nach oben

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

Erschienen in:

01.02.2014 | Original Article

Heart rate and heart rate variability as indirect markers of surgeons’ intraoperative stress

verfasst von: Annika Rieger, Regina Stoll, Steffi Kreuzfeld, Kristin Behrens, Matthias Weippert

Erschienen in: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health | Ausgabe 2/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Objective

In a difficult and demanding environment such as the operating room, the individual workload response of physicians is of particular importance. The aim of this study was to examine the specific effects of intraoperative stress on the cardiovascular system by measuring heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV).

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, the effect of intraoperative stress on autonomic balance, measured by HRV, among surgeons differing with respect to their intraoperative stress levels was studied. Based on their perceived stress (State Trait Anxiety Inventory), surgeons were classified into a stressed and a non-stressed sample. Data on HR and HRV were collected by means of ambulatory ECG-recordings. Changes in autonomic nervous system activity were quantified by frequency and time domain analysis of R–R interval variability. Demographic, anthropometric, and surgery-related group differences were assessed by non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test, differences between relative changes of HR and HRV by Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. In multivariate linear analysis of covariance, group differences were adjusted for possible confounding factors.

Results

There was a significant difference in intraoperative HR for stressed and non-stressed surgeons (median: 99.3 vs. 63.7; P < 0.05). During sleep, HRV indices indicated a reduced autonomic recovery in stressed participants.

Conclusions

Our results reveal that higher perceived stress in the operating room is associated with increased intraoperative HR and decreased HRV at night. Non-stressed surgeons show greater relaxation during sleep compared to their stressed colleagues.

Acharya UR, Kannathal N, Sing OW, Ping LY, Chua T (2004) Heart rate analysis in normal subjects of various age groups. Biomed Eng Online 3:8CrossRef

Agelink MW, Malessa R, Baumann B, Majewski T, Akila F, Zeit T, Ziegler D (2001) Standardized tests of heart rate variability: normal ranges obtained from 309 healthy humans, and effects of age, gender, and heart rate. Clin Auton Res 11:99–108CrossRef

Araujo F, Antelmi I, Pereira AC, Latorre MR, Grupi CJ, Krieger JE, Mansur AJ (2006) Lower heart rate variability is associated with higher serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration in healthy individuals aged 46 years or more. Int J Cardiol 107:333–337CrossRef

Arora S, Sevdalis N, Nestel D, Woloshynowych M, Darzi A, Kneebone R (2010a) The impact of stress on surgical performance: a systematic review of the literature. Surgery 147:318–330CrossRef

Arora S, Tierney T, Sevdalis N, Aggarwal R, Nestel D, Woloshynowych M, Darzi A, Kneebone R (2010b) The imperial stress assessment tool (ISAT): a feasible, reliable and valid approach to measuring stress in the operating room. World J Surg 34:1756–1763CrossRef

Balanos GM, Phillips AC, Frenneaux MP, McIntyre D, Lykidis C, Griffin HS, Carroll D (2010) Metabolically exaggerated cardiac reactions to acute psychological stress: the effects of resting blood pressure status and possible underlying mechanisms. Biol Psychol 85:104–111CrossRef

Balch CM, Shanafelt TD, Dyrbye L, Sloan JA, Russell TR, Bechamps GJ, Freischlag JA (2010) Surgeon distress as calibrated by hours worked and nights on call. J Am Coll Surgeons 211:609–619CrossRef

Belkic KL, Landsbergis PA, Schnall PL, Baker D (2004) Is job strain a major source of cardiovascular disease risk? Scand J Work Environ Health 30:85–128CrossRef

Bernardi L, Passino C, Spadacini G, Valle F, Leuzzi S, Piepoli M, Leight P (1997) Arterial Baroreceptors as determinants of 0.1 Hz and respiration-related changes in blood pressure and heart rate spectra. In: Mancia GPGZA (ed) Frontiers of blood pressure and heart rate analysis. IOC Press, Netherlands, pp 241–252

Bigger JT Jr, Fleiss JL, Steinman RC, Rolnitzky LM, Kleiger RE, Rottman JN (1992) Frequency domain measures of heart period variability and mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation 85:164–171CrossRef

Binici Z, Mouridsen MR, Køber L, Sajadieh A (2011) Decreased nighttime heart rate variability is associated with increased stroke risk. Stroke 42:3196–3201CrossRef

