Background
Methods
Study sample and measurement
Household Dietary Diversity Score and Animal Source Food intake
Predictors of dietary diversity
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of the study households
Variable | Frequency (n = 27,995) | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age of household head | ≤20 | 662 | 2.4 |
21–30 | 6318 | 22.6 | |
31–40 | 7245 | 25.9 | |
41–50 | 5411 | 19.3 | |
>50 | 8359 | 29.9 | |
Sex of Household head | Male | 20,921 | 74.7 |
Female | 7074 | 25.3 | |
Literacy of household head | Read and write | 11,124 | 39.7 |
Don’t read and write | 16,871 | 60.3 | |
Residence | Urban | 6037 | 21.6 |
Rural | 21,958 | 78.4 | |
Illness | Yes | 2778 | 7.8 |
No | 25,817 | 92.2 | |
Experience of shock in the past 12 months | Yes | 7340 | 26.2 |
No | 20,655 | 73.8 | |
Food shortage in the past 12 months | Yes | 4047 | 14.5 |
No | 23,948 | 85.5 | |
Household size | ≤4 | 13,375 | 47.8 |
>4 | 14,620 | 52.2 | |
Crops cultivateda | ≤3 | 7708 | 63.2 |
>3 | 4498 | 36.9 | |
Engaged in farming | Yes | 21,725 | 77.6 |
No | 6270 | 22.4 | |
Own livestock | Yes | 20,970 | 74.9 |
No | 7025 | 25.1 | |
Socio-economic score | Low | 17,921 | 64.0 |
Medium | 6945 | 24.8 | |
High | 3129 | 11.2 |
Description of food groups consumed
Regional distribution of higher HDDS, farming activity and owning livestock
Region | High HDDS |
P
| Engage in farming |
P
| Own livestock |
P
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
Tigray (n = 1816) | 389 | 21 | <0.01 | 1322 | 73 | <0.01 | 1262 | 70 | <0.01 |
Afar (n = 169) | 23 | 14 | <0.01 | 58 | 34 | <0.01 | 128 | 76 | 0.55 |
Amhara (n = 7278) | 988 | 14 | <0.01 | 5800 | 80 | <0.01 | 5645 | 78 | <0.01 |
Oromia (n = 10,546) | 2418 | 23 | <0.01 | 8699 | 83 | <0.01 | 8416 | 80 | <0.01 |
Somali (n = 605) | 104 | 17 | <0.05 | 403 | 67 | <0.01 | 493 | 81 | <0.01 |
Benishangul (n = 222) | 96 | 30 | <0.01 | 193 | 87 | <0.01 | 172 | 78 | 0.07 |
SNNP (n = 5613) | 1030 | 18 | 0.25 | 4952 | 88 | <0.01 | 4545 | 81 | <0.01 |
Gambella (n = 123) | 27 | 22 | <0.01 | 93 | 75 | 0.07 | 72 | 58 | <0.01 |
Harari (n = 81) | 37 | 45 | <0.01 | 40 | 49 | <0.01 | 36 | 44 | <0.01 |
AddisAbaba (n = 761) | 493 | 39 | <0.01 | 17 | 2.2 | <0.01 | 32 | 44 | <0.01 |
Dire Dawa (n = 151) | 74 | 49 | <0.01 | 39 | 26 | P < 0.01 | 53 | 35 | <0.01 |
Food groups | Socio-Economic Score | X2a | p-value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low SES N = 17,921 | Medium SES N = 6945 | High SES N = 3129 | ||||||
No | % |
N
| % |
N
| % | |||
Meat | 4659 | 26 | 2560 | 36.9 | 1873 | 59.9 | 1474 | P < 0.01 |
Egg | 1652 | 9.2 | 1050 | 15.1 | 1160 | 39.1 | 1751 | P < 0.01 |
Milk | 6475 | 36.1 | 1993 | 28.7 | 1141 | 36.5 | 130 | P < 0.01 |
Fish | 188 | 1.1 | 68 | 0.9 | 56 | 1.8 | 15 | P < 0.01 |
