Introduction
Materials and methods
Study design
Participants
Number of teeth, SES, and other variables
Dietary assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of the subjects
Number of teeth | p value1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
Number of teeth, range | |||||
50–59 | 0–19 | 20–25 | 26–27 | 28 | |
60–69 | 0–14 | 15–21 | 22–26 | 27–28 | |
70–79 | 0–6 | 7–17 | 18–24 | 25–28 | |
80- | 0 | 1–7 | 8–19 | 20–28 | |
n
| 493 | 485 | 529 | 542 | |
Sex | |||||
Men | 242 (49.1) | 204 (42.1) | 223 (42.2) | 239 (44.1) | 0.09 |
Women | 251 (50.9) | 281 (57.9) | 306 (57.8) | 303 (55.9) | |
Age, mean, SD | 68.5, 9.4 | 66.5, 9.3 | 66.9, 8.5 | 66.0, 9.2 | < 0.01 |
Age group | |||||
50–59 | 97 (19.7) | 131 (27.0) | 94 (17.8) | 143 (26.4) | < 0.01 |
60–69 | 190 (38.5) | 161 (33.2) | 240 (45.4) | 195 (36.0) | |
70–79 | 145 (29.4) | 153 (31.5) | 146 (27.6) | 152 (28.0) | |
80- | 61 (12.4) | 40 (8.2) | 49 (9.3) | 52 (9.6) | |
Smoking | |||||
Former smoker | 110 (22.4) | 92 (19.0) | 114 (21.6) | 110 (20.3) | < 0.01 |
Current smoker | 93 (18.9) | 64 (13.2) | 52 (9.8) | 46 (8.5) | |
Use of antidiabetic medications | 65 (13.2) | 43 (8.9) | 36 (6.8) | 42 (7.8) | < 0.01 |
Household income2 | |||||
Low | 148 (33.9) | 117 (26.5) | 108 (22.5) | 94 (18.9) | < 0.01 |
High | 289 (66.1) | 324 (73.5) | 372 (77.5) | 404 (81.1) | |
Equivalent household expenditure3 | |||||
Low | 273 (61.1) | 227 (51.6) | 209 (42.1) | 233 (45.3) | < 0.01 |
High | 174 (38.9) | 213 (48.4) | 287 (57.9) | 281 (54.7) | |
Educational attainment4 | |||||
Low | 414 (84.5) | 381 (78.9) | 408 (77.1) | 385 (71.0) | < 0.01 |
High | 76 (15.5) | 102 (21.1) | 121 (22.9) | 157 (29.0) |
Food group intake by the number of teeth
Number of teeth | Trend p value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
Grain products, g | 460 (447–474) | 446 (433–459) | 427 (414–440) | 429 (417–442) | < 0.01 |
Rice, g | 342 (328–357) | 338 (324–353) | 316 (302–330) | 326 (312–340) | 0.03 |
Bread, g | 39 (35–43) | 36 (32–40) | 38 (34–42) | 34 (30–38) | 0.18 |
Noodles, g | 62 (53–71) | 59 (51–68) | 58 (50–67) | 52 (44–60) | 0.10 |
Potatoes, g | 61 (55–68) | 63 (57–70) | 60 (54–66) | 64 (58–70) | 0.72 |
Soy and soy products, g | 74 (66–81) | 71 (64–78) | 75 (68–81) | 73 (66–79) | 0.95 |
Vegetables, g | 301 (285–318) | 328 (312–344) | 340 (324–355) | 331 (316–347) | < 0.01 |
Fruits, g | 136 (124–148) | 143 (131–155) | 151 (139–162) | 143 (132–155) | 0.30 |
Fishes and Shellfishes, g | 91 (84–97) | 91 (84–97) | 98 (92–105) | 91 (85–98) | 0.54 |
Meats, g | 60 (55–65) | 62 (57–67) | 66 (61–71) | 68 (63–73) | 0.01 |
Eggs, g | 34 (31–37) | 37 (34–40) | 38 (35–41) | 35 (32–37) | 0.75 |
Milks, g | 95 (84–106) | 113 (102–124) | 117 (106–128) | 109 (99–120) | 0.07 |
Beverages, g | 719 (676–762) | 730 (688–773) | 760 (719–801) | 747 (707–788) | 0.23 |
Nutrient intake by the number of teeth
