Background
Methods
Data and specification
Analytical technique
Results
Summary statistics
Variable | Means | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pooled | Kanpur Dehat | Pratapgarh | Vaishali | |
Demographics | ||||
Female headed household (1/0) | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.21 |
Female children 0–13 (1/0) | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.20 |
Female aged 14–55 years (1/0)
| 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.27 |
Female older than 55 years (1/0) | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
Male aged 0–13 years (1/0) | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.21 |
Male aged 14–55 years (1/0) | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.23 |
Male older than 55 years (1/0) | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Household size | 6.77 (2.75) | 6.94 (2.64) | 7.28 (3.22) | 6.10(2.07) |
Self-assessed health measure (EQ5D) increasing in health (−1 to +1) | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 0.72 |
Education (respondent) | ||||
No education (1/0)
| 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.44 |
Primary education (1/0) | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.28 |
Secondary education (1/0) | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.23 |
Higher secondary education (1/0) | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.05 |
Education of household head | ||||
No education (1/0)
| 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.46 |
Primary education (1/0) | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.17 |
Secondary education (1/0) | 0.35 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.28 |
Higher secondary education (1/0) | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
Socioeconomic Status | ||||
Annual per capita expenditure (Indian Rupees [INR]) | 13588 (17329) | 15922 (25338) | 11368 (10095) | 13961 (14688) |
Household belongs to a scheduled tribe/caste (1/0) | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.29 |
Occupation (respondent) | ||||
Self-employed in agriculture (1/0)
| 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
Self-employed in non-agriculture (1/0) | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
Other employment (1/0) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Casual wage labourer (1/0) | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.11 |
Not working (1/0) | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.04 |
Doing housework (1/0) | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.19 |
Student (1/0) | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.51 |
Occupation of household head | ||||
Self-employed in agriculture (1/0)
| 0.34 | 0.63 | 0.22 | 0.21 |
Self-employed in non-agriculture (1/0) | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.18 |
Other employment (1/0) | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.05 |
Casual wage laborer (1/0) | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.35 |
Not working (1/0) | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.04 |
Doing housework (1/0) | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.17 |
Student (1/0) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Location | ||||
Household located in Kanpur Dehat (1/0) | 0.29 | |||
Household located in Pratapgarh (1/0) | 0.37 | |||
Household located in Vaishali (1/0)
| 0.34 |
Disease burden and healthcare seeking behaviour
