Main text
Head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors are at high risk of malnutrition and weight loss after diagnosis due to invasive treatment and resulting symptoms affecting the ability and desire to eat [1]. Additionally, poor quality of life (QOL), reduced functional status, and severe disease- and treatment-related side effects are prevalent in this patient population and often persist long after treatment [1]. The unacceptably low survival rate coupled with the lasting effects of the disease warrant the immediate need for research that focuses on HNC survivorship care [2].
A growing body of evidence suggests nutritional counseling and adequate energy, protein and diet quality are important for improving survival and QOL outcomes in HN and other cancer populations [3‐8]. Despite the potential benefits of dietary counseling in HNC, interventions focused on diet quality are limited, and adherence to prescribed diets is poor [9, 10]. Given the high nutritional risk of this population, developing interventions that are appropriate and appealing to HNC survivors are needed in order to optimize participation and adherence. Previous research highlights the importance of incorporating patient preferences to plan interventions in colorectal [11], pancreatic [12], and breast cancer [13] patients. However, dietary intervention preferences in HNC survivors are understudied [8, 14]. As such, the objective of this study was to determine dietary intervention preferences and a study program evaluation as reported by post-cancer treatment HNC survivors who previously participated in a pilot dietary intervention trial [15]. Results can inform future frameworks for successful dietary interventions within this patient population and determine acceptability of research testing dietary interventions.
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Methods
Design, setting, and participants
Participants were post-treatment HNC survivors enrolled in a 12-week pilot/feasibility dietary intervention trial that took place at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Comprehensive Cancer Center from January 2015–August 2016. Participants were randomized to two groups: (1) an attention control group (n = 12) that received weekly telephone counseling from a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) focusing on general healthy eating for cancer survivors while addressing chronic side effects of treatment that might interfere with the ability or desire to eat; or (2) an experimental group (n = 12) who received the same weekly dietary counseling plus additional goals for consuming 2.5 and 3.5 cups of cruciferous (CV) and green leafy vegetables (GLV) per week, respectively. A detailed description of the study population and intervention methods have been described elsewhere [15]. Briefly, stage I–IV oral, pharyngeal, or laryngeal cancer patients who were > 6 months post-treatment and able to consume at least soft foods orally were recruited via the institutional cancer registry. Three-hundred fifty HNC survivors were screened for the study; however, 252 were ineligible or unreachable. Of the 98 eligible participants, 24 consented to participate for a final response rate of 24.4%. Participants completed a survey at the end of the 12-week intervention focused on dietary intervention preferences and an evaluation of the study staff and intervention. All study activities were approved by the UAB and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) Institutional Review Boards (IRB).
Measures
Patient demographic, behavioral and clinical data were obtained via a health survey. This survey included questions on age, gender, ethnicity, race, education, employment, income, marital status, smoking status, and comorbidities. Clinically measured height and weight were obtained at baseline and follow-up and used to calculate body mass index (BMI). An electronic medical record (EMR) review was conducted to collect clinical data on treatment modality, tumor site, and cancer stage at diagnosis.
Preferences
After the 12-week dietary intervention, participants completed a 7-item survey regarding their preferences for receiving dietary counseling. Survey questions asked for preferences regarding: 1) from whom they would like to receive dietary counseling (multiple choice; options were physician, nurse, RDN affiliated with a cancer center, RDN at a community center or health club, cancer patient or survivor, and no preference); 2) method of receiving diet counseling (multiple choice; options were face-to-face, telephone, visual communication tool, written material, DVD, interactive workbook, or no preference); 3) size of counseling group (multiple choice; options were one-on-one session or group session); 4) willingness to pay for dietary counseling (multiple choice; options were $0, $1–10, $11–20, $21–30, $31–40, or > $40 per month); 5) willingness to travel for dietary counseling (multiple choice; options were 0 miles, 1–15 miles, 16–30 miles, 31–45 miles, 46–60 miles, or > 60 miles); and 6) ideal timing to start a dietary intervention program (multiple choice; options were before treatment, during treatment, immediately following treatment, 6 months after treatment ends, 1-year after treatment ends, more than 1 year after treatment ends, or other). A final open-ended question asked participants to justify and explain their reasoning behind question 6 (ideal timing to start a dietary intervention program).
