Background
Methods
Chemicals and instruments
Plant material
Preparation of samples
Animals and treatments
Serum biochemistry
Determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver homogenate
Histological examinations
DPPH radical scavenging assay
Preparation of Sample Solutions for UPLC-DAD-MS Analysis
UPLC-DAD-QQQMS analysis
Measurement of proanthocyanidin A2 equivalents
Statistical analysis
Results
The effect of gurigumu-7 and MF on the increased levels of serum transaminases induced with CCl4
Groups | Parameter (U/L) | |
---|---|---|
ALT | AST | |
Saline-treated mice | 32.1 ± 8.4##
| 141.6 ± 59.0##
|
CCl4-treated mice | 3822.0 ± 1494.8 | 4059.6 ± 1408.3 |
CCl4-17 mg/kg silymarin-treated mice | 2205.0 ± 912.2* | 2034.0 ± 1262.9* |
CCl4-270.84 mg/kg Gurigumu-7 -treated mice | 3438.0 ± 1742.0 | 3586.0 ± 2170.1 |
CCl4-541.68 mg/kg Gurigumu-7-treated mice | 2933.2 ± 1405.0 | 2910.0 ± 1652.8 |
CCl4-1083.36 mg/kg Gurigumu-7 -treated mice | 2345.1 ± 1449.8 | 2290.2 ± 1519.7* |
Groups | Parameter (U/L) | |
---|---|---|
ALT | AST | |
Saline-treated mice | 30.4 ± 4.0##
| 123.0 ± 24.3##
|
CCl4-treated mice | 2461.8 ± 1072.7 | 2506.6 ± 1140.7 |
CCl4-17 mg/kg silymarin-treated mice | 1115.6 ± 291.3** | 1230.6 ± 437.6** |
CCl4-66 mg/kg MF-treated mice | 2766.0 ± 1909.7 | 2482.8 ± 1853.3 |
CCl4-132 mg/kg MF-treated mice | 1929.0 ± 799.8 | 1748.0 ± 694.8 |
CCl4-264 mg/kg MF-treated mice | 1144.0 ± 787.2* | 1173 ± 785.3** |
Effects on Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels
Groups | SOD (U/mg protein) | MDA (nmol/mg protein) |
---|---|---|
Saline-treated mice | 114.23 ± 2.75##
| 7.08 ± 0.04##
|
CCl4-treated mice | 75.75 ± 5.37 | 44.32 ± 16.68 |
CCl4-17 mg/kg silymarin treated mice | 102.41 ± 24.66*
| 12.47 ± 3.27**
|
CCl4-66 mg/kg MF treated mice | 82.46 ± 15.48 | 19.31 ± 6.58**
|
CCl4-132 mg/kg MF treated mice | 93.39 ± 40.91 | 8.58 ± 1.11**
|
CCl4-264 mg/kg MF treated mice | 108.19 ± 30.32**
| 7.68 ± 1.95**
|
Histopathological changes of mice livers
Components of MF
Main source | constituents | H2O fraction | 1:1 fraction | MF |
---|---|---|---|---|
Safflower | protocatechuic acid | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.61 ± 0.01 | 1.15 ± 0.00 |
hydroxysafflor yellow A | nd | 12.77 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | |
6-hydroxykaempfer 3,6,7-triglucoside | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 2.09 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | |
kaempferol-3-O-D-glucoside | nd | 0.082 ± 0.04 | 3.13 ± 0.01 | |
bidenoside C | nd | nd | 8.75 ± 0.01 | |
kaempferol-3-O-rutinocoside | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.65 ± 0.05 | 2.86 ± 0.04 | |
6-hydroxykaempferol-3-rutinoside-6-glucoside | nd | 1.63 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | |
6-hydroxykaempferol-3,6-diglucoside | nd | 0.28 ± 0.039 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | |
linolic acid | nd | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 26.2 ± 0.09 | |
