Background
Materials and methods
Study participants
Questionnaire and physical examinations
Variables | Ideal | Intermediate | Poor |
---|---|---|---|
Smoking status | Non-smoker | Previous smoker (smoking cessation ≥1 year) | Current smoker |
Alcohol consumption | Non-drinker | Occasional drinker | Regular drinker (weekly or monthly drinking) |
Sleep duration, hours | 7 ~ 8 | 5–6 or 9–10 | < 5 or > 10 |
BMI, kg/m2 | < 24 | 24–27.9 | ≥ 28 |
WHR (Male) | < 0.90 | 0.90–0.94 | ≥ 0.95 |
(Female) | < 0.85 | 0.85–0.89 | ≥ 0.90 |
BP, mmHg | Non-drug therapy < 120/80 | 120–139/80–89 or < 140/90 if taking an antihypertensive | ≥ 140/90 |
FBG, mmol/L | Non-drug therapy < 5.6 | 5.6–6.9 or < 5.6 if taking diabetes drugs | ≥ 7.0 |
PA, (MET-hour/day) | ≥ P50 | P25-P50 | < P25 |
Dyslipidemia outcomes
Statistical analysis
Variables | Total (n = 5032) | Male (n = 1845) | Female (n = 3187) | P - value* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years, %) | < 0.001 | |||
30–39 | 862 (17.2) | 277 (15.0) | 585 (18.4) | |
40–49 | 1478 (29.4) | 500 (27.1) | 978 (30.6) | |
50–59 | 1396 (27.7) | 490 (26.6) | 906 (28.4) | |
60–69 | 893 (17.7) | 397 (21.5) | 496 (15.6) | |
70–79 | 403 (8.0) | 181 (9.8) | 222 (7.0) | |
Area of residence (%) | 0.056 | |||
Rural | 3584 (71.2) | 1289 (69.9) | 2295 (72.0) | |
Urban | 1448 (28.8) | 556 (30.1) | 892 (28.0) | |
Educational level (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No formal school | 2190 (43.5) | 540 (29.2) | 1650 (51.7) | |
Primary school | 687 (13.7) | 330 (17.9) | 357 (11.2) | |
Middle school | 1004 (20.0) | 400 (21.7) | 604 (19.0) | |
High school or college | 884 (17.5) | 418 (22.7) | 466 (14.6) | |
University or above | 267 (5.3) | 157 (8.5) | 110 (3.5) | |
Occupation (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Farmers | 1767 (35.1) | 725 (39.3) | 1042 (32.7) | |
Workers | 400 (7.9) | 186 (10.1) | 214 (6.7) | |
Administrators | 165 (3.3) | 95 (5.1) | 70 (2.2) | |
Specialists | 441 (8.8) | 237 (12.8) | 204 (6.4) | |
Other occupations | 2259 (44.9) | 602 (32.7) | 1657 (52.0) | |
Marital status (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Married or cohabiting | 4367 (86.8) | 1644 (89.1) | 2723 (85.4) | |
Separated or divorced | 183 (3.6) | 62 (3.4) | 121 (3.8) | |
Widowed | 427 (8.5) | 87 (4.7) | 340 (10.7) | |
Never married | 55 (1.1) | 52 (2.8) | 3 (0.1) | |
Family income (yuan/year, %) | ||||
< 20,000 | 2101 (41.7) | 772 (41.8) | 1329 (41.7) | 0.783 |
20,000-59,999 | 1650 (32.8) | 591 (32.0) | 1059 (33.2) | |
60,000-99,999 | 763 (15.2) | 289 (15.7) | 474 (14.9) | |
≥ 100,000 | 518 (10.3) | 193 (10.5) | 325 (10.2) |
Results
Characteristics of participants
Distribution of health behaviors and metabolic risk factors
Variables | Total | Gender | Age (years) | Area of residence | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n = 1845) | Female (n = 3187) | < 60 (n = 3736) | ≥ 60 (n = 1296) | Rural (n = 3584) | Urban (n = 1448) | ||