Study evaluations
Participants completed an evaluation of the program at completion of the 12-week intervention. Six questions were rated on a 5-point Likert scale (options ranging from “strongly disagree” - “strongly agree”) including: 1) the objectives of the study and my responsibilities were made clear to me during the initial contact; 2) the study staff was helpful and easy to contact; 3) I would recommend this study to others; 4) the RDN was knowledgeable and helpful; 5) the RDN was respectful and sensitive to how I was feeling at the time; and 6) I would recommend dietary counseling to others. The experimental group had identical questions with the addition of: 1) the RDN counseling sessions were tailored to my needs; and 2) my behavior regarding diet changed during the program.
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Participants completed four open-ended survey questions including: 1) what they would change to improve the program; 2) what they would keep about the program; 3) how they would recommend improving the dietary counseling sessions; and 4) how the study could be made more convenient. Participants also responded to one multiple choice question indicating how they would rank the study program overall (options were “poor,” “fair,” “good,” “very good,” and “excellent”). The experimental group had identical questions with the addition of: 1) identifying the part of the program that was most helpful for diet change; and 2) reporting any missed RDN counseling sessions. Additionally, the experimental group was asked whether they participated in a dietary intervention other than the current study in the past 3 months (yes/no).
Data analysis
Variations in clinical and demographic data and responses to multiple choice survey questions were analyzed using descriptive statistics. For questions with Likert-type response options, “somewhat agree” and “strongly agree” responses were collapsed into one category titled “agree”. Responses of “neutral”, “somewhat disagree”, and “strongly disagree” were collapsed into one category titled “disagree”. Responses to open-ended questions were recorded and grouped based on themes, and verified by quality assurance checks by a second study team member. Inconsistencies in grouping were discussed and resolved.
Results
Participant characteristics
Demographic characteristics are presented in Table 1. The mean age of the study participants was 59 years old, and most were Caucasian, males, and college educated. The majority were diagnosed with stage III or IV cancers.
Table 1
Characteristics of head and neck cancer survivors participating in a 12-week dietary intervention trial
Characteristic | Total N (%) |
|---|---|
Age: Mean ± SD [range], years | 59 ± 8.2 [44–76] |
Gender | |
Male | 19 (79.2) |
Female | 5 (20.8) |
Race | |
Black/ African-American | 3 (12.5) |
White/ Caucasian | 20 (83.3) |
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 1 (4.2) |
Ethnicitya | |
Non-Hispanic/Latino | 23 (100) |
Education | |
< High School | 9 (37.5) |
Some college or more | 15 (62.5) |
Yearly household incomea | |
(dollars/year) | |
> $49,999 | 11 (47.8) |
$50,000 + | 12 (52.2) |
Tumor Site | |
Hypopharynx | 2 (8.3) |
Larynx | 8 (33.4) |
Oral Cavity | 4 (16.7) |
Oropharynx | 9 (37.5) |
Unknown Primary | 1 (4.2) |
Cancer Stage | |
Stage I | 4 (16.6) |
Stage II | 3 (12.5) |
Stage III | 7 (29.2) |
Stage IV | 10 (41.7) |
Treatment | |
No Radiation | 6 (25.0) |
Radiation | 18 (75.0) |
Current marital status | |
Married | 16 (66.7) |
Single (never married) | 8 (33.3) |
Smoking Status | |
Current | 2 (8.3) |
Past | 17 (70.1) |
Never | 5 (20.8) |
Baseline BMI: Mean ± SD [range], kg/m^2 | 28.1 ± 6.05 [18.5–40.6] |
Follow-up BMI: Mean ± SD [range], kg/m^2 | 28.0 ± 5.87 [19.2–41] |
Preferences
Table 2 reports preference survey responses among all participants.