Number of teeth | Trend p value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
Total energy, kcal | 1908 (1866–1949) | 1915 (1873–1956) | 1948 (1909–1988) | 1914 (1874–1953) | 0.61 |
Carbohydrate, g | 276.8 (270.3–283.3) | 274.3 (267.9–280.8) | 272.5 (266.3–278.7) | 271.3 (265.1–277.4) | 0.20 |
Dietary fiber, g | 16.3 (15.7–17.0) | 17.0 (16.4–17.6) | 17.5 (16.9–18.2) | 17.3 (16.7–17.9) | 0.01 |
Protein, g | 70.0 (68.1–71.8) | 70.9 (69.0–72.8) | 74.0 (72.3–75.8) | 72.5 (70.7–74.3) | 0.01 |
Animal protein, g | 34.8 (33.3–36.3) | 36.2 (34.7–37.7) | 39.4 (37.9–40.8) | 38.0 (36.5–39.4) | < 0.01 |
Vegetable protein, g | 35.1 (34.2–36.1) | 34.7 (33.7–35.6) | 34.7 (33.8–35.6) | 34.5 (33.6–35.4) | 0.39 |
Fat, g | 49.7 (47.9–51.5) | 51.1 (49.3–52.9) | 53.2 (51.4–54.9) | 51.3 (49.6–53.0) | 0.11 |
SFA, g | 13.0 (12.5–13.6) | 13.5 (12.9–14.0) | 13.9 (13.3–14.4) | 13.4 (12.8–13.9) | 0.28 |
MUFA, g | 16.3 (15.6–17.0) | 17.0 (16.3–17.7) | 17.6 (17.0–18.3) | 17.2 (16.6–17.9) | 0.04 |
PUFA, g | 11.7 (11.2–12.2) | 11.9 (11.4–12.4) | 12.0 (11.5–12.4) | 11.9 (11.4–12.3) | 0.66 |
Sodium, mg | 4422 (4269–4574) | 4451 (4300–4603) | 4584 (4438–4729) | 4386 (4242–4530) | 0.98 |
Potassium, mg | 2460 (2377–2543) | 2602 (2519–2685) | 2685 (2605–2764) | 2639 (2560–2718) | < 0.01 |
Calcium, mg | 565 (539–590) | 582 (557–608) | 612 (588–637) | 592 (568–616) | 0.06 |
Magnesium, mg | 266 (257–274) | 276 (267–284) | 284 (276–293) | 279 (271–287) | 0.01 |
Iron, mg | 8.5 (8.3–8.8) | 8.7 (8.4–9.0) | 9.1 (8.8–9.4) | 8.9 (8.6–9.2) | 0.04 |
Zinc, mg | 7.9 (7.7–8.1) | 8.1 (7.8–8.3) | 8.3 (8.1–8.5) | 8.2 (8.0–8.5) | < 0.01 |
Vitamin A, μgRE | 528 (478–579) | 572 (522–623) | 629 (580–677) | 627 (579–675) | < 0.01 |
β-carotene, μg | 4306 (3976–4636) | 4764 (4436–5093) | 5072 (4757–5387) | 5048 (4735–5360) | < 0.01 |
Vitamin D, μg | 9.1 (8.3–9.9) | 9.1 (8.3–10.0) | 9.7 (8.9–10.5) | 9.4 (8.6–10.2) | 0.46 |
Vitamin E, mg | 8.7 (7.0–10.5) | 8.6 (6.9–10.4) | 11.2 (9.5–12.9) | 11.4 (9.7–13.1) | < 0.01 |
Vitamin K, μg | 266 (248–284) | 272 (254–290) | 282 (265–299) | 287 (270–304) | 0.07 |
Vitamin B1, mg | 1.73 (0.91–2.55) | 2.08 (1.26–2.89) | 2.32 (1.54–3.11) | 2.92 (2.14–3.70) | 0.04 |
Vitamin B2, mg | 1.58 (1.11–2.05) | 1.58 (1.11–2.05) | 1.86 (1.41–2.31) | 2.09 (1.65–2.54) | 0.08 |
Vitamin B6, mg | 1.76 (0.91–2.60) | 2.47 (1.63–3.31) | 2.79 (1.98–3.59) | 3.43 (2.63–4.23) | < 0.01 |
Vitamin B12, μg | 6.9 (6.3–7.5) | 7.0 (6.4–7.6) | 7.3 (6.7–7.9) | 7.6 (7.0–8.2) | 0.08 |
Folic acid, μg | 327 (313–341) | 349 (335–363) | 356 (343–369) | 360 (347–373) | < 0.01 |
Vitamin C, mg | 133 (120–146) | 135 (122–147) | 149 (137–162) | 146 (134–158) | 0.07 |
Blood biomarker levels by the number of teeth
Number of teeth | Trend p value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
Serum albumin, g/dl1 | 4.40 (4.38–4.43) | 4.44 (4.42–4.46) | 4.44 (4.41–4.46) | 4.44 (4.42–4.47) | 0.03 |
