Introduction
Methods
Study design
Study settings
Type of health facilities in Cameroon
Sampling
Data collection
Data management
Results
Resources availability for case management and surveillance
Indicator | Modalities | Far North region | Littoral Region | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kousseri (N = 15) | Mada (N = 11) | Total FN (N = 26) | Deido (N = 60) | Nylon (N = 48) | Total LT (N = 108) | LT + FN (N = 134) | |||||||||
N | % | n | % | N | % | n | % | n | % | N | % | n | % | ||
Type of HF | Public | 13 | 86.7 | 10 | 90.9 | 23 | 88.5 | 6 | 10.0 | 5 | 10.4 | 11 | 10.2 | 34 | 25.4 |
Private | 2 | 13.3 | 1 | 9.1 | 3 | 10.5 | 54 | 90.0 | 43 | 89.6 | 97 | 89.8 | 100 | 74.6 | |
Category of HF | Health Centre | 12 | 80.0 | 7 | 63.6 | 19 | 73 | 40 | 67.9 | 30 | 62.5 | 70 | 64.9 | 89 | 67.0 |
Sub-divisional Hospital | 1 | 6.7 | 3 | 27.3 | 4 | 15.4 | 5 | 8.5 | 6 | 12.5 | 11 | 10.2 | 15 | 11.3 | |
District Hospital | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 9.1 | 1 | 3.8 | 3 | 5.1 | 1 | 2.1 | 4 | 3.7 | 5 | 3.8 | |
Regional Hospital | 1 | 6.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.8 | 1 | 1.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 2 | 1.5 | |
Central Hospital | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 3.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.9 | 2 | 1.1 | |
Others | 1 | 6.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.8 | 8 | 13.6 | 11 | 22.9 | 19 | 17.6 | 20 | 15.0 | |
Presence of a Medical doctor | 2 | 13.3 | 1 | 9.1 | 3 | 11.5 | 29 | 48.3 | 28 | 58.3 | 57 | 52.8 | 60 | 44.8 | |
Presence of a Nurse | 15 | 100.0 | 10 | 90.9 | 25 | 96.1 | 60 | 100.0 | 48 | 100.0 | 108 | 100.0 | 133 | 99.3 | |
Presence of a lab Technician | 9 | 60.0 | 3 | 27.3 | 12 | 46.1 | 55 | 91.7 | 42 | 87.5 | 97 | 89.8 | 109 | 81.3 | |
Presence of cholera specific bed | 1 | 6.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.8 | 1 | 1.7 | 1 | 2.1 | 2 | 1.9 | 3 | 2.2 | |
Presence of an isolation room | 5 | 33.3 | 2 | 18.2 | 7 | 26.9 | 5 | 8.3 | 1 | 2.1 | 6 | 5.6 | 13 | 9.7 | |
Presence of hospitalization room | 12 | 80.0 | 8 | 72.7 | 20 | 76.9 | 59 | 98.3 | 47 | 97.9 | 106 | 98.1 | 125 | 94.0 | |
Presence of shift services | 8 | 55.3 | 6 | 54.3 | 14 | 53.8 | 55 | 91.7 | 41 | 85.4 | 96 | 88.9 | 110 | 82.1 | |
HF opened 24/24H all year round | 8 | 53.3 | 5 | 45.5 | 13 | 50.0 | 55 | 91.7 | 43 | 89.6 | 98 | 90.7 | 111 | 82.8 |
Indicator | Modalities | Far North region | Littoral Region | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kousseri(N = 15) | Mada(N = 11) | Total FN(N = 26) | Deido(N = 60) | Nylon(N = 48) | Total LT(N = 108) | LT + FN(N = 134) | |||||||||
N | % | n | % | N | % | n | % | n | % | N | % | n | % | ||
HF with personnel trained in the last 12 months | Surveillance | 5 | 33.3 | 11 | 100.0 | 16 | 61.5 | 43 | 71.7 | 41 | 85.4 | 84 | 77.8 | 100 | 74.6 |
Case management | 7 | 46.7 | 11 | 100.0 | 18 | 69.1 | 2 | 3.3 | 6 | 12.5 | 8 | 7.4 | 26 | 19.4 | |