Table 2
Head and neck cancer survivors’ preferences for dietary counseling assessed post-intervention during a 12-week dietary intervention trial
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 23) | Control (N = 12) | Experimental (N = 11) | |
From whom would you most like to receive diet counseling?
| |||
Registered Dietitian | 18 (79) | 8 (67) | 10 (91) |
Physician | 1 (4) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) |
Nurse | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 1 (9) |
No Preference | 3 (13) | 3 (25) | 0 (0) |
How would you most like to receive diet counseling?
| |||
Face-to-face | 5 (22) | 3 (25) | 2 (18) |
Telephone | 7 (30) | 4 (33) | 3 (27.3) |
Written material (ex: pamphlet, book) | 5 (22) | 2 (17) | 3 (27.3) |
Interactive workbook | 1 (4) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) |
No preference | 5 (22) | 2 (17) | 3 (27.3) |
How would you prefer to receive dietary counseling sessions?
| |||
One-on-one sessions | 21 (91) | 11 (92) | 10 (91) |
Group sessions | 2 (9) | 1 (8) | 1 (9) |
What is the most you would be willing to pay for dietary counseling? (N = 22)
| |||
$0/ month | 9 (41) | 4 (33) | 5 (50) |
$1–10/month | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) |
$11–20/month | 4 (18) | 3 (25) | 1 (10) |
$21–30/month | 2 (9) | 0 (0) | 2 (20) |
$31–40/month | 2 (9) | 2 (17) | 0 (0) |
More than $40/month | 4 (18) | 3 (25) | 1 (10) |
What is the farthest you are willing to travel for dietary counseling?
| |||
0 miles | 1 (4) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) |
1–15 miles | 5 (22) | 2 (17) | 3 (27) |
16–30 miles | 5 (22) | 3 (25) | 2 (18) |
31–45 miles | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
46–60 miles | 5 (22) | 4 (33) | 1 (9) |
More than 60 miles | 7 (30) | 2 (17) | 5 (46) |
When do you think is the ideal time for head and neck cancer patients to start a dietary intervention/counseling program?
| |||
Before treatment | 11 (48) | 5 (42) | 6 (55) |
During treatment | 2 (9) | 1 (8) | 1 (9) |
Immediately following treatment | 7 (30) | 4 (33) | 3 (27) |
6 months after treatment | 3 (13) | 2 (17) | 1 (9) |
Likert-type responses
The majority of participants indicated a preference for dietary counseling from a RDN while the largest proportion of participants preferred to receive telephone-based dietary counseling. Participants preferred counseling to occur before treatment. Nearly all participants indicated a preference for dietary counseling in one-on-one sessions as opposed to group sessions. Nearly half reported they would only be willing to participate in dietary counseling if it were free, and approximately one third indicated they would be willing to travel > 60 miles for counseling.
Open-ended responses
The responses for the opened-ended question asking for justification of participants’ choice of ideal timing were categorized into four themes. The majority of participants preferred an intervention before treatment stating reasons such as “overall health and diet” and “the sooner, the better”. Roughly one-third of participants noted the intervention should occur during or immediately following treatment for the “convenience or ease” of the patient as they would already be reporting to clinic and attending follow-up visits frequently. The smallest group of participants preferred an intervention after a post-treatment “adjustment period”.
Study and intervention (program) evaluation
Table 3 reports program preference responses among all participants.
Table 3
Head and neck cancer survivors’ program preferences assessed during a 12-week dietary intervention trial
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 23) | Control (N = 12) | Experimental (N = 11) | |
Objectives of study were clear
| |||
Disagreea | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Agreeb | 23 (100) | 12 (100) | 11 (100) |
Study staff was helpful and easy to contact
| |||
Disgreea | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Agreeb | 23 (100) | 12 (100) | 11 (100) |
I would recommend the study to others
| |||
Disagreea | 1 (4) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) |
Agreeb | 22 (96) | 11 (92) | 11 (100) |
Dietitian was knowledgeable and helpful (n = 22)
| |||
Disagreea | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Agreeb | 22 (100) | 11 (100) | 11 (100) |
Dietitian was sensitive and respectful (n = 22)
| |||
Disagreea | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Agreeb | 22 (100) | 11 (100) | 11 (100) |
I would recommend this program to others
| |||
Disagreea | 2 (5) | 1 (9) | 1 (9) |
Agreeb | 21 (95) | 11 (91) | 10 (91) |
Overall, how would you rank this program?
