Background
Methods
Participants
P. Nr. | Growth | Head and neck | Eyes and vision | Ears and hearing | Face | Cardiovascular | Genitourinary | Skeletal and limb defects | Neurologic | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Obesity | Astigmatism | Postaxial polydactyly (one foot) Short meta-carpals V finger clino-dactyly | ID Hypotonia | Bardet-Biedl suspected | |||||
2 | Severe DD No walk/crawl No speech Epilepsy Drooling | |||||||||
3. | Dolicocephaly Narrow, prominent forehead Low, uneven hairline | Epichantal folds | DD Abnormal pons | Hemangiomas | ||||||
4. | Short stature | Low nasal bridge | Horseshoe kidney Anal atresia | Small hands and feet | ID | Balanced t(X;13)(q28;q12) | ||||
5. | Simple ears | Thick and straight eyebrows Broad nasal bridge Long philtrum Retrognathia | Autism ID Epilepsy | |||||||
6. | Short stature | Microcephaly | Blindness Optic nerve hypoplasia | Scoliosis | ID Epilepsy Severe hypotonia | |||||
7. | Hydrocephalus | Brain malformation Severe DD | ||||||||
8 | Microcephaly | Hypertelorism | Small nose Low nasal bridge Tented upper lip | Severe DD Severe epilepsy | ATRX suspected | |||||
9. | Severe optic atrophy Impaired vision | ID Epilepsy Cortical atrophy | ||||||||
10. | Mild hypertelorism | Low-set ears | Triangular face Small jaw High palate Thin upper lip | Hyper-extensible joints | ID Autistic features Intractable epilepsy | Frax-dna, SCN1A, CLN8 4p-FISH normal | ||||
11. | Upslanting palpebal fissures | Large earlobes | Small jaw | Clubfoot | ID Autistic features Intractable epilepsy | |||||
12. | Epichantic folds | Large earlobes | Flat face | Tapering fingers | ID Autistic features ADHD | Balanced t(2;9)(q13q22.3) de novo | ||||
13. | Macrocephaly | Severe ID Hypotonia Autism Epilepsy | Inv 2(p13p25) mat., DMPK mutation negative | |||||||
14. | Severe myopia Cataracta | Synophrys Curved eyebrows Upturned pinched nose Big mouth Full lips | Atrial septum defect | Severe DD Epilepsy | ||||||
15. | Microcephaly | Impaired vision | Ventricular septum defect | Epilepsy DD | ||||||
16. | ID Beahvioural disturbances Autism | No malformation or dysmorphism | ||||||||
17. | ID DD | |||||||||
18. | Growth retardation | Hypertelorism | Mild ventricular septum defect | ID | ||||||
19. & 20. | DD | No structural defects | ||||||||
21 | Microcephaly | Strabismus | Missing lobuli | Small nose Low nasal bridge Smooth philtrum Thin lips | Proximal thumbs Pes planus | ID Intractable epilepsy Ataxia | ||||
22. | Pre- and postnatal growth retardation | Broad nasal root Short nose Bifid nasal tip | Cryptorchidism Hypoplastic scrotum | Scoliosis Syndactylies | Slow motor development Hypotonia Expressive language disorder | Congenital contractures Dimples | ||||
23. | Mild dysmorphism | ID Epilepsy | ||||||||
24. | Microcephaly | Hypertelorism Epicanthic folds Disorder of visual cortex | Low-set and posteriorly rotated ears | Micrognathia Cleft palate | ID Epilepsy Hypoplastic cerebellar vermis | Monozygotic twin, twin sister healthy | ||||
25. | Tall stature Advanced bone age | Deep set eyes Hypotelorism Epicanthic folds Strabismus | Short nose Anteverted nares Tented upper lip | Cryptorchidism | ID No speech Autism | Glypican-3 and PHF6 mutation analyses negative | ||||
26. | Short stature | ID Intractable epilepsy Tremor Myoclonias Distal spasticity | ||||||||
27. | Small for Gestational Age | Downslanting palpebral fissures Strabismus | Frontal bossing | Exostosis (familial) Broad hallux Overriding toes Scoliosis | ID Epilepsy | Inguinal hernia | ||||
