Background
Methods
Ethics
Setting and participants
Questionnaires
Adapted Aboriginal-specific AUDIT items[20] | Original AUDIT item | Response | Score | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | How often do you drink? | How often do you have a drink containing alcohol? | Never | 0 |
Monthly or less | 1 | |||
2–4 times a month | 2 | |||
2–3 times a week | 3 | |||
4 or more times a week | 4 | |||
2. | When you have a drink, how many do you usually have in one day? | How many standard drinks containing alcohol do you have on a typical day when drinking? | 1 or 2 | 0 |
3 or 4 | 1 | |||
5 or 6 | 2 | |||
7–9 | 3 | |||
10 or more | 4 | |||
3. | How often do you have six or more drinks on one day? | How often do you have six or more drinks on one occasion? | Never | 0 |
Monthly or less | 1 | |||
Monthly | 2 | |||
Weekly | 3 | |||
Daily or almost daily | 4 | |||
4. | In the last year, how often have you found you weren’t able to stop drinking once you started? | During the past year, how often have you found that you were not able to stop drinking once you had started? | Never | 0 |
Monthly or less | 1 | |||
Monthly | 2 | |||
Weekly | 3 | |||
Daily or almost daily | 4 | |||
5. | In the last year, how often has drinking got in the way of doing what you need to do? | During the past year, how often have you failed to do what was normally expected of you because of drinking? | Never | 0 |
Monthly or less | 1 | |||
Monthly | 2 | |||
Weekly | 3 | |||
Daily or almost daily | 4 | |||
6. | In the last year, how often have you needed a drink in the morning to get yourself going? | During the past year, how often have you needed a drink in the morning to get yourself going after a heavy drinking session? | Never | 0 |
Monthly or less | 1 | |||
Monthly | 2 | |||
Weekly | 3 | |||
Daily or almost daily | 4 | |||
7. | In the last year, how often have you felt bad about your drinking? | During the past year, how often have you had a feeling of guilt or remorse after drinking? | Never | 0 |
Monthly or less | 1 | |||
Monthly | 2 | |||
Weekly | 3 | |||
Daily or almost daily | 4 | |||
8. | In the last year, how often have you had a memory lapse or blackout because of your drinking? | During the past year, have you been unable to remember what happened the night before because you had been drinking? | Never | 0 |
Monthly or less | 1 | |||
Monthly | 2 | |||
Weekly | 3 | |||
Daily or almost daily | 4 | |||
9. | Have you injured yourself or anyone else because of your drinking? | Have you or someone else been injured as a result of your drinking? | No | 0 |
Yes, but not in the past year | 2 | |||
Yes, during the past year | 4 | |||
10. | Has anyone (family, friend, doctor) been worried about your drinking or asked you to cut down? | Has a relative or friend, doctor or other health worker been concerned about your drinking or suggested you cut down? | No | 0 |
Yes, but not in the past year | 2 | |||
Yes, during the past year | 4 |
Exclusion criterion
Data analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Alcohol use
At-risk drinkers
Sensitivity | Specificity | Positive predictive value | Negative predictive value | Sensitivity | Specificity | Positive predictive value | Negative predictive value | Sensitivity | Specificity | Positive predictive value | Negative predictive value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Score (n)
|
At-risk drinker (10-item AUDIT score ≥ 8)
|
High-risk drinker (10-item AUDIT score ≥ 13)
|
Likely dependent drinker (10-item AUDIT score ≥ 20)
| |||||||||
AUDIT-C
| ||||||||||||
≥ 1 (108) | 0.99 | 0.43 | 0.67 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 1.00 |
≥ 2 (99) | 0.97 | 0.56 | 0.72 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.43 | 0.52 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 1.00 |
≥ 3 (94) | 0.97 | 0.63 | 0.76 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.40 | 0.32 | 1.00 |
≥ 4 (86) | 0.92 | 0.70 | 0.78 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.47 | 0.35 | 1.00 |
≥ 5 (74) |
0.85
|
0.81
|
0.84
|
0.82
| 0.92 | 0.69 | 0.65 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.58 | 0.39 | 0.98 |
≥ 6 (67) | 0.79 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.78 |
0.88
|
0.75
|
0.69
|
0.91
| 0.97 | 0.64 | 0.43 | 0.99 |
≥ 7 (50) | 0.67 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.72 | 0.81 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.79 | 0.56 | 0.98 |
≥