| |||
Poor | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Fair | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Good | 1 (4) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) |
Very good | 9 (39) | 4 (33) | 5 (45) |
Excellent | 13 (57) | 7 (59) | 6 (55) |
Experimental only: Dietitian counseling sessions were tailored to my needs
| |||
Disagreea | – | 0 (0) | |
Agreeb | – | 11 (100) | |
Experimental only: My behavior regarding diet changed during the program
| |||
Disagreea | – | 2 (18) | |
Agreeb | – | 9 (82) | |
Likert-type responses
Overall the study was deemed acceptable to participants. All participants ranked the study program as good – excellent. All participants agreed the objectives of the study were clear, the study staff was helpful and easy to contact, the RDN was knowledgeable and helpful, and the RDN was sensitive and respectful. All but one participants would recommend the study to others and all but two participants would recommend the program to others. All participants in the experimental group agreed the counseling sessions were tailored to their needs. Slightly over 80% of the experimental group participants agreed their behavior regarding diet changed during the program.
Open-ended responses
All participants were asked four open-ended questions. When asked what they would change to improve the program, 11 participants provided no response and seven indicated there were no changes needed. Responses from the control group included: “more provider intervention/more contact time”, “a worksheet to e-mail vegetable consumption to the RDN”, and “a location that is closer to home”. One participant in the experimental group suggested “more snack recipes” and another stated they needed more motivation to “follow advice better”.
When asked what should be kept about the program, ten participants provided no response. Responses indicating what to keep about the program included: the entire program (n = 7), the colored pamphlets offered to participants (n = 3), and the RDN who administered dietary counseling sessions on the phone (n = 1). Two participants stated they will retain the skills learned for eating more vegetables and will “eat better”.
When asked how to improve the dietary counseling sessions, ten participants provided no response while ten stated the program did not need improvement. Other responses included clarifications on calories and protein (n = 2) and being informed of final study results (n = 1).
When asked how the study could be more convenient for participants, 11 provided no response and eight stated the study was already convenient. Four participants indicated it would be more convenient if the program were closer to home.
The experimental group (n = 11) was asked three additional open-ended questions. When asked which part of the program was most helpful inducing diet change one participant did not provide a response. Other responses included: “eating more vegetables” (n = 8) and the RDN’s availability/phone calls (n = 2). When asked if any RDN counseling sessions were missed, three participants provided no response, five stated none were missed, and three stated a counseling session was missed for “travel”, “working late”, and “scheduling conflicts”. No participants reported that they had participated in any other dietary intervention program other than the current study in the past 3 months.
Discussion
This study reported HNC survivors’ preferences for receiving dietary counseling and their evaluations of a post-treatment dietary intervention aimed at increasing CV and GLV. Notable findings were that the majority of survivors indicated a preference for dietary counseling from a RDN and just under half of survivors indicated a preference for telephone-based counseling and to receive the counseling before treatment.
The preference for telephone-based counseling is a distance-based delivery method and is similar to a study assessing exercise preferences in bladder cancer survivors in which a home-based approach was preferred [16]. Furthermore, a telephone-based distance approach to improve diet quality was utilized in a breast and prostate cancer survivor study in which the intervention arm had a significantly higher diet quality index score as compared to the control arm [17]. Several dietary intervention studies have favored telephone-based methods to provide counseling [17‐21] and evidence suggests these distance-based approaches were successful in increasing fruit and vegetable intake in breast [22], colorectal and mixed cancer groups [18]. More so, telephone-based interventions are associated with higher patient adherence in adults with chronic disease [23]. As telemedicine and mHealth applications are becoming more widespread, distance-based approaches such as those offered by telephone- and other distance-based counseling offer a promising method to relieve participant burden, specifically when patients are ill and during periods of increased stress.
