Background
Methods
In silico analysis of conserved non-coding regions (CNR) of NCX1
DHPLC screening of novel polymorphisms in NCX1 non-coding regions
DGGE genotyping assay
Subjects for association studies with cardiovascular disease
HYPEST | CADCZ | Healthy Eastern | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | European individuals1
|
No. of individuals | 470 | 652 | 257 | 413 | 1065 |
Parameters (mean ± SD): | |||||
Age (years)2
| 43.9 (13.0) | 39.0 (4.9) | 51.2 (8.1) | 49.5 (7.4) | 43.7 (9.7) |
Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 28.7 (3.7) | 24.4 (3.3) | 27.9 (3.3) | 25.3 (3.1) | 24.7 (3.1) |
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mmHg) | 143.2 (17.6) | 130.0 (22.7) | 136.6 (19.2) | 125.2 (14.0) | 128.5 (12.2) |
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (mmHg) | 87.4 (10.6) | 81.0 (14.6) | 85.1 (11.3) | 80.3 (9.3) | 80.0 (8.2) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/liter) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.0 (1.4) | 5.4 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.0) | 5.4 (1.1) |
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (mmol/liter) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) |
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (mmol/liter) | 3.8 (1.0) | 3.3 (1.1) | 3.2 (0.8) | 3.4 (0.9) | 3.3 (0.9) |
Triacylglycerols (mmol/liter) | 1.8 (1.6) | 0.8 (0.3) | 2.1 (1.3) | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.2 (1.1) |
Intima media thickness (IMT) | NA | NA | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | NA |
Heart Rate (HR) (bpm) | NA | 71.0 (26.4) | 76.0 (5.6) | 74.8 (5.5) | 74.0 (8.6) |
Medication: | |||||
% of antihypertensive treatment | 75.3% | 0% | 54.5% | 0% | 0% |
% of antilipidemic treatment | 20.2% | 0% | 58.4% | 0% | 0% |
Cardiovascular phenotype
Laboratory measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
DHPLC screening of polymorphisms in NCX1 non-coding regions
Analyzed regions | Detected variants1
| ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contig positions in Chr. 22
| Length (bp) | Location | Alleles3
| HYPEST (hom/het)4
| CADCZ (hom/het)4
| Validation/ rs-number2
| Targeted by genotyping platform5
|
40349616 | 293 | intron 2 | A/g | ND | 1/4 | novel | NA |
40335702-40335701 | 348 | intron 2 | 14 bp indel6
| 0/3 | 0/7 | rs112748046
| NA |
40335650 | 348 | intron 2 | C/g | 0/1 | 0/1 | novel | NA |
40407194 | 387 | intron 2 | C/g | 0/1 | 1/3 | rs72943138 | Illumina |
40277948 | 370 | intron 2 | T/c | 3/6 | 0/2 | rs449383 | Affymetrix GeneChip |
40475254 | 469 | intron 2 | A/t | 3/9 | 0/1 | rs2192773 | Illumina |
40301091 | 292 | intron 2 | a/G | ND | 1/1 | rs2540904 | Illumina |
40246617 | 282 | intron 4 | T/c | ND | 0/1 | novel | NA |
40514809 | 489 | intron 10 | A/g | 3/9 | 0/5 | rs4952414 | Illumina |
