Background
Methods
Study population
Sampling design and sample size
Anthropometry and basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Blood pressure variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics and blood pressure data
Measure | Total (n = 184) | Female (n = 118) | Male (n = 66) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 20.0 ± 0.8 (18–23) | 19.8 ± 0.6 (18–21) | 20.4 ± 1.0 (18–23)**
|
Height (cm) | 159.1 ± 8.8 | 154.2 ± 5.4 | 168.0 ± 6.6**
|
Body mass (kg) | 56.8 ± 11.7 | 52.5 ± 9.5 | 64.5 ± 11.2**
|
Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 63.9 ± 24.6 | 82.3 ± 25.6 | 45.6 ± 22.4**
|
Body fat (%) | 19.8 ± 0.6 | 28.1 ± 6.3 | 20.2 ± 5.5**
|
Fat-free mass (kg) | 42.2 ± 8.4 | 37.3 ± 4.1 | 51.1 ± 6.8**
|
Fat mass (kg) | 14.6 ± 5.9 | 15.2 ± 6.0 | 13.5 ± 5.6*
|
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.3 ± 3.7 | 22.1 ± 3.7 | 22.8 ± 3.6 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 110 ± 15 (80–160) | 105 ± 13 (80–140) | 121 ± 13 (90–160)**
|
DBP (mm Hg) | 71 ± 8 (60–100) | 68 ± 7 (60–90) | 76 ± 8 (60–100)**
|
PP (mm Hg) | 39 ± 9 (20–60) | 36 ± 8 (20–60) | 44 ± 8 (30–60)**
|
Smoking status | |||
Yes | 15 | 0 | 15**
|
No | 169 | 118 | 51 |
Place of residence | |||
Urban | 125 | 80 | 45 |
Rural | 59 | 38 | 21 |
Measure | Total n (%) | Female n (%) | Male n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Body mass index category | |||
Underweight | 27 (14.7) | 18 (15.5) | 9 (13.6) |
Normal | 121 (65.7) | 79 (66.8) | 42 (63.7) |
Overweight | 29 (15.8) | 17 (14.4) | 12 (18.2) |
Obese | 7 (3.8) | 4 (3.4) | 3 (4.5) |
Blood pressure category | |||
Normal | 113 (61.4) | 92 (78.0) | 21(32.8)*
|
Prehypertensive | 59 (32.1) | 22 (18.6) | 37 (56.1)*
|
Hypertensive | 12 (6.5) | 4 (3.4) | 8 (12.1)*
|
Interrelationships between metabolic, anthropometric and blood pressure variables
Female (n = 118) | Male (n = 66) | |
---|---|---|
BMR vs. body mass | ||
Measured (kJ/day) | 5163 ± 737 | 6457 ± 882**
|
Predicted (kJ/day) | 5650 ± 398 | 6930 ± 715 |
BMR vs. fat free mass | ||
Measured (kJ/day) | 5163 ± 737*
| 6457 ± 882**
|
Predicted (kJ/day) | 5039 ± 192 | 6151 ± 487 |
BMR (KJ/day) | Age (years) | Body mass (kg) | BMI (kg/m2) | FFM (kg) | Fat mass (kg) | SBP (mm Hg) | DBP (mm Hg) | PP (mm Hg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMR (KJ/day) | 1 | 0.097 | 0.998**
| 0.904**
| 0.931**
| 0.953**
| 0.466**
| 0.496**
| 0.300**
|
Age (years) | 1 | 0.089 | 0.062 | 0.115 | 0.062 | 0.075 | 0.044 | 0.081 | |
Body mass (kg) | 1 | 0.912**
| 0.921**
| 0.963**
| 0.467**
| 0.491**
| 0.306**
| ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 1 | 0.723**
| 0.958**
| 0.370**
| 0.407**
| 0.226*
| |||
FFM (kg) | 1 | 0.783**
| 0.509**
| 0.516**
| 0.351**
| ||||
Fat mass (kg) | 1 | 0.395**
| 0.429**
| 0.248**
| |||||
SBP (mm Hg) | 1 | 0.822**
| 0.861**
| ||||||
DBP (mm Hg) | 1 | 0.418**
| |||||||
PP (mm Hg) | 1 |
BMR (KJ/day) | Age (years) | Body mass (kg) | BMI (kg/m2) | FFM (kg) | Fat mass (kg) | SBP (mm Hg) | DBP (mm Hg) | PP (mm Hg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMR (KJ/day) | 1 | 0.101 | 0.997**
| 0.885**
| 0.922**
| 0.865**
| 0.410**
| 0.406**
| 0.271*
|
Age (years) | 1 | 0.086 | 0.114 | 0.100 | 0.050 | 0.049 | 0.033 | 0.046 | |
Body mass (kg) | 1 | 0.891**
| 0.918**
| 0.876**
| 0.401**
| 0.403**
| 0.259*
| ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 1 | 0.692**
| 0.933**
| 0.347**
| 0.336**
| 0.235 | |||
FFM (kg) | 1 | 0.612**
| 0.403**
| 0.370**
| 0.294*
| ||||
Fat mass (kg) | 1 | 0.310*
| 0.353**
| 0.158 | |||||
SBP (mm Hg) | 1 | 0.819**
| 0.830**
| ||||||
DBP (mm Hg) | 1 | 0.357**
| |||||||
PP (mm Hg) | 1 |
Parameters | Coefficient (B) |
R-square |
t-value |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) | 0.410 | |||
Constant | 52.832 | 2.339 | <0.05 | |
Sexa
| −0.178 | −0.087 | 0.930 | |
Age (years) | 0.663 | 0.580 | 0.563 | |
BMI | −0.968 | −2.571 | 0.011 | |
Smoking statusb
| −4.978 | −1.415 | 0.159 | |
Urbanizationc
| −1.037 | −0.547 | 0.585 | |
BMR (KJ/day) | 0.012 | 8.424 | <0.001 | |
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) | 0.380 | |||
Constant | 44.386 | 3.460 | <0.01 | |
Sexa
| −0.649 | −0.559 | 0.577 | |
Age (years) | 0.112 | 0.172 | 0.863 | |
BMI | −0.369 | −1.727 | 0.086 | |
Smoking statusb
| −1.559 | −0.780 | 0.436 | |
Urbanizationc
| −1.135 | −1.054 | 0.293 | |
BMR (KJ/day) | 0.006 | 7.528 | <0.001 |