Böckelmann I (2012) Analysis of heart rate variability—relevance for practice. Analyse der Herzfrequenzvariabilität (HRV)—praktische Relevanz. Zlb Arbeitsmed 62:275–279

Böhm B, Rotting N, Schwenk W, Grebe S, Mansmann U (2001) A prospective randomized trial on heart rate variability of the surgical team during laparoscopic and conventional sigmoid resection. Arch Surg 136:305–310CrossRef

Borchini R, Ferrario MM (2012) Job strain and heart rate variability. New evidence and new perspectives. Job strain e heart rate variability. Nuove evidenze e nuove prospettive. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 34:174–176

Boutcher SH, Nugent FW, McLaren PF, Weltman AL (1998) Heart period variability of trained and untrained men at rest and during mental challenge. Psychophysiol 35:16–22CrossRef

Brosschot JF, Van Dijk E, Thayer JF (2007) Daily worry is related to low heart rate variability during waking and the subsequent nocturnal sleep period. Int J Psychophysiol 63:39–47CrossRef

Brotman DJ, Golden SH, Wittstein IS (2007) The cardiovascular toll of stress. Lancet 370:1089–1100CrossRef

Brunner EJ, Hemingway H, Walker BR, Page M, Clarke P, Juneja M, Shipley MJ, Kumari M, Andrew R, Seckl JR, Papadopoulos A, Checkley S, Rumley A, Lowe GDO, Stansfeld SA, Marmot MG (2002) Adrenocortical, autonomic, and inflammatory causes of the metabolic syndrome: nested case-control study. Circulation 106:2659–2665CrossRef

Buddeberg-Fischer B, Klaghofer R, Stamm M, Siegrist J, Buddeberg C (2008) Work stress and reduced health in young physicians: prospective evidence from Swiss residents. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 82:31–38CrossRef

Cacioppo JT, Malarkey WB, Kiecoltglaser JK, Uchino BN, Sgoutasemch SA, Sheridan JF, Berntson GG, Glaser R (1995) Heterogeneity in neuroendocrine and immune-responses to brief psychological stressors as a function of autonomic cardiac activation. Psychosom Med 57:154–164

Camm AJ, Fei L (1995) Risk stratification following myocardial infarction: heart rate variability and other risk factors. In: Malik M, Camm AJ (eds) Heart rate variability. Futura, Armonk, pp 369–393

Chandola T, Britton A, Brunner E, Hemingway H, Malik M, Kumari M, Badrick E, Kivimaki M, Marmot M (2008) Work stress and coronary heart disease: what are the mechanisms? Eur Heart J 29:640–648CrossRef

Clays E, De Bacquer D, Crasset V, Kittel F, De Smet P, Kornitzer M, Karasek R, De Backer G (2011) The perception of work stressors is related to reduced parasympathetic activity. Int Arch Occ Environ Health 84:185–191CrossRef

Cook S, Togni M, Schaub MC, Wenaweser P, Hess OM (2006) High heart rate: a cardiovascular risk factor? Eur Heart J 27:2387–2393CrossRef

Cooney MT, Vartiainen E, Laakitainen T, Juolevi A, Dudina A, Graham IM (2010) Elevated resting heart rate is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in healthy men and women. Am Heart J 159:612–619CrossRef

Czyzewska E, Kiczka K, Czarnecki A, Pokinko P (1983) The surgeon’s mental load during decision making at various stages of operations. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 51:441–446CrossRef

Diène E, Fouquet A, Esquirol Y (2012) Cardiovascular diseases and psychosocial factors at work. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 105:33–39CrossRef

Dietrich DF, Schindler C, Schwartz J, Barthelemy JC, Tschopp JM, Roche F, von Eckardstein A, Brändli O, Leuenberger P, Gold DR, Gaspoz JM, Ackermann-Liebrich U (2006) Heart rate variability in an ageing population and its association with lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors: results of the SAPALDIA study. Europace 8:521–529CrossRef

Fontana GA, Pantaleo T, Bongianni F, Cresci F, Manconi R, Panuccio P (1993) Respiratory and cardiovascular responses to static handgrip exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 75:2789–2796

Gianaros PJ, Salomon K, Zhou F, Owens JF, Edmundowicz D, Kuller LH, Matthews KA (2005) A greater reduction in high-frequency heart rate variability to a psychological stressor is associated with subclinical coronary and aortic calcification in postmenopausal women. Psychosom Med 67:553–560CrossRef

Gillman MW, Kannel WB, Belanger A, D’Agostino RB (1993) Influence of heart rate on mortality among persons with hypertension: the Framingham study. Am Heart J 125:1148–1154CrossRef