Category | Means | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pooled | Kanpur Dehat | Pratapgarh | Vaishali | ||
Acute (N = 4171) | Gastrointestinal symptoms (1/0) | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.46 |
Febrile symptoms (1/0) | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.14 | |
Lungs/respiratory symptoms (1/0)
| 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.22 | |
Musculoskeletal symptoms (1/0) | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.03 | |
Other symptoms (1/0) | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.15 | |
Chronic (N = 3277) | Lungs/respiratory symptoms (1/0) | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.21 |
Gastrointestinal symptoms (1/0) | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.19 | |
Musculoskeletal symptoms (1/0)
| 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.09 | |
Chronic allergies/infections (1/0) | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.14 | |
Other symptoms (1/0) | 0.27 | 0.33 | 0.24 | 0.28 | |
Internal symptoms (1/0) | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.09 |
Determinants of seeking care conditional upon reporting illness
Variable | Acute Illness (1) | Chronic Illness (2) | Inpatient Care (3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marginal Effects | Standard Error | Marginal Effects | Standard Error | Marginal Effects | Standard Error | |
Female headed household (1/0) | 0.002 | 0.018 | −0.033a | 0.018 | −0.000 | 0.003 |
Female children 0–13 (1/0) | 0.035b | 0.015 | ||||
Female older than 55 years (1/0) | 0.012 | 0.026 | 0.016 | 0.024 | −0.011b | 0.005 |
Male aged 0–13 years (1/0) | 0.050c | 0.015 | ||||
Male aged 14–55 years (1/0) | 0.060c | 0.015 | −0.017 | 0.021 | −0.006a | 0.003 |
Male older than 55 years (1/0) | 0.042 | 0.033 | 0.012 | 0.026 | −0.010b | 0.005 |
Log of household size | 0.058c | 0.017 | 0.107c | 0.020 | −0.003 | 0.003 |
Primary education (1/0) | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.026 | 0.021 | 0.007a | 0.003 |
Secondary education (1/0) | −0.016 | 0.013 | −0.003 | 0.019 | 0.005a | 0.003 |
Higher secondary education (1/0) | 0.022 | 0.020 | 0.131c | 0.031 | 0.004 | 0.004 |
Natural log of annual per capita expenditure (INR) | 0.037c | 0.013 | 0.069c | 0.019 | 0.005a | 0.003 |
Scheduled caste/tribe (1/0) | −0.004 | 0.012 | −0.008 | 0.015 | −0.001 | 0.003 |
Self-employed in non-agriculture (1/0) | 0.002 | 0.018 | 0.041 | 0.032 | −0.005 | 0.005 |
Other employment (1/0) | −0.066c | 0.022 | 0.080b | 0.038 | 0.005 | 0.006 |
Casual wage labourer (1/0) | −0.017 | 0.015 | 0.003 | 0.026 | 0.003 | 0.004 |
Not working (1/0) | −0.033 | 0.022 | −0.015 | 0.027 | 0.000 | 0.005 |
Doing housework (1/0) | −0.011 | 0.022 | 0.001 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.004 |
Student (1/0) | −0.033 | 0.031 | ||||
Kanpur Dehat | −0.098c | 0.015 | −0.087c | 0.019 | −0.006b | 0.003 |
Pratapgarh | −0.029b | 0.014 | −0.101c | 0.017 | −0.007c | 0.003 |
Acute gastrointestinal symptoms (1/0) | −0.032b | 0.015 | ||||
Acute febrile symptoms (1/0) | −0.093c | 0.022 | ||||
Acute musculoskeletal symptoms (1/0) | −0.136c | 0.026 | ||||
Other acute symptoms (1/0) | −0.020 | 0.019 | ||||
Self-assessed health measure Increasing in health (−1 to +1) | −0.150c | 0.024 | −0.049c | 0.004 | ||
Chronic lungs/respiratory symptoms (1/0) | 0.043a | 0.023 | ||||
Chronic gastrointestinal symptoms (1/0) (1/0) | 0.061c | 0.023 | ||||