The preference for one-on-one dietary counseling in this HNC study is similar to exercise preferences in head and neck [24], pancreatic [12] and breast cancer survivors [25]. This is an important concept to acknowledge in designing future interventions as group counseling may initially appear to be a way of increasing peer support and thus intervention adherence. However, in two previous studies of breast cancer survivors, results indicated that group dietary counseling sessions did not lead to an increase fruit and vegetable intake [26, 27]. In comparison, in a mixed cancer cohort study patients who received individualized dietary counseling during treatment reported better weight maintenance and higher intakes of adequate protein and calories as compared to those in the control arm who did not receive individualized counseling [28].
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Just under half of participants responded that they would be willing to receive dietary counseling if it were free. In addition to clinical toxicities, cancer survivors experience financial burden as a consequence of cancer treatment [29]. For example, in the United States, Medicare coverage only includes outpatient medical nutrition therapy provided by a RDN for beneficiaries with diabetes or kidney disease, but health care spending for cancer equals or exceeds these costs [30]. Early preventive and therapeutic nutrition services could prevent malnutrition that is associated with increased risk of treatment toxicities [31], hospital admission and length of stay, and mortality [32] while significantly lowering health care costs [30]. Oncology RDNs are uniquely poised to tackle nutritional issues, including malabsorption, nutrient deficiency, and weight loss/gain that impede oral intake and impact QOL in oncology patients. As the needs of HNC survivors are highly complex, RDNs who have appropriate training in nutrition and dietetics therapeutic counseling are able to effectively manage patients’ nutritional challenges [33]. To meet cancer survivors’ demand for nutrition services and improve nutrition-related outcomes, changes in plan benefit design and coverage policies are needed to encourage access to cost-effective nutrition services across the cancer continuum [30].
In addition to preferences, our evaluation survey results showed the program was acceptable and desirable in HNC survivors as nearly all survivors rated the program as “very good” or “excellent” and would recommend the program and study to others. Furthermore, participants agreed the objectives of the study were clear and the study staff was easy to contact and knowledgeable.
This study adds to the existing body of literature for dietary interventions among HNC survivors [34‐36]. Our pilot evaluation data suggests the feasibility and acceptability of testing dietary interventions in this patient population with preferences towards telephone-based intervention methods. However, limitations of the study should be noted. Our sample size is small. However, HNC is a rare cancer type, constituting only 5% of all new cancer diagnoses worldwide, and little information on dietary counseling preferences of this patient population is known [4, 37]. Furthermore, the evaluation methods were purely descriptive and additional qualitative probing of preferences through semi-structured interviews would have increased the robustness of the research findings. The current study utilized open-ended questions. However, some statements assessed more than one result. For instance, “the study staff was helpful and easy to contact” should have been asked as two separate questions. Additionally, this intervention took place 6 months post-treatment while the majority of participants preferred a dietary intervention to take place before treatment. Future interventions should emphasize a pre-treatment intervention in accordance to survivor preferences.
Conclusion
Results of this study provide information on HNC survivor preferences that should be considered when planning dietary interventions. This is of particular importance as preferences for lifestyle interventions seem to vary depending on cancer type [12, 38, 39]. Study participants indicated a desire for dietary counseling, primarily before treatment. Counseling from a RDN was the preferred delivery source and most preferred a telephone-based delivery mode. The majority of participants indicated they would be willing to receive dietary counseling if it were free, highlighting the importance of insurance reimbursement for oncology nutrition services. RDNs have the ability to successfully manage the various nutritional challenges of HNC patients, thus they are uniquely poised to offer a promising means of managing and improving numerous cancer-related outcomes [33]. Future research should emphasize dietary intervention strategies to promote one-on-one telephone or other distance-based counseling, combined with face-to-face visits, according to survivor preference.
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Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All study activities were approved by the UAB and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) Institutional Review Boards (IRB).
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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