Vegetable | 14,609 | 81.5 | 5789 | 83.4 | 2439 | 78.0 | 41 | P < 0.01 |
Fruit | 2529 | 14.1 | 1677 | 24.2 | 1266 | 40.5 | 1300 | P < 0.01 |
Oil | 12,014 | 67.0 | 6004 | 86.5 | 3080 | 98.5 | 2029 | P < 0.01 |
sweets | 4756 | 26.5 | 3611 | 52.0 | 2793 | 89.3 | 4942 | P < 0.01 |
Legumes | 13,003 | 72.6 | 5671 | 81.6 | 2640 | 84.4 | 360 | P < 0.01 |
Tubers | 4206 | 23.5 | 2409 | 34.7 | 1743 | 55.7 | 1426 | P < 0.01 |
Cereals | 17,011 | 94.9 | 6741 | 97.1 | 3127 | 99.9 | 205 | P < 0.01 |
Composition of the food groups consumed by HDDS
Low HDDS | High HDDS | P-value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food groups | Frequency | % | Food groups | Frequency | % | |
Cereals | 5403 | 95.1 | Cereal | 22,265 | 99.8 | P < 0.01 |
Legumes | 4085 | 71.9 | Legumes | 20,659 | 92.6 | P < 0.01 |
Vegetables | 4460 | 78.5 | Vegetables | 20,926 | 93.8 | P < 0.01 |
Oil | 3938 | 69.3 | Oil | 22,154 | 99.3 | P < 0.01 |
Fruits | 602 | 10.6 |
Fruits
| 12,137 |
54.4
| P < 0.01 |
Tubers | 1182 | 20.8 |
Tubers
| 14,546 |
65.2
| P < 0.01 |
Sweets | 1619 | 28.5 |
Sweets
| 18,785 |
84.2
| P < 0.01 |
Egg | 2784 | 4.9 |
Egg
| 11,267 |
50.5
| P < 0.01 |
Meat | 1290 | 22.7 |
Meat
| 15,795 |
70.8
| P < 0.01 |
Milk | 1545 | 27.2 |
Milk
| 13,899 |
62.3
| P < 0.01 |
Fish | 6 | 0.1 | Fish | 580 | 2.6 | P < 0.01 |
Pattern of Animal Source Food consumption by region and HDDS
Predictors of HDDS
Predicting variables | Number | β | AOR (95% CI) |
P
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex of the household head | Male | 20,921 | 1 | ||
Female | 7074 | −0.11 | 0.89 (0.80,0 .99) |
0.04*
| |
Residence | Urban | 6035 | 0.61 | 1.83 (1.61, 2.08) |
0.01*
|
Rural | 21,958 | 1 | |||
Literacy status of the household head | Read and write | 11,125 | 0.58 | 1.79 (1.62, 1.98) |
0.01*
|
Not read and write | 16,871 | 1 | |||
Experienced Shock in the past 12 months | Yes | 7340 | −0.07 | 0.93 (0.83, 1.03) |
0.20
|
No | 20,655 | 1 | |||
Illness in the past 2 weeks | Yes | 2778 | 0.06 | 0.93 (0.79, 1.12) |
0.52
|
No | 25,817 | 1 | |||
Own livestock | Yes | 20,970 | 0.46 | 1.58 (1.37–1.82) |
0.01*
|
No | 7025 | 1 | |||
Engaged in farming | Yes | 21,724 | 0.09 | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) |
0.22
|
No | 6271 | ||||
Food shortage in the past 12 months | Yes | 4047 | −0.96 | 0.38 (0.33–043) |
0.01*
|
No | 23,948 | 1 | |||
Household size | ≤4 | 13,375 | 1 | ||
>4 | 14,620 | 0.16 | 1.18 (1.06, 1.29) |
0.02*
| |
Socio Economic Score | Low | 17,921 | 1 | ||
Medium | 6945 | 0.66 | 1.93 (1.71, 2.19) |
0.01*
| |
High | 3129 | 1.68 | 5.37 (4.56, 6.32) |
0.01*
| |
Age of the household head | ≤20 | 662 | 0.05 | 1.05 (0.78,1.39) |
0.75
|
21–30 | 6316 | 0.24 | 1.27 (1.12, 1.44) |
0.01*
| |
31–40 | 7245 | 0.11 | 1.11 (0.98 , 1.25) |
0.08
| |
41–50 | 5411 | 0.04 | 1.04 (0.91, 1.18) |
0.54
| |
>50 | 8359 | 1 |