Chronic allergic symptoms (1/0) | −0.004 | 0.026 | ||||
Other chronic symptoms (1/0) | 0.008 | 0.019 | ||||
Chronic symptoms related to Internal organs (1/0) | 0.021 | 0.027 | ||||
N
| 4,171 | 3,276 | 13,965 |
Determinants of choice of provider
Variable | None | Other | Pharmacist | Private | NDAP | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | Standard Error | Odds Ratio | Standard Error | Odds Ratio | Standard Error | Odds Ratio | Standard Error | Odds Ratio | Standard Error | |
Female headed household (1/0) | 1.336 | 0.348 | 3.054c | 1.233 | 1.215 | 0.339 | 1.414 | 0.356 | 1.435 | 0.335 |
Female children 0–13 (1/0) | 1.382 | 0.413 | 2.016 | 1.123 | 1.32 | 0.417 | 2.308c | 0.672 | 1.861b | 0.487 |
Female older than 55 years (1/0) | 1.104 | 0.437 | 1.427 | 0.877 | 1.311 | 0.565 | 1.346 | 0.522 | 1.215 | 0.439 |
Male aged 0–13 years (1/0) | 1.087 | 0.31 | 2.875b | 1.535 | 0.865 | 0.264 | 2.200c | 0.605 | 1.673b | 0.412 |
Male aged 14–55 years (1/0) | 0.742 | 0.158 | 1.191 | 0.472 | 1.321 | 0.295 | 1.411a | 0.283 | 1.175 | 0.218 |
Male older than 55 years (1/0) | 0.78 | 0.358 | 2.794a | 1.697 | 1.009 | 0.509 | 1.064 | 0.467 | 1.152 | 0.465 |
Log of household size | 0.540c | 0.124 | 0.555 | 0.232 | 0.614a | 0.153 | 0.938 | 0.201 | 0.954 | 0.19 |
Primary education (1/0) | 0.859 | 0.195 | 0.292b | 0.142 | 0.841 | 0.204 | 1.064 | 0.228 | 1.11 | 0.216 |
Secondary education (1/0) | 1.517b | 0.295 | 1.005 | 0.351 | 1.149 | 0.242 | 1.694c | 0.317 | 1.264 | 0.219 |
Higher secondary education (1/0) | 0.707 | 0.187 | 0.912 | 0.502 | 0.937 | 0.259 | 1.371 | 0.332 | 0.654a | 0.149 |
Log of annual per capita exp. (INR) | 0.650b | 0.117 | 0.462b | 0.164 | 0.78 | 0.155 | 0.963 | 0.156 | 0.909 | 0.14 |
Scheduled caste/tribe (1/0) | 1.129 | 0.188 | 0.659 | 0.2 | 1.042 | 0.188 | 0.91 | 0.147 | 1.209 | 0.178 |
Self-employed in non-agriculture (1/0) | 1.19 | 0.303 | 1.139 | 0.479 | 1.867b | 0.483 | 1.540a | 0.363 | 0.967 | 0.212 |
Other employment (1/0) | 1.662a | 0.467 | 0.819 | 0.443 | 1.473 | 0.441 | 1.115 | 0.308 | 0.738 | 0.186 |
Casual wage labourer (1/0) | 1.369 | 0.296 | 1.231 | 0.483 | 1.155 | 0.271 | 1.486a | 0.305 | 1.128 | 0.213 |
Not working (1/0) | 1.953b | 0.635 | 0.825 | 0.646 | 1.071 | 0.404 | 2.115b | 0.666 | 1.375 | 0.398 |
Doing housework (1/0) | 0.945 | 0.305 | 0.605 | 0.318 | 0.841 | 0.297 | 1.157 | 0.358 | 0.784 | 0.225 |
Student (1/0) | 0.752 | 0.183 | 0.476 | 0.226 | 1.007 | 0.257 | 0.606b | 0.143 | 0.818 | 0.172 |
Kanpur Dehat | 1.992c | 0.458 | 1.181 | 0.413 | 0.420c | 0.11 | 0.653a | 0.143 | 1.261 | 0.263 |
Pratapgarh | 0.435c | 0.087 | 0.203c | 0.072 | 0.408c | 0.082 | 0.193c | 0.036 | 0.389c | 0.068 |
Acute gastrointestinal symptoms (1/0) | 1.446a | 0.296 | 1.621 | 0.602 | 1.265 | 0.267 | 0.834 | 0.156 | 1.201 | 0.209 |
Acute febrile symptoms (1/0) | 1.718a | 0.533 | 1.216 | 0.751 | 0.701 | 0.246 | 0.736 | 0.221 | 0.78 | 0.219 |
Acute musculoskeletal symptoms (1/0) | 4.711c | 2.112 | 4.894b | 3.199 | 2.121 | 1.026 | 1.801 | 0.814 | 1.343 | 0.58 |
Other acute symptoms (1/0) | 0.901 | 0.223 | 1.212 | 0.515 | 0.645 | 0.173 | 0.97 | 0.216 | 0.643b | 0.135 |
Log of cost | 0.996 | 0.005 | 0.996 | 0.005 | 0.996 | 0.005 | 0.996 | 0.005 | 0.996 | 0.005 |
Log of time | 0.858c | 0.029 | 0.858c | 0.029 | 0.858c | 0.029 | 0.858c | 0.029 | 0.858c | 0.029 |
N = 4171
|
Travel Time | Cost | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Acute Illness | Chronic Illness | Acute Illness | Chronic Illness | |