Presence of supplies for case management | ORS | 6 | 40.0 | 2 | 18.2 | 8 | 30.8 | 58 | 96.7 | 36 | 75.0 | 94 | 87.0 | 92 | 68.7 |
Ringer lactate | 9 | 60.0 | 8 | 72.7 | 17 | 65.4 | 48 | 80.0 | 48 | 100.0 | 96 | 88.9 | 123 | 91.8 | |
Zinc | 1 | 6.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.8 | 17 | 28.3 | 22 | 45.8 | 39 | 36.1 | 40 | 29.9 | |
Syringe and perfuser | 10 | 66.7 | 9 | 81.8 | 19 | 73.1 | 58 | 96.7 | 48 | 100.0 | 106 | 98.1 | 125 | 93.3 | |
Catheter for adult | 9 | 60.0 | 9 | 81.8 | 18 | 69.2 | 48 | 80.0 | 46 | 95.8 | 94 | 87.0 | 122 | 91.0 | |
Catheter for children | 10 | 66.7 | 9 | 81.8 | 19 | 73.1 | 47 | 78.3 | 46 | 95.8 | 93 | 86.1 | 122 | 91.0 | |
Doxycycline | 7 | 46.7 | 7 | 63.6 | 14 | 53.8 | 48 | 80.0 | 42 | 87.5 | 90 | 83.3 | 104 | 77.6 | |
Guide for case management | 2 | 13.3 | 9 | 81.8 | 11 | 42.3 | 4 | 6.7 | 8 | 16.7 | 12 | 11.1 | 26 | 19.4 | |
Presence of supplies for cholera surveillance | Case definition guide | 4 | 26.7 | 9 | 81.8 | 13 | 50.0 | 15 | 25.0 | 7 | 14.6 | 22 | 20.4 | 35 | 26.1 |
Case reporting form | 2 | 13.3 | 8 | 72.7 | 10 | 38.5 | 40 | 66.7 | 3 | 6.3 | 43 | 39.8 | 53 | 39.6 | |
Archived filled reporting form | 2 | 13.3 | 10 | 90.9 | 12 | 46.2 | 37 | 61.7 | 1 | 2.1 | 38 | 35.2 | 50 | 37.3 | |
Investigation form | 2 | 13.3 | 9 | 81.8 | 11 | 42.3 | 5 | 8.3 | 2 | 4.2 | 7 | 6.5 | 16 | 11.9 | |
Archived filled investigation form | 2 | 13.3 | 7 | 63.6 | 9 | 34.6 | 1 | 1.7 | 1 | 2.1 | 2 | 1.9 | 13 | 9.7 | |
Rapid cholera diagnostic test | 1 | 6.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.8 | 1 | 1.7 | 7 | 14.6 | 8 | 7.4 | 9 | 6.7 | |
CaryBlaire | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.7 | 1 | 2.1 | 2 | 1.9 | 2 | 1.5 | |
Stool bottle | 8 | 53.3 | 8 | 72.7 | 16 | 61.5 | 51 | 85.0 | 36 | 75.0 | 87 | 80.6 | 103 | 76.9 | |
Swab sticks | 2 | 13.3 | 4 | 36.4 | 6 | 23.1 | 54 | 90.0 | 40 | 83.3 | 94 | 87.0 | 100 | 74.6 |
Access to water
Indicator | Modalities | Far North region(FN) | Littoral region(LT) | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kousseri (N = 15) | Mada (N = 11) | Total FN (N = 26) | Deido (N = 60) | Nylon (N = 48) | Total LT (N = 108) | LT + FN (N = 134) | |||||||||
N | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Main water source at HF | CDE(pipe borne water) | 3 | 20.0 | 1 | 9.1 | 4 | 15.4 | 55 | 91.7 | 24 | 50.0 | 79 | 73.1 | 83 | 61.9 |
Borehole | 10 | 66.7 | 8 | 72.7 | 18 | 69.2 | 5 | 8.3 | 21 | 43.8 | 26 | 24.1 | 44 | 32.8 | |
Unprotected Well | 1 | 6.7 | 1 | 9.1 | 2 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 4.2 | 2 | 1.9 | 4 | 3.0 | |
Lake/River | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 9.1 | 1 | 3.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.7 | |
Others | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.1 | 1 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.7 | |
Does not exist | 1 | 6.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.7 | |
Main water source at HF | Improved | 13 | 86.7 | 9 | 81.8 | 22 | 84.6 | 60 | 100.0 | 45 | 93.8 | 105 | 97.2 | 127 | 94.8 |