40514961 | 489 | intron 10 | c/T | 0/1 | ND | rs17026003 | Affymetrix GeneChip |
Characterization of the intronic hypervariable region
HYPEST | CADCZ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | All | |
Number of studied individuals | 470 | 652 | 257 | 413 | 1792 |
Detected genotypes
1 (n, %): | |||||
WT homozygote | 379 (80.6%) | 513 (78.7%) | 192 (74.7%) | 356 (86.2%) | 1440 |
14 bp indel heterozygote | 68 (14.5%) | 117 (18.9%) | 55 (21.4%) | 53 (12.8%) | 293 |
14 bp indel/C = >G compound heterozygote | 8 (1.7%) | 8 (1.2%) | 5 (1.9%) | 3 (0.7%) | 24 |
14 bp indel homozygote | 3 (0.6%) | 1 | 2 (0.8%) | 1 | 7 |
43 bp del heterozygote | 10 (2.1%) | 10 (1.5%) | 1 | 0 | 21 |
40 bp duplication | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
14 bp indel/43 bp del compound heterozygote | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
5 bp del heterozygote | 1 | 2 (0.3%) | 1 | 0 | 4 |
10 bp del heterozygote | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Identified 14 bp indel originates from a human-specific deletion compared to ancestral primate sequence
Association of the 14 bp indel with cardiovascular traits
Minor allele | Association testing using logistic regression1
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
frequency (%) | Additive model | Dominant model | ||||||
Disease | Sample | Sample size cases/ controls2
| Cases | Controls | P-value | OR [95%CI] | P-value | OR [95%CI] |
Essential hypertension | HYPEST | 470/652 | 7.76 | 9.04 | 0.14 | 0.70 [0.44, 1.12] | 0.09 | 0.65 [0.40, 1.06] |
Coronary artery disease | CADCZ | 257/413 | 12.45 | 7.02 |
0.0016
| 2.02 [1.30, 3.13] |
0.0018
| 2.07 [1.31, 3.26] |
Coronary artery disease & metabolic syndrome | CADCZ | 88/361 | 15.07 | 7.64 |
0.0014
| 2.34 [1.38, 3.96] |
0.0016
| 2.41 [1.39, 4.18] |
Association of the 14 bp indel with quantitative cardiovascular parameters
Association testing using linear regression1
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WT/WT | WT/ indel | indel/ indel | Additive model | Dominant model | |||||
Sample | n | Mean (± SD) | Mean (± SD) | Mean (± SD) | P-value | Effect (SE) | P-value | Effect (SE) | |
SBP (mmHg)2
| HYPEST | 997 | 140.7 (21.19) | 141.4 (22.93) | 168.7 (36.14) | 0.31 | 1.50 (1.47) | 0.45 | 1.14 (1.52) |
CADCZ | 670 | 132.4 (20.29) | 134.1 (22.00) | 135.0 (18.03) | 0.44 | 1.43 (1.85) | 0.42 | 1.54 (1.92) | |
Meta-analysis | 1667 | 137.4 (21.23) | 138.4 (22.80) | 151.8 (31.51) | 0.20 | 1.47 (1.15) | 0.28 | 1.29 (1.19) | |
Healthy subjects3
| 1048 | 128.5 (5.66) | 128.0 (10.53) | 136.5 (9.19) | 0.47 | -0.71 (0.98) | 0.39 | -0.86 (0.99) | |
DBP (mmHg)2
| HYPEST | 993 | 86.9 (12.67) | 87.2 (13.31) | 104.3 (22.28) | 0.39 | 0.82 (0.95) | 0.57 | 0.55 (0.98) |
CADCZ | 669 | 84.2 (11.51) | 84.1 (15.45) | 86.7 (11.55) | 0.71 | 0.39 (1.07) | 0.73 | 0.38 (1.11) | |