No care | −0.018c | −0.020 | 0.000 | −0.021c |
Other | −0.003c | −0.002 | −0.001 | −0.003c |
Pharmacy | −0.012c | −0.008 | 0.000 | −0.009c |
Private | −0.024c | −0.018 | −0.001 | −0.019c |
Public | −0.009c | −0.008 | −0.001 | −0.009c |
NDAP | −0.036c | −0.015 | 0.000 | −0.017c |
Variable | None | Other | Pharmacist | Private | NDAP | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | Standard Error | Odds Ratio | Standard Error | Odds Ratio | Standard Error | Odds Ratio | Standard Error | Odds Ratio | Standard Error | |
Female headed household (1/0) | 0.635 | 0.213 | 0.738a | 0.125 | 0.814a | 0.101 | 0.806 | 0.137 | 0.863 | 0.114 |
Female older than 55 years (1/0) | 1.478 | 0.633 | 0.810 | 0.193 | 0.951 | 0.170 | 0.812 | 0.200 | 1.209 | 0.218 |
Male aged 14–55 years (1/0) | 1.268 | 0.473 | 0.816 | 0.166 | 1.010 | 0.147 | 0.806 | 0.161 | 1.075 | 0.170 |
Male older than 55 years (1/0) | 2.157a | 0.929 | 0.893 | 0.225 | 1.006 | 0.192 | 0.844 | 0.220 | 1.164 | 0.232 |
Log of household size | 1.708 | 0.560 | 1.455a | 0.298 | 1.807c | 0.264 | 1.502b | 0.310 | 1.642c | 0.258 |
Self-assessed health measure Increasing in health (−1 to +1) | 1.307 | 0.592 | 0.439c | 0.101 | 0.434c | 0.075 | 0.328c | 0.073 | 0.588c | 0.110 |
Primary education (1/0) | 0.963 | 0.372 | 1.163 | 0.232 | 1.164 | 0.176 | 1.394 | 0.292 | 1.065 | 0.170 |
Secondary education (1/0) | 1.053 | 0.326 | 0.871 | 0.162 | 1.134 | 0.149 | 1.326 | 0.239 | 0.799 | 0.114 |
Higher secondary education (1/0) | 0.655 | 0.396 | 1.909b | 0.596 | 2.596c | 0.582 | 3.360c | 0.965 | 1.382 | 0.350 |
Log of annual per capita exp. (INR) | 2.034c | 0.558 | 1.174 | 0.228 | 1.560c | 0.203 | 1.126 | 0.218 | 1.212 | 0.175 |
Scheduled caste/tribe (1/0) | 1.306 | 0.343 | 0.996 | 0.140 | 0.848 | 0.090 | 0.968 | 0.139 | 1.144 | 0.125 |
Self-employed in non-agriculture (1/0) | 1.766 | 0.896 | 0.868 | 0.257 | 1.308 | 0.287 | 0.848 | 0.268 | 1.396 | 0.333 |
Other employment (1/0) | 2.847a | 1.651 | 1.576 | 0.513 | 1.370 | 0.393 | 2.261b | 0.753 | 1.999b | 0.572 |
Casual wage labourer (1/0) | 1.071 | 0.545 | 0.726 | 0.173 | 1.135 | 0.201 | 0.896 | 0.224 | 0.972 | 0.189 |
Not working (1/0) | 1.203 | 0.543 | 0.646 | 0.173 | 1.152 | 0.225 | 0.807 | 0.221 | 1.051 | 0.217 |
Doing housework (1/0) | 1.404 | 0.557 | 0.654b | 0.136 | 1.043 | 0.165 | 0.994 | 0.213 | 1.124 | 0.189 |
Students | 0.786 | 0.463 | 0.513b | 0.164 | 0.870 | 0.191 | 0.889 | 0.259 | 0.920 | 0.221 |
Kanpur Dehat | 1.358 | 0.460 | 0.247c | 0.061 | 0.491c | 0.068 | 0.841 | 0.168 | 1.159 | 0.179 |
Pratapgarh | 0.695 | 0.233 | 0.844 | 0.141 | 0.346c | 0.042 | 0.703b | 0.126 | 0.754b | 0.103 |
Chronic lungs/respiratory symptoms (1/0) | 2.153a | 0.909 | 0.608b | 0.145 | 1.520b | 0.255 | 0.979 | 0.231 | 1.217 | 0.205 |
Chronic gastrointestinal symptoms (1/0) | 3.616c | 1.450 | 1.326 | 0.266 | 1.725c | 0.295 | 0.839 | 0.205 | 1.632c | 0.272 |
Chronic allergic symptoms (1/0) | 1.321 | 0.638 | 0.632a | 0.157 | 1.185 | 0.219 | 1.021 | 0.244 | 0.701a | 0.141 |
Other chronic symptoms (1/0) | 1.924a | 0.713 | 0.602c | 0.110 | 1.616c | 0.230 | 1.264 | 0.229 | 0.837 | 0.122 |
Chronic symptoms related to Internal organs (1/0) | 2.304a | 1.006 | 0.617a | 0.163 | 1.647c | 0.308 | 1.033 | 0.260 | 0.819 | 0.167 |
Log cost | 0.841c | 0.030 | 0.841c | 0.030 | 0.841c | 0.030 | 0.841c | 0.030 | 0.841c | 0.030 |
Log time | 1.055 | 0.044 | 1.055 | 0.044 | 1.055 | 0.044 | 1.055 | 0.044 | 1.055 | 0.044 |
N = 3276
|