Unimproved | 1 | 6.7 | 2 | 18.2 | 3 | 11.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 6.3 | 3 | 2.8 | 6 | 4.5 | |
Does not exist | 1 | 6.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 3.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.7 | |
Secondary water source | Present | 7 | 46.7 | 6 | 54.5 | 13 | 50.0 | 18 | 30.0 | 27 | 56.3 | 45 | 41.7 | 76 | 56.7 |
Improved | 4 | 26.7 | 4 | 36.4 | 8 | 30.8 | 9 | 15.0 | 9 | 18.8 | 18 | 16.7 | 26 | 19.4 | |
Frequency of main source interruption | < 1 day | 12 | 80.0 | 9 | 81.8 | 21 | 80.8 | 48 | 80.0 | 33 | 68.8 | 81 | 75.0 | 102 | 76.1 |
1–7 days | 3 | 20.0 | 2 | 18.2 | 5 | 19.2 | 12 | 20.0 | 15 | 31.2 | 27 | 35.0 | 32 | 23.9 | |
> 7 days | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Mean duration of Main source interruption | < 1 day | 13 | 86.7 | 9 | 81.8 | 22 | 84.6 | 51 | 85.0 | 34 | 70.8 | 85 | 78.7 | 107 | 79.9 |
1–7 days | 2 | 13.3 | 2 | 18.2 | 4 | 15.4 | 9 | 15.0 | 14 | 29.2 | 23 | 21.3 | 27 | 20.1 | |
> 7 days | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 9CI% | p-value | ||
Health facility location? (Urban/Rural) | 6.36 | 1.329361 | 30.46266 | 0.021* | 2.07 | 0. .268855 | 15.989020 | 0.48 |
Presence of budget for WaSH? (Yes/No) | 2.09 | 0.391669 | 11.21225 | 0.387 | 1.04 | 0.131814 | 8.234411 | 0.97 |
Presence of hygiene committee?(Yes/No) | 3.61 | .4220979 | 30.96676 | 0.241 | 2.91 | 0.220491 | 38.452590 | 0.42 |
Type of health facility (Private/public) | 8.45 | 1.55676 | 45.84738 | 0.013* | 5.04 | 0. .586502 | 43.355700 | 0.14 |
Health center or integrated health centers(Yes/No) | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Was not included in the model
|
Hygiene
Indicator | Far North Region (FN) | Littoral region (LT) | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kousser i(N = 15) | Mada (N = 11) | Total FN (N = 26) | Deido (N = 60) | Nylon (N = 48) | Total LT (N = 108) | LT + FN(N = 134) | ||||||||
N | % | n | % | N | % | n | % | N | % | n | % | n | % | |
Presence of a hygiene committee | 2 | 13.3 | 1 | 9.1 | 3 | 11.5 | 13 | 22.4 | 32 | 66.7 | 45 | 42.5 | 48 | 36.4 |
Presence of a budget allocated to Hygiene/sanitation | 1 | 6.7 | 4 | 36.4 | 5 | 19.2 | 22 | 37.9 | 32 | 66.7 | 54 | 50.9 | 59 | 44.7 |
Presence of a support agent(cleaner) | 6 | 40.0 | 6 | 54.5 | 12 | 46.2 | 33 | 55.9 | 29 | 60.4 | 62 | 57.9 | 74 | 55.6 |
Presence of washbasin | 12 | 80.0 | 4 | 36.4 | 16 | 61.5 | 38 | 63.3 | 19 | 39.6 | 57 | 52.8 | 73 | 54.5 |
Presence of soap for hand washing | 10 | 66.7 | 11 | 100.0 | 21 | 80.8 | 41 | 68.3 | 12 | 25.0 | 53 | 49.1 | 74 | 55.2 |
Presence of a guideline on hand washing | 6 | 40.0 | 5 | 45.5 | 9 | 34.6 | 18 | 30.0 | 4 | 8.3 | 12 | 11.1 | 21 | 24.6 |
Presence of a cleaning time table | 13 | 86.7 | 4 | 36.4 | 17 | 65.4 | 30 | 51.7 | 40 | 85.1 | 70 | 66.7 | 87 | 66.4 |
Toilet washed two or more times per day | 6 | 42.9 | 3 | 27.3 | 9 | 36.0 | 35 | 59.3 | 28 | 60.9 | 60 | 60.0 | 72 | 55.4 |
Presence of chlorine bleach for disinfection | 7 | 46.7 | 6 | 66.7 | 13 | 54.2 | 57 | 98.3 | 46 | 95.8 | 103 | 97.2 | 116 | 89.2 |