Meta-analysis | 1662 | 85.8 (12.29) | 85.9 (14.29) | 95.5 (18.59) | 0.38 | 0.63 (0.71) | 0.51 | 0.48 (0.74) | |
Healthy subjects3
| 1048 | 81.4 (1.41) | 80.5 (7.85) | 85.0 (7.07) | 0.11 | -1.06 (0.66) | 0.08 | -1.15 (0.67) | |
Heart rate (bpm) | CADCZ | 670 | 75.1 (5.51) | 76.2 (5.83) | 69.3 (3.06) | 0.15 | 0.79 (0.54) | 0.07 | 1.03 (0.56) |
Healthy subjects3
| 833 | 75.0 (8.49) | 73.3 (8.06) | 70.0 (0.00) |
0.04
| -1.61 (0.79) |
0.05
| -1.60 (0.80) | |
IMT (mm) | CADCZ | 670 | 0.63 (0.20) | 0.65 (0.20) | 0.87 (0.29) | 0.20 | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.33 | 0.02 (0.02) |
CADCZ controls | 413 | 0.58 (0.17) | 0.54 (0.15) | 1.20 (0.00) | 0.42 | -0.02 (0.02) | 0.18 | -0.03 (0.02) |
Association testing using linear regression1
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WT/WT | WT/indel | indel/ indel | Additive model | Dominant model | |||||
Sample2
| n | Mean (± SD) | Mean (± SD) | Mean (± SD) | P-value | Effect (SE) | P-value | Effect (SE) | |
Total cholesterol | HYPEST | 459 | 5.92 (1.15) | 5.85 (1.24) | 6.40 (2.47) | 0.86 | -0.02 (0.14) | 0.73 | -0.05 (0.15) |
(mmol/L) | CADCZ | 670 | 5.50 (1.04) | 5.48 (0.99) | 5.55 (0.83) | 0.11 | 0.17 (0.11) | 0.14 | 0.17 (0.11) |
Meta-analysis | 1129 | 5.67 (1.10) | 5.63 (1.10) | 5.98 (1.71) | 0.25 | 0.10 (0.09) | 0.33 | 0.09 (0.09) | |
Healthy subjects3
| 431 | 5.59 (1.07) | 5.36 (0.98) | 6.37 (0.00) | 0.18 | -0.19 (0.14) | 0.14 | -0.22 (0.15) | |
HDL (mmol/L) | HYPEST | 458 | 1.52 (0.42) | 1.46 (0.42) | 1.38 (0.29) | 0.23 | -0.06 (0.05) | 0.24 | -0.06 (0.05) |
CADCZ | 670 | 1.41 (0.39) | 1.41 (0.42) | 1.42 (0.29) | 0.81 | -0.009 (0.04) | 0.82 | -0.01 (0.04) | |
Meta-analysis | 1128 | 1.45 (0.41) | 1.43 (0.42) | 1.40 (0.26) | 0.35 | -0.03 (0.03) | 0.37 | -0.03 (0.03) | |
Healthy subjects3
| 431 | 1.52 (0.40) | 1.61 (0.45) | 1.70 (0.00) | 0.10 | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.10 | 0.09 (0.06) | |
LDL (mmol/L) | HYPEST | 459 | 4.04 (1.03) | 4.04 (1.00) | 4.66 (2.58) | 0.73 | 0.04 (0.12) | 0.88 | 0.02 (0.13) |
CADCZ | 651 | 3.33 (0.89) | 3.22 (0.85) | 3.22 (0.63) | 0.66 | -0.09 (0.20) | 0.57 | -0.12 (0.21) | |
Meta-analysis | 1110 | 3.63 (1.01) | 3.54 (1.00) | 3.94 (1.85) | 0.94 | 0.01 (0.11) | 0.87 | -0.02 (0.11) | |
Healthy subjects3
| 427 | 3.41 (0.91) | 3.13 (0.85) | 3.94 (0.00) | 0.06 | -0.23 (0.12) |
0.04
| -0.26 (0.13) | |
Tri-glycerides | HYPEST | 458 | 1.77 (1.66) | 1.82 (1.02) | 1.29 (0.53) | 0.99 | 0.003 (0.19) | 0.89 | 0.03 (0.20) |
(mmol/L) | CADCZ | 670 | 1.72 (1.19) | 1.94 (1.27) | 2.00 (1.16) |
0.04
| 0.25 (0.12) |
0.04
| 0.26 (0.12) |
Meta-analysis | 1128 | 1.74 (1.40) | 1.89 (1.18) | 1.65 (0.90) | 0.08 | 0.18 (0.10) | 0.07 | 0.19 (0.10) | |
Healthy subjects3
| 431 | 1.52 (1.12) | 1.40 (0.81) | 1.62 (0.00) | 0.44 | -0.11 (0.15) | 0.42 | -0.12 (0.15) |