28. | Downslanting palpebral fissures | Hearing impairment | Coarse hair Thick eyebrows Thick lips Malposition of teeth | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | Hip dis-placement Long thin bones | Normal intelligence | ||||
29. | Epilepsy ID Alternating hemiplegia of childhood | |||||||||
30. | Small for gestational age Prematurity Short stature | Microcephaly | Severe myopia Coloboma of papillae Optic atrophy Nystagmus Strabismus | High palate Gum hypertrophy | Coarctation of aorta | Inguinal hernia | ID Intractable epilepsy Hemiparesis (peri-ventricular leukomalacia) | |||
31. | Central blindness Nystagmus | ID Intractable epilepsy Hypotonia Distal spasticity | ||||||||
32. | Short stature | Normal development | Vomiting Feeding difficulties | |||||||
33. | Neck fistula | Dysmorphic malocclusion of teeth | Uni-ventricular heart | Brain atrophy Epilepsy | Simian-crease Sinus pilonidalis | |||||
34. | ID Intractable epilepsy Hypotonia Distal spasticity | |||||||||
35. | Dolicocephaly | Epichantic fold | Simple ears | Thin upper-lip Long philtrum Broad nasal bridge | ID Arnold Chiari malformation |
SNP array
Analysis
Reference data
Filtering relevant CNVs and potential UPDs
Validation of candidate aberrations
Microsatellite marker analysis
Results
Patient | Chromosome location | Marker | Location start | Location stop | Patient | Mother | Father | Associated OMIM disease (gene) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 15q23q24.1 | D15S204 | 72300758 | 72300879 | 123/123 | 123/125 | 123/125 | MIM #209900, Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS4) |
D15S124 | 73092468 | 73092572 | 104/106 | 106/106 | 104/106 | |||
17 | 6q16.3 | D6S468 | 101630330 | 101630479 | 155/159 | 159/159 | 155/155 | MIM #611092, Mental retardation (GRIK2) |
D6S2418 | 101352425 | 101352639 | 222/230 | 222/248 | 230/238 | |||
32 | 11q13.4 | DS11S4140 | 71945684 | 71945874 | 195/195 | 195/197 | 195/197 | MIM #270400, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (DHCR7) |
28 | 17p13.2p13.1 | D17S578 | 6824007 | 6824153 | 173/173 | 173/173 | 155/173 | MIM #201475, AcylCoA dehydrogenase deficiency (ACADVL) |
D17S1832 | 5972677 | 5972867 | 173/185 | 173/185 | 171/173/185/193 | |||
D17S1828 | 3810467 | 3810673 | 220/220 | 214/220 | 214/220 |
Chromosome | Band | Appoximate range (Kb) | Frequency patients (n = 70) | Frequency normals (n = 19) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1
| p33-p32.3 | 48 700–53 300 | 47.7% | 47.7% |
1
| q21.1-q21.2 | 145 800–148 500 | 49% | 50% |
2
| q21.2-q21.3 | 134 334–136 693 | 42% | 58% |
3
| p21.31-p21.1 | 46 500–52 500 | 71% | 68% |
4
| p15.1 | 31 838–34 524 | 60% | 57% |
8
| q22.2 | 99 200–101 200 | 47% | 63% |
8
| p11.21-p11.1 | 41 870–43 270 | 49% | 47% |
8
| q11.1-q11.21 | 47 040–49 000 | 46% | 68% |
10
| p11.21 | 36 720–38 490 | 43% | 31% |
10
| q22.2-q22.2 | 73 200–76 460 | 44% | 31% |
12
| q21.32-q21.33 | 85 850–89 100 | 47% | 47% |
12
| q24.11-q24.13 | 108 600–111 600 | 55% | 68% |
14
| q23.3-q24.1 | 65 500–67 100 | 62% | 73% |
15
| q12-q13.1 | 25 400–27 200 | 71% | 68% |
15
| q15.1-q21.1 | 40 100–43 730 | 64% | 84% |
15
| q23-q24.1 | 69 300–71 700 | 41% | 15% |
16
| p11.2-p11.1 | 33 394–34 550 | 62% | 68% |
16
| q11.2-q12.1 | 45 092–47 450 | 64% | 63% |
16
| q21-q22.1 | 64 850–67 100 | 48% | 57% |
17
| q22-q23.2 | 54 610–56 850 | 67% | 68% |
20
| q11.22-q11.23 | 31 910–35 500 | 68% | 42% |