Background
Methods
Sampling Methods & Participants
Proportion of participants by health center (n = 812) | Unweighted sample (%) | Weighted sample (%) |
---|---|---|
Central Hospital - FMT (n = 410) | 50.49 | 85.44 |
Decentralized Health Units - SAEs (n = 402) | 49.51 | 14.56 |
Characteristic | Total (n = 812) | Central Hospital (n = 410) | Decentralized Health Units (n = 402) | Chi-square p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean) | 38.50 | 39.45 | 32.94 | 0.0001 |
Gender (%) | ||||
Females | 37.11 | 38.24 | 30.55 | 0.0000 |
Males | 62.89 | 61.76 | 69.45 | |
Race (%) | ||||
Black | 5.75 | 5.85 | 5.17 | 0.2778 |
Mulatto | 76.96 | 77.07 | 76.29 | |
White | 12.86 | 12.44 | 15.31 | |
Asian | 1.83 | 1.95 | 1.12 | |
Indigenous | 2.60 | 2.68 | 2.11 | |
Education (%) | ||||
Illiterate | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.58 | 0.3523 |
Incomplete primary education | 23.38 | 24.39 | 17.48 | |
Complete primary education | 7.71 | 8.05 | 5.75 | |
Incomplete secondary education | 8.02 | 7.80 | 9.29 | |
Complete secondary education | 38.26 | 38.05 | 39.50 | |
Incomplete tertiary education | 9.75 | 9.27 | 12.59 | |
Complete tertiary education | 9.98 | 9.51 | 12.74 | |
Graduate education | 2.38 | 2.44 | 2.06 | |
Marital status (%) | ||||
Never married | 55.01 | 54.15 | 60.08 | 0.0037 |
Married | 14.85 | 15.85 | 8.96 | |
Divorced/separated | 3.21 | 3.17 | 3.45 | |
Widow(er) | 4.00 | 4.39 | 1.73 | |
Lives with partner (but not married) | 22.93 | 22.44 | 25.79 | |
Sexual Orientation (%) | ||||
Heterosexual | 67.64 | 70.17 | 52.82 | 0.0016 |
Homosexual | 22.48 | 20.78 | 32.40 | |
Bisexual | 9.88 | 9.05 | 14.77 | |
Employment (%) | ||||
Employed | 32.52 | 31.22 | 40.12 | 0.0032 |
Self-employed | 16.50 | 16.59 | 15.97 | |
Unemployed with no source of income | 27.05 | 25.61 | 35.50 | |
Unemployed with some financial support | 14.98 | 16.34 | 0.7 | |
Retired | 8.96 | 10.24 | 1.4 | |
Income (Brazilian Reais) | ||||
Mean monthly income | 1314.67 | 1315.85 | 1306.72 | 0.8987 |
Place of residence (%) | ||||
Manaus | 85.53 | 83.66 | 96.53 | 0.0000 |
Outside of Manaus | 14.47 | 16.34 | 3.47 | |
Patient’s first CD4 count (%) | n = 713 | n = 344 | n = 369 | |
CD4 equal to 200/mm3 or greater | 62.91 | 60.17 | 77.73 | 0.0240 |
CD4 less than 200/mm3 | 37.09 | 39.83 | 22.27 | |
First CD4 count (mean) | 342.08 | 329.19 | 411.97 | 0.000 |
Viral load in last blood exam (%) | n = 678 | n = 338 | n = 340 | |
Viral load equal to 1000/mL or less | 76.8 | 76.33 | 79.54 | 0.000 |
Viral load over 1000/mL | 23.2 | 23.67 | 20.46 |
Research Instruments & Data Sources
Theoretical framework
Data analysis
Results
Patient satisfaction & access to health services
Total (n = 812) | Central Hospital (n= 410) | Decentralized Health Units (n= 402) | Chi-square p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
General satisfaction with quality of health services (%) | ||||
Excellent quality | 21.85 | 19.51 | 35.59 | 0.0172 |
Good quality | 59.68 | 61.22 | 50.68 | |
Average quality | 15.83 | 16.59 | 11.43 | |
Bad quality | 2.10 | 2.20 | 1.53 | |
Terrible quality | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.78 | |
Commute time to health center (%) | ||||
Less than 30 min | 21.24 | 19.02 | 34.25 | 0.0182 |
30 min to 1 h | 33.46 | 32.20 | 40.88 | |
1–2 h | 31.02 | 32.93 | 19.87 | |
2–3 h | 6.50 | 7.07 | 3.11 | |
More than 3 h | 7.57 | 8.54 | 1.89 | |
Don’t know/No response | 0.21 | 0.24 | – | |
Wait time (%) | ||||
Less than 30 min | 10.31 | 8.05 | 23.54 | 0.0015 |
30 min to 1 h | 25.97 | 24.39 | 35.22 | |
1–2 h | 23.05 | 23.41 | 20.92 | |