Smoking status (%) | |||||||
Ideal | 3933 (78.1) | 780 (42.1) | 3153 (98.9) | 2964 (79.3) | 969 (74.8) | 2799 (78.1) | 1134 (78.3) |
Intermediate | 190 (3.8) | 184 (10.1) | 6 (0.2) | 121 (3.2) | 69 (5.3) | 122 (3.4) | 68 (4.7) |
Poor | 909 (18.1) | 881 (47.8) | 28 (0.9) | 651 (17.5) | 258 (19.9) | 663 (18.5) | 246 (17.0) |
Alcohol consumption (%) | |||||||
Ideal | 2251 (44.7) | 541 (29.3) | 1710 (53.7) | 1514 (40.6) | 737 (56.9) | 1662 (46.4) | 589 (40.7) |
Intermediate | 1881 (37.4) | 709 (38.5) | 1172 (36.7) | 1559 (41.7) | 322 (24.8) | 1273 (35.5) | 608 (42.0) |
Poor | 900 (17.9) | 595 (32.2) | 305 (9.6) | 663 (17.7) | 237 (18.3) | 649 (18.1) | 251 (17.3) |
PA (MET- hour/day, %) | |||||||
Ideal | 2516 (50.0) | 948 (51.4) | 1568 (49.2) | 2056 (55.0) | 460 (35.5) | 1985 (55.4) | 531 (36.7) |
Intermediate | 1258 (25.0) | 445 (24.1) | 813 (25.5) | 926 (24.8) | 332 (25.6) | 809 (22.6) | 449 (31.0) |
Poor | 1258 (25.0) | 452 (24.5) | 806 (25.3) | 754 (20.2) | 504 (38.9) | 790 (22.0) | 468 (32.3) |
WHR (%) | |||||||
Ideal | 1654 (32.9) | 788 (42.7) | 866 (27.1) | 1267 (33.9) | 387 (29.8) | 1197 (33.4) | 457 (31.6) |
Intermediate | 1184 (23.5) | 462 (25.1) | 722 (22.7) | 906 (24.3) | 278 (21.5) | 812 (22.7) | 372 (25.7) |
Poor | 2194 (43.6) | 595 (32.2) | 1599 (50.2) | 1563 (41.8) | 631 (48.7) | 1575 (43.9) | 619 (42.7) |
BMI (kg/m2, %) | |||||||
Ideal | 2021 (40.2) | 782 (42.4) | 1239 (38.9) | 1429 (38.2) | 592 (45.7) | 1482 (41.4) | 539 (37.2) |
Intermediate | 2093 (41.6) | 776 (42.0) | 1317 (41.3) | 1605 (43.0) | 488 (37.6) | 1449 (40.4) | 644 (44.5) |
Poor | 918 (18.2) | 287 (15.6) | 631 (19.8) | 702 (18.8) | 216 (16.7) | 653 (18.2) | 265 (18.3) |
FBG (mmol/L, %) | |||||||
Ideal | 3701 (73.5) | 1226 (66.5) | 2475 (77.7) | 2843 (76.1) | 858 (66.2) | 2704 (75.4) | 997 (68.9) |
Intermediate | 1035 (20.6) | 458 (24.8) | 577 (18.1) | 714 (19.1) | 321 (24.8) | 706 (19.7) | 329 (22.7) |
Poor | 296 (5.9) | 161 (8.7) | 135 (4.2) | 179 (4.8) | 117 (9.0) | 174 (4.9) | 122 (8.4) |
BP (mmHg, %) | |||||||
Ideal | 1683 (33.4) | 391 (21.2) | 1292 (40.5) | 1473 (39.4) | 210 (16.2) | 1200 (33.5) | 483 (33.3) |
Intermediate | 1862 (37.0) | 741 (40.2) | 1121 (35.2) | 1347 (36.1) | 515 (39.7) | 1331 (37.1) | 531 (36.7) |
Poor | 1478 (29.6) | 713 (38.6) | 774 (24.3) | 916 (24.5) | 571 (44.1) | 1053 (29.4) | 434 (30.0) |
Sleep duration (hour, %) | |||||||
Ideal | 2579 (51.3) | 904 (49.0) | 1675 (52.6) | 2041 (54.6) | 538 (41.5) | 298 (8.3) | 75 (5.2) |
Intermediate | 2080 (41.3) | 776 (42.1) | 1304 (40.9) | 1505 (40.3) | 575 (44.4) | 1540 (43.0) | 540 (37.3) |
Poor | 373 (7.4) | 165 (8.9) | 208 (6.5) | 190 (5.1) | 183 (14.1) | 1746 (48.7) | 833 (57.5) |
Prevalence of dyslipidemia
Variables | Male (n = 778) | Female (n = 875) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Dyslipidemia | OR (95%CI)a | Dyslipidemia | OR (95%CI)a | |