Grandjean E (1991) Physiologische Arbeitsgestaltung. Ecomed, Landsberg

Grasso R, Schena F, Gulli G, Cevese A (1997) Does low-frequency variability of heart period reflect a specific parasympathetic mechanism? J Auton Nerv Syst 63:30–38CrossRef

Hansen TW, Thijs L, Boggia J, Li Y, Kikuya M, Bjorklund-Bodegard K, Richart T, Ohkubo T, Jeppesen J, Torp-Pedersen C, Lind L, Sandoya E, Imai Y, Wang J, Ibsen H, O’Brien E, Staessen JA (2008) Prognostic value of ambulatory heart rate revisited in 6928 subjects from 6 populations. Hypertension 52:229–235CrossRef

Hayano J, Sakakibara Y, Yamada M, Ohte N, Fujinami T, Yokoyama K, Watanabe Y, Takata K (1990) Decreased magnitude of heart rate spectral components in coronary artery disease: its relation to angiographic severity. Circulation 81:1217–1224CrossRef

Hiemisch A, Kiess W, Brähler E (2011) Mental job strain in a university children’s hospital a study on stress experience and the resulting employee health. Psychische Arbeitsbelastung an einer Universitätskinderklinik—Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zum Belastungserleben und der resultierenden Mitarbeitergesundheit. Klin Padiatr 223:236–241CrossRef

Hintsanen M, Elovainio M, Puttonen S, Kivimaki M, Koskinen T, Raitakari OT, Keltikangas-Jarvinen L (2007) Effort-reward imbalance, heart rate, and heart rate variability: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Int J Behav Med 14:202–212CrossRef

Horner RD, Matthews G, Yi MS (2012) A conceptual model of physician work intensity: guidance for evaluating policies and practices to improve health care delivery. Med Care 50:654–661CrossRef

Iellamo F, Legramante JM, Raimondi G, Castrucci F, Damiani C, Foti C, Peruzzi G, Caruso I (1997) Effects of isokinetic, isotonic and isometric submaximal exercise on heart rate and blood pressure. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 75:89–96CrossRef

Jose AD, Collins D (1970) The normal range and determinants of intrinsic heart rate in man. Cardiovasc Res 4:160–167CrossRef

Kannel WB, Wilson P, Blair SN (1985) Epidemiological assessment of the role of physical activity and fitness in development of cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 109:876–885CrossRef

Kivimaki M, Leino-Arjas P, Luukkonen R, Riihimaki H, Vahtera J, Kirjonen J (2002) Work stress and risk of cardiovascular mortality: prospective cohort study of industrial employees. BMJ 325:857CrossRef

Klein J, Frie KG, Blum K, Von Dem Knesebeck O (2011) Psychosocial stress at work and perceived quality of care among clinicians in surgery. Health Serv Res 11:109

Kuo TBJ, Lin T, Yang CCH, Li CL, Chen CF, Chou P (1999) Effect of aging on gender differences in neural control of heart rate. Am J Physiol-Heart C 277:H2233–H2239

Lind AR (1970) Cardiovascular responses to static exercise (Isometrics, anyone?). Circulation 41:173–176CrossRef

Malmberg B, Persson R, Flisberg P, Orbaek P (2011) Heart rate variability changes in physicians working on night call. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 84:293–301CrossRef

Marteau TM, Bekker H (1992) The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI). Brit J Clin Psychol 31:301–306CrossRef

Mathiassen SE (1993) The influence of exercise/rest schedule on the physiological and psychophysical response to isometric shoulder-neck exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 67:528–539CrossRef

Neubert S, Arndt D, Thurow K, Stoll R (2010) Mobile real-time data acquisition system for application in preventive medicine. Telemed eHealth 16:504–509CrossRef

Pieper S, Brosschot JF, van der Leeden R, Thayer JF (2007) Cardiac effects of momentary assessed worry episodes and stressful events. Psychosom Med 69:901–909CrossRef

Rieger A, Neubert S, Behrendt S, Weippert M, Kreuzfeld S, Stoll R (2012) 24-hour ambulatory monitoring of complex physiological parameters with a wireless health system. In: Proceedings of the 9th IEEE international multiconference on systems, signals and devices (SSD), Chemnitz, Germany, 2012. Published online. doi:10.1109/SSD.2012.6198016