Hemoglobin, g/dl1 | 13.6 (13.5–13.7) | 13.6 (13.5–13.7) | 13.7 (13.6–13.8) | 13.6 (13.5–13.8) | 0.50 |
Men2 | |||||
Serum albumin, g/dl | 4.38 (4.35–4.42) | 4.45 (4.42–4.49) | 4.44 (4.40–4.47) | 4.45 (4.41–4.48) | 0.02 |
Hemoglobin, g/dl | 14.4 (14.2–14.5) | 14.4 (14.2–14.6) | 14.4 (14.2–14.6) | 14.4 (14.3–14.6) | 0.55 |
Women2 | |||||
Serum albumin, g/dl | 4.42 (4.39–4.45) | 4.43 (4.40–4.46) | 4.44 (4.41–4.47) | 4.44 (4.41–4.47) | 0.36 |
Hemoglobin, g/dl | 13.0 (12.9–13.2) | 13.0 (12.8–13.1) | 13.2 (13.1–13.3) | 13.0 (12.9–13.1) | 0.57 |
Associations according to SES
Number of teeth | Trend | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p value | |
Household income1,2,3 | |||||
Low Serum albumin, g/dl | 4.37 (4.33–4.41) | 4.44 (4.39–4.49) | 4.38 (4.33–4.43) | 4.46 (4.40–4.51) | 0.06 |
Grain products, g | 467 (442–492) | 462 (434–490) | 420 (391–449) | 420 (388–452) | < 0.01 |
Vegetables, g | 280 (249–312) | 310 (275–345) | 339 (302–375) | 333 (293–372) | 0.02 |
Meats, g | 42 (33–51) | 56 (46–66) | 62 (52–72) | 61 (49–72) | < 0.01 |
High Serum albumin, g/dl | 4.42 (4.39–4.45) | 4.44 (4.42–4.47) | 4.46 (4.43–4.49) | 4.44 (4.41–4.46) | 0.36 |
Grain products, g | 451 (434–468) | 445 (429–461) | 432 (417–447) | 434 (419–448) | 0.08 |
Vegetables, g | 317 (297–338) | 336 (316–355) | 334 (316–352) | 330 (312–347) | 0.50 |
Meats, g | 68 (61–75) | 66 (60–72) | 70 (64–76) | 70 (64–76) | 0.48 |
Equivalent household expenditure4,5,6 | |||||
Low Serum albumin, g/dl | 4.40 (4.37–4.43) | 4.46 (4.43–4.50) | 4.42 (4.39–4.46) | 4.44 (4.40–4.47) | 0.22 |
Grain products, g | 469 (450–488) | 467 (447–488) | 454 (432–475) | 455 (435–476) | 0.23 |
Vegetables, g | 300 (278–323) | 329 (305–353) | 340 (315–366) | 313 (288–337) | 0.34 |
Meats, g | 52 (46–59) | 61 (54–69) | 64 (57–72) | 65 (58–72) | < 0.01 |
High Serum albumin, g/dl | 4.40 (4.36–4.44) | 4.41 (4.38–4.45) | 4.45 (4.42–4.48) | 4.45 (4.42–4.49) | 0.02 |
Grain products, g | 444 (423–465) | 423 (405–442) | 413 (397–429) | 409 (393–426) | 0.01 |
Vegetables, g | 308 (281–335) | 331 (306–355) | 345 (324–366) | 346 (324–367) | 0.03 |
Meats, g | 70 (62–79) | 61 (54–69) | 68 (61–75) | 71 (64–77) | 0.50 |
Educational attainment5,7,8 | |||||
Low Serum albumin, g/dl | 4.40 (4.37–4.43) | 4.44 (4.41–4.46) | 4.42 (4.40–4.45) | 4.43 (4.41–4.46) | 0.14 |
Grain products, g | 458 (443–472) | 454 (439–469) | 429 (414–443) | 437 (422–452) | < 0.01 |
Vegetables, g | 298 (280–316) | 330 (312–348) | 335 (317–353) | 321 (303–340) | 0.06 |
Meats, g | 57 (51–62) | 60 (54–66) | 67 (61–72) | 62 (56–67) | 0.09 |
High Serum albumin, g/dl | 4.39 (4.34–4.44) | 4.46 (4.41–4.50) | 4.48 (4.43–4.52) | 4.48 (4.44–4.52) | 0.01 |
Grain products, g | 467 (433–501) | 414 (386–443) | 424 (397–450) | 415 (392–438) | 0.06 |
Vegetables, g | 321 (279–362) | 324 (289–360) | 354 (321–386) | 357 (328–385) | 0.08 |
Meats, g | 70 (56–84) | 71 (59–83) | 65 (54–76) | 86 (77–96) | 0.05 |