Smoking status (%) | ||||
Ideal | 326 (41.8) | 1.00 | 869 (27.6) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 73 (39.7) | 0.64 (0.70–5.86) | 1 (16.7) | 0.73 (0.08–6.65) |
Poor | 379 (43.0) | 0.67 (0.24–1.83) | 5 (17.9) | 0.69 (0.25–1.94) |
Alcohol consumption (%) | ||||
Ideal | 190 (35.1) | 1.00 | 498 (29.1) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 331 (46.7) | 0.90 (0.75–1.07) | 290 (24.7) | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) |
Poor | 257 (43.2) | 1.07 (0.81–1.43) | 87 (28.5) | 1.09 (0.81–1.45) |
PA (MET-hour/day, %) | ||||
Ideal | 393 (41.5) | 1.00 | 380 (24.2) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 202 (45.4) | 1.23 (1.00–1.50) | 234 (28.8) | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) |
Poor | 183 (40.5) | 1.27 (1.04–1.55)* | 261 (32.4) | 1.26 (1.02–1.57)* |
WHR (%) | ||||
Ideal | 218 (27.7) | 1.00 | 132 (15.2) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 208 (45.0) | 1.33 (1.02–1.72)* | 172 (23.8) | 1.28 (0.98–1.67) |
Poor | 352 (59.2) | 1.92 (1.52–2.42)* | 571 (35.7) | 1.83 (1.44–2.33)* |
BMI (kg/m2, %) | ||||
Ideal | 205 (26.2) | 1.00 | 226 (18.2) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 400 (51.5) | 1.49 (1.22–1.82)* | 396 (30.1) | 1.49 (1.22–1.83)* |
Poor | 173 (60.3) | 1.85 (1.46–2.35)* | 253 (40.1) | 1.87 (1.47–2.37)* |
FBG (mmol/L, %) | ||||
Ideal | 449 (36.6) | 1.00 | 576 (23.3) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 223 (48.7) | 1.53 (1.25–1.87)* | 218 (37.8) | 1.50 (1.22–1.85)* |
Poor | 106 (65.8) | 3.16 (2.18–4.58)* | 81 (60.0) | 3.08 (2.12–4.48)* |
BP (mmHg, %) | ||||
Ideal | 122 (31.2) | 1.00 | 238 (18.4) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 308 (41.6) | 1.49 (1.22–1.81)* | 338 (30.2) | 1.45 (1.18–1.78)* |
Poor | 348 (48.8) | 1.87 (1.50–2.32)* | 299 (38.6) | 1.81 (1.44–2.28)* |
Sleep duration (hour, %) | ||||
Ideal | 379 (41.9) | 1.00 | 444 (26.5) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 338 (43.6) | 0.93 (0.79–1.11) | 359 (27.5) | 0.94 (0.79–1.12) |
Poor | 61 (37.0) | 1.08 (0.78–1.49) | 72 (34.6) | 1.11 (0.79–1.54) |
Variables | TC (≥ 6.22 mmol/L) | TG (≥ 2.26 mmol/L) | LDL-C (≥ 4.14 mmol/L) | HDL-C (< 1.04 mmol/L) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | OR (95%CI) | n (%) | OR (95%CI) | n (%) | OR (95%CI) | n (%) | OR (95%CI) | |
Smoking status (%) | ||||||||
Ideal | 417 (10.6) | 1.00 | 771 (19.6) | 1.00 | 304 (7.7) | 1.00 | 227 (5.8) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 23 (12.1) | 1.08 (0.68–1.72) | 52 (27.4) | 1.60 (1.12–2.30)# | 12 (6.3) | 0.78 (0.42–1.45) | 20 (10.5) | 2.30 (1.38–3.81)# |
Poor | 94 (10.3) | 0.96 (0.74–1.25) | 275 (30.3) | 1.70 (1.40–2.06)* | 69 (7.6) | 1.15 (0.84–1.55) | 124 (13.6) | 2.86 (2.19–3.73)* |
Alcohol consumption (%) | ||||||||