α-linolenic acid | nd | 0.20 ± 0.08 | 25.5 ± 0.13 | |
oleic acid | 0.36 ± 0.07 | 0.38 ± 0.10 | 3.13 ± 0.09 | |
Fructus chebulae | chebulic acid | 12.81 ± 0.02 | 0.74 ± 0.00 | 0.076 ± 0.00 |
gallic acid | 7.68 ± 0.02 | 12.23 ± 0.02 | nd | |
chebumeinin A | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.67 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | |
chebumeinin B | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.48 ± 0.01 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | |
casuarinin | nd | 2.35 ± 0.01 | 1.88 ± 0.01 | |
corilagin | 3.48 ± 0.01 | 7.30 ± 0.02 | 3.50 ± 0.02 | |
chebulagic acid | 2.25 ± 0.01 | 6.05 ± 0.01 | 2.38 ± 0.01 | |
pentagalloyl glucose | 0.86 ± 0.01 | 1.06 ± 0.01 | 0.94 ± 0.02 | |
ellagic acid | nd | 82.14 ± 0.80 | 297.97 ± 1.84 | |
Flos scabiosae | caffeic acid | nd | 0.46 ± 0.00 | nd |
quinic acid | nd | 2.28 ± 0.01 | nd | |
chlorogenic acid | 0.87 ± 0.01 | 32.08 ± 0.58 | 0.83 ± 0.02 | |
p-coumaric acid | 0.24 ± 0.00 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | 0.67 ± 0.01 | |
luteolin-6-C-glucoside | nd | 5.54 ± 0.01 | 0.64 ± 0.01 | |
quercetin-3-glucoside | nd | 0.98 ± 0.01 | 4.30 ± 0.01 | |
rutin | nd | nd | 0.05 ± 0.00 | |
apigenin-7-arabinoglucoside | nd | 0.75 ± 0.00 | 5.38 ± 0.02 | |
apigenin-4′-glucoside | nd | nd | 11.59 ± 0.02 | |
apigenin-7-glucoside | nd | nd | 11.51 ± 0.01 | |
luteolin-4′-O-glucoside | nd | 0.73 ± 0.00 | 16.02 ± 0.02 | |
luteolin-7-O-glucoside | nd | 0.84 ± 0.01 | 16.12 ± 0.02 | |
luteolin | nd | nd | 2.96 ± 0.02 | |
apigenin | nd | nd | 1.59 ± 0.01 | |
ursolic acid | nd | nd | 14.91 ± 0.35 | |
hederagenin/3β,23-dihydroxyursan-12-en-28-oic acid | 0.01 ± 0.019 | 0.01 ± 0.02 | 1.80 ± 0.03 | |
Herba ephedrae | Ephadra alkaloids | nd | 98.33 ± 0.15 %a
| 1.67 ± 0.64 %a
|
Proanthocyanidin A2 equivalent | nd | 31.33 ± 2.62 | 15.64 ± 1.78 | |
Herba violae | 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin | nd | 25.23 ± 0.74 | 3.12 ± 0.02 |
5,5′-bi (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) | nd | 0.67 ± 0.01 | nd | |
apigenin 6,8-di-C-β-D-glucoside, | 0.54 ± 0.53 %a
| 90.81 ± 1.01 %a
| 8.65 ± 0.87 %a
| |
apigenin 6-C-β-D-glucosyl-8-C- α-L-arabinoside/apigenin 6-C-β- D- glucosyl-8-C-β-L-arabinoside | 2.88 ± 0.36 %a
| 48.96 ± 0.08 %a
| 48.16 ± 0.65 %a
| |
apigenin 6-C-α-L-arabinosyl- 8-C-β-D-xyloside/apigenin 6,8-di-C-α-L-arabinoside | 2.66 ± 0.08 %a
| 47.50 ± 0.45 %a
| 49.83 ± 0.71 %a
| |
Caulis clematidis armandii | calceolarioside B | 0.18 ± 0.89 | 0.17 ± 0.07 |
Substance | percentage of DPPH scavenged at different concentration | EC50 (μg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3.125 μg/mL | 6.25 μg/mL | 12.5 μg/mL | 25 μg/mL | 50 μg/mL | ||
methanolic extract of Gurigumu-7 | 4.2 | 10.1 | 20.6 | 31.6 | 55.4 | 43.7 |
MF | 8.0 | 9.4 | 17.9 | 38.8 | 59.3 | 39.8 |
protocatechuic acid (positive control) | 30.4 | 44.4 | 58.7 | 72.2 | 81.7 | 7.8 |