine replacement and control | ||
Alcohol abuse | Obesity nutrition crisis | ||
Population level health influences: communicable diseases | Transmission of diseases | Adherence and sustained delivery of ART | [65]- Inequity in HIV care |
HIV/AIDS Programme sustainability | Access and supply of interventions | [66]- Access barriers to HIV/AIDS services | |
Awareness and prevention ARTs | AIDS free generation | [67]- Psychological influences of AIDS as chronic illness | |
Barriers in service | |||
Disease reconfiguration- HIV/AIDs as a chronic disease |
Global policy space and global health contexts
Global and domestic development contexts
Environmental pathways
Trade agreements and regulatory space of pharmaceutical products
Healthcare systems
Domestic policy and national level influences
Population level influences - NCDs
Population level influences - communicable disease
Political inclinations of the article
-
Not political 65 %
-
Political 30 %
A distinctive ethos and direction for future research
Suggested future themes within Globalization and Health
| Rationale |
---|---|
Mental health | An important emerging field in global health discourse. The journal has had five publications thus far with mental health as the primary research topic. While mental health may be covered under the general term ‘NCD’ its focus within ‘Globalization and Health’ has not been as substantial as other NCD areas. |
Human resources | The dearth of human resources for health continues to act as one of the most important barriers to achieving health for all. As both the HIV and Ebola epidemics demonstrated, the absence of trained health workers, especially front-line health workers, exacerbate the spread of epidemics. This migration of health personnel, mostly from poor countries to rich countries is facilitated by an increasingly globalised world. |
Health technology | Advancements in technology (e.g. eHealth, mHealth, telemedicine, assistive products and medical devices) have created immense promise for a more efficient and inclusive delivery of health care. To be effective however, technology must also be accompanied by a capable and motivated user, and an effective system of support and maintenance, where appropriate. |
Gender, equity and human rights | Human rights, including the ‘right to health’, have not been prominent in the journal, with only 2 publications coded as having human rights as a main theme. This is somewhat surprising given that the WHO Constitution ‘enshrines the highest attainable standard of health as a fundamental right of every human being’. This theme includes global health law and treaties that impact on human rights. |
Migration | Issues surrounding migration, such as the brain drain and sexual violence against migrants have featured thus far in the journal. Health access and issues faced by migrants have also been explored. Climate change and natural resource depletion are expected to increasingly drive migration, both of which have inherently global causes and consequences. |
Sustainable development goals | Research in the journal thus far has reviewed health systems in relation to the MDG, where papers have highlighted the top down approach taken to their establishment and the difficulties in implementing them in the global south [8, 68]. The SDGs present a new opportunity to encourage research with a different emphasis, particularly on coherence (or incoherence) between the different goals, their measurement, government accountability for compliance and global financing for the SDGs. |
Intercultural aspects of global health | The journal has yet to include much on pluralist health environments and the complexities that such environments pose for practitioners. The role of traditional health knowledge, the role of traditional health practices and practitioners, cultural and communicative competency in delivering international health programs, protection of cultural health knowledge, differential health risks of indigenous populations. |
Transnational corporations and health | The size and reach of transnational corporations has been one of the dominant features of contemporary globalisation. Health benefits via economic growth and employment are offset by the diffusion of hazardous products and the environmental and social damages associated with extractive industries. Attempts to regulate their practices have been countered by claims of voluntary corporate social responsibility. Some attention to these issues has been given in this journal, but more is needed as the global health influence of these corporations continues to rise. |
Health and global security | A dominating concern in global health is that of health security, reducing the risk of novel pathogens and the rise and spread of antimicrobial resistant diseases. The journal has paid some attention to this aspect of health and global security. But health is also affected by other security issues, ranging from regional conflicts and their causes, the ‘war on terror’, and the health opportunity costs of militarization. Health has also been mooted as a ‘peace dividend’ in conflict areas, while international health work in conflict areas or fragile states poses particular challenges. |