Ideal | 248 (11.0) | 1.00 | 412 (18.3) | 1.00 | 191 (8.5) | 1.00 | 143 (6.4) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 191 (10.2) | 1.02 (0.83–1.27) | 430 (22.9) | 1.18 (0.99–1.39) | 131 (7.0) | 0.82 (0.64–1.04) | 143 (7.6) | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) |
Poor | 95 (10.6) | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 256 (28.4) | 1.34 (1.09–1.65)# | 63 (7.0) | 0.75 (0.54–1.04) | 85 (9.4) | 1.02 (0.74–1.40) |
PA (MET-hour/day, %) | ||||||||
Ideal | 241 (9.6) | 1.00 | 513 (20.4) | 1.00 | 172 (6.8) | 1.00 | 156 (6.2) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 136 (10.8) | 1.03 (0.81–1.30) | 302 (24.0) | 1.13 (0.94–1.37) | 99 (7.9) | 0.96 (0.73–1.27) | 115 (9.1) | 1.45 (1.11–1.89)* |
Poor | 157 (12.5) | 1.11 (0.87–1.41) | 283 (22.5) | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) | 114 (9.1) | 0.97 (0.74–1.29) | 100 (7.9) | 1.31 (0.98–1.76) |
WHR (%) | ||||||||
Ideal | 110 (6.7) | 1.00 | 196 (11.9) | 1.00 | 58 (3.5) | 1.00 | 68 (4.1) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 107 (9.0) | 1.07 (0.80–1.44) | 270 (22.8) | 1.63 (1.31–2.03)* | 76 (6.4) | 1.62 (1.13–2.33)# | 74 (6.3) | 1.38 (0.97–1.98) |
Poor | 317 (14.4) | 1.58 (1.21–2.05)* | 632 (28.8) | 1.98 (1.61–2.43)* | 251 (11.4) | 2.81 (2.02–3.90)* | 229 (10.4) | 2.32 (1.68–3.20)* |
BMI (kg/m2, %) | ||||||||
Ideal | 160 (7.9) | 1.00 | 230 (11.4) | 1.00 | 115 (5.7) | 1.00 | 82 (4.1) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 242 (11.6) | 1.13 (0.89–1.42) | 550 (26.3) | 1.99 (1.65–2.39)* | 174 (8.3) | 1.00 (0.77–1.30) | 185 (8.8) | 1.81 (1.36–2.43)* |
Poor | 132 (14.4) | 1.18 (0.89–1.55) | 318 (34.6) | 2.48 (1.99–3.10)* | 96 (10.5) | 1.01 (0.74–1.39) | 104 (11.3) | 2.10 (1.49–2.95)* |
FBG (mmol/L, %) | ||||||||
Ideal | 321 (8.7) | 1.00 | 645 (17.4) | 1.00 | 234 (6.3) | 1.00 | 224 (6.1) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 144 (13.9) | 1.30 (1.04–1.62)# | 308 (29.8) | 1.55 (1.31–1.84)* | 112 (10.8) | 1.37 (1.07–1.72)# | 99 (9.6) | 1.32 (1.01–1.72)# |
Poor | 69 (23.3) | 2.08 (1.53–2.84)* | 145 (49.0) | 2.97 (2.27–3.88)* | 39 (13.2) | 1.39 (1.00–2.04)# | 48 (16.2) | 2.05 (1.42–2.97)* |
BP (mmHg, %) | ||||||||
Ideal | 96 (5.7) | 1.00 | 210 (12.5) | 1.00 | 84 (5.0) | 1.00 | 92 (5.5) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 205 (11.0) | 1.64 (1.26–2.12)* | 424 (22.8) | 1.67 (1.37–2.02)* | 150 (8.1) | 1.42 (1.06–1.90)# | 153 (8.2) | 1.25 (0.94–1.66) |
Poor | 233 (15.7) | 2.12 (1.61–2.78)* | 464 (31.2) | 2.21 (1.80–2.72)* | 151 (10.2) | 1.58 (1.16–2.15)# | 126 (8.5) | 1.07 (0.77–1.47) |
Sleep duration (hour, %) | ||||||||
Ideal | 267 (10.4) | 1.00 | 544 (21.1) | 1.00 | 189 (7.3) | 1.00 | 179 (6.9) | 1.00 |
Intermediate | 220 (10.6) | 0.92 (0.76–1.12) | 464 (22.3) | 1.07 (0.92–1.25) | 153 (7.4) | 0.95 (0.75–1.19) | 165 (7.9) | 1.15 (0.92–1.45) |
Poor | 47 (12.6) | 1.00 (0.71–1.41) | 90 (24.1) | 1.22 (0.92–1.62) | 43 (11.5) | 1.49 (0.98–2.15) | 27 (7.2) | 1.05 (0.67–1.63) |