Water treated before using for hand washing | 11 | 78.6 | 9 | 90.0 | 20 | 83.3 | 12 | 20.0 | 28 | 58.3 | 40 | 37.0 | 60 | 45.5 |
Water treated before using for cleaning tools | 12 | 80.0 | 9 | 90.0 | 21 | 84.0 | 20 | 33.3 | 31 | 64.6 | 51 | 47.2 | 72 | 54.1 |
Sanitation
Indicator | Far North region(FN) | Littoral region(LT) | Total | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kousser i(N = 15) | Mada (N = 11) | Total FN (N = 26) | Deido (N = 60) | Nylon (N = 48) | Total LT(N = 108) | LT + FN (N = 134) | ||||||||
n | % | N | % | n | % | n | % | N | % | n | % | N | % | |
Does not have any toilet | 2 | 13.3 | 2 | 18.2 | 4 | 15.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 3.0 |
Presence of an adequate system for evacuation of used water | 7 | 46.7 | 2 | 20.0 | 9 | 36.0 | 57 | 95.0 | 43 | 89.6 | 100 | 92.6 | 109 | 82.0 |
Presence of an incinerator | 2 | 13.3 | 1 | 12.5 | 3 | 13.0 | 2 | 3.3 | 3 | 6.3 | 5 | 4.6 | 8 | 6.1 |
Presence of autoclave | 1 | 6.7 | 2 | 18.2 | 3 | 11.5 | 19 | 31.7 | 13 | 27.1 | 32 | 29.6 | 35 | 26.1 |
Presence of sterilizer | 3 | 20.0 | 3 | 27.3 | 6 | 23.1 | 33 | 55.0 | 26 | 54.2 | 59 | 54.6 | 65 | 48.5 |
Presence of septic tank | 12 | 80.0 | 9 | 81.8 | 21 | 80.8 | 12 | 20.0 | 5 | 10.4 | 17 | 15.7 | 38 | 28.4 |
Presence of a guideline on the treatment of biological waste | 1 | 6.7 | 2 | 20.0 | 3 | 12.0 | 18 | 30.0 | 4 | 8.3 | 22 | 20.4 | 25 | 18.8 |
Presence of a personnel trained on waste treatment | 4 | 26.7 | 1 | 9.1 | 5 | 19.2 | 14 | 23.3 | 23 | 47.9 | 37 | 34.3 | 42 | 31.3 |
waste separated (ie, sharps, infectious waste, and non-infectious waste)
| 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 26 | 43.3 | 29 | 60.4 | 55 | 50.9 | 55 | 41.0 |
Discussion
Conclusion
To the heads of health facilities, district health services and regional delegation of public health
-
Train and regularly supervise health facilities personnel on cholera surveillance and Train and regularly supervise health facilities personnel on cholera surveillance and equally ensuring that all health facilities are provided with surveillance tools. This should include case definition, investigation form, stool bottle.
-
Train and regularly supervise health facilities personnel on cholera case management and equally ensuring that all health facilities are provided with necessary supplies in sufficient quantities. This should include ORS, ringer lactate, management protocol,
-
Ensure that essential supplies for hygiene such as soap, chlorine bleach for disinfection, protocol for hand washing, and washbasin are always in the health facilities at all times.
To the Ministry of Public Health
-
To ensure all health facilities are provided with at least one improved source of drinking water, and a toilet.
-
The level of preparedness of health facilities in other districts at risk of cholera should be evaluated in terms of the availability and training of human resource, equipment, supplies, access to WaSH, and guidelines and ensure that the identified weaknesses are corrected.