Schuld J, Bobkowski M, Shayesteh-Kheslat R, Kollmar O, Richter S, Schilling MK (in press) Benchmarking surgical resources—a work sampling analysis at a german university hospital. Ärztliche Ressourcennutzung in der Chirurgie auf dem Prüfstand—eine Worksampling-Analyse an einer deutschen Universitätsklinik. Zbl Chirurgie

Smolander J, Aminoff T, Korhonen I, Tervo M, Shen N, Korhonen O, Louhevaara V (1998) Heart rate and blood pressure responses to isometric exercise in young and older men. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 77:439–444CrossRef

Snyder F, Hobson JA, Morrison DF, Goldfrank F (1964) Changes in respiration, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure in human sleep. J Appl Physiol 19:417–422

Song MH, Tokuda Y, Nakayama T, Sato M, Hattori K (2009) Intraoperative heart rate variability of a cardiac surgeon himself in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 8:639–641CrossRef

Spalding TW, Jeffers LS, Porges SW, Hatfield BD (2000) Vagal and cardiac reactivity to psychological stressors in trained and untrained men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:581–591CrossRef

Stein PK, Barzilay JI, Chaves PHM, Domitrovich PP, Gottdiener JS (2009) Heart rate variability and its changes over 5 years in older adults. Age Ageing 38:212–218CrossRef

Steptoe A, Kivimäki M (2012) Stress and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 9:360–370CrossRef

Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology, North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (1996) Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation 93:1043–1065CrossRef

Thayer JF (2005) Neurovisceral integration, emotions, and health. J Psychosom Res 58:S9

Thayer JF, Yamamoto SS, Brosschot JF (2010) The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int J Cardiol 141:122–131CrossRef

Togo F, Takahashi M (2009) Heart rate variability in occupational health—a systematic review. Ind Health 47:589–602CrossRef

Tsuji H, Larson MG, Venditti FJ Jr, Manders ES, Evans JC, Feldman CL, Levy D (1996) Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events: the Framingham heart study. Circulation 94:2850–2855CrossRef

Umetani K, Singer DH, McCraty R, Atkinson M (1998) Twenty-four hour time domain heart rate variability and heart rate: relations to age and gender over nine decades. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:593–601CrossRef

Vanoli E, Adamson PB, Ba L, Pinna GD, Lazzara R, Orr WC (1995) Heart rate variability during specific sleep stages: a comparison of healthy subjects with patients after myocardial infarction. Circulation 91:1918–1922CrossRef

Virtanen R, Jula A, Kuusela T, Helenius H, Voipio-Pulkki LM (2003) Reduced heart rate variability in hypertension: associations with lifestyle factors and plasma renin activity. J Hum Hypertens 17:171–179CrossRef

Weber CS, Thayer JF, Rudat M, Wirtz PH, Zimmermann-Viehoff F, Thomas A, Perschel FH, Arck PC, Deter HC (2010) Low vagal tone is associated with impaired post stress recovery of cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune markers. Eur J Appl Physiol 109:201–211CrossRef

Wennerblom B, Lurje L, Karlsson T, Tygesen H, Vahisalo R, Hjalmarson A (2001) Circadian variation of heart rate variability and the rate of autonomic change in the morning hours in healthy subjects and angina patients. Int J Cardiol 79:61–69CrossRef

Wetzel CM, George A, Hanna GB, Athanasiou T, Black SA, Kneebone RL, Nestel D, Woloshynowych M (2011) Stress management training for surgeons-a randomized, controlled, intervention study. Ann Surg 253:488–494CrossRef

Wong GWSJ (2008) Doctors and stress. Hongkong Medical Diary 13:4–7

Titel: Heart rate and heart rate variability as indirect markers of surgeons’ intraoperative stress
verfasst von: Annika Rieger
Regina Stoll
Steffi Kreuzfeld
Kristin Behrens
Matthias Weippert
Publikationsdatum: 01.02.2014
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health / Ausgabe 2/2014
Print ISSN: 0340-0131
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1246
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-013-0847-z

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2014

Accidental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in waste cargo after heavy seas. Global waste transport as a source of PCB exposure

The N2N instrument to evaluate healthy work environments: an Italian validation

Organizational and psychosocial risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome: a cross-sectional study of French workers

Changes of mesothelin and osteopontin levels over time in formerly asbestos-exposed power industry workers

Cooperation between general practitioners and occupational health physicians in Germany: how can it be optimised? A qualitative study

A retrospective cohort study of shift work and risk of cancer-specific mortality in German male chemical workers