2–3 h | 18.99 | 20.73 | 8.79 | |
More than 3 h | 21.60 | 23.41 | 10.96 | |
Don’t know/no response | 0.08 | – | 0.56 | |
Time to reschedule a missed appointment (# of days) | ||||
Average number of days to reschedule | 63.93 | 69.50 | 31.28 | < 0.0001 |
Time patient waited at pharmacy to be helped last time he/she went to pick up HIV medication (%) | ||||
30 min or less | 43.97 | 32.98 | 92.83 | 0.0018 |
30 min to 1 hour | 27.88 | 32.98 | 5.18 | |
1–2 h | 20.22 | 24.61 | 0.73 | |
2–3 h | 5.13 | 6.28 | – | |
More than 3 h | 1.71 | 2.09 | – | |
Don’t remember/no response | 1.09 | 1.05 | 1.26 | |
Communication with nurses (%) | ||||
Respectful treatment from nurses (yes) | 79.88 | 77.80 | 92.04 | 0.0184 |
Nurses provided information about patient’s health or treatment in a simple and clear way (yes) | 76.80 | 73.90 | 93.79 | 0.0092 |
Nurses answered patient’s questions (yes) | 61.99 | 58.29 | 83.71 | 0.0063 |
Communication with doctors (%) | ||||
Respectful treatment from doctors (yes) | 95.34 | 94.88 | 98.02 | 0.1069 |
Doctors provided information about patient’s health or treatment in a simple and clear way (yes) | 93.33 | 92.68 | 97.15 | 0.0160 |
Doctor answered patient’s questions (yes) | 84.23 | 82.44 | 94.76 | 0.0276 |
Factors associated with high patient satisfaction at centralized and decentralized health units (n = 810) | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Health center’s location | ||||
Health center is conveniently located | 2.70 | 2.18 | 3.35 | 0.000 |
Otherwise | 1 | |||
Wait time | ||||
Less than 30 min | 1 | |||
30 min to 1 h | 0.58 | 0.12 | 2.83 | 0.413 |
1–2 h | 0.52 | 0.13 | 2.11 | 0.282 |
2–3 h | 0.45 | 0.08 | 2.46 | 0.279 |
More than 3 h | 0.40 | 0.31 | 0.51 | 0.000 |
Respectful treatment from nurses | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.50 | 1.03 | 2.20 | 0.040 |
Factors associated with high patient satisfaction at the central hospital only (n = 409) | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Commute time to health center | ||||
Less than 30 min | 1 | |||
30 min to 1 h | 0.55 | 0.28 | 1.12 | 0.099 |
More than 1 h | 0.48 | 0.23 | 0.98 | 0.044 |
Health center’s location | ||||
Health center is conveniently located | 2.49 | 1.07 | 5.77 | 0.034 |
Otherwise | 1 | |||
Correlation between commute time and convenience of health center’s location | Coefficient | |||
Health center’s location | 1 | |||
Commute time to health center | 0.1051 | <0.05 |
Factors associated with high patient satisfaction at decentralized health units only (n = 400) | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Waiting time | ||||
Less than 30 min | 1 | |||
30 min to 1 h | 0.51 | 0.29 | 0.92 | 0.033 |
1–2 h | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.32 | 0.000 |
2–3 h | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.50 | 0.002 |
More than 3 h | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.000 |
Respectful treatment from nurses | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 3.64 | 2.48 | 5.35 | 0.001 |
Patient satisfaction & adherence to ART
Effect of patient satisfaction on adherence to ART (n = 499) | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patient satisfaction | ||||
Very satisfied | 1.99 | 1.02 | 3.89 | 0.043 |
Otherwise | 1 |
Timely diagnosis and initiation of ART
Effect of type of health center (centralized vs. decentralized) on timely diagnosis/timely ART initiation (n = 713) | Crude OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Health center | ||||
Central Hospital (FMT) | 1 | |||
Decentralized Health Units (SAEs) | 2.31 | 1.16 | 4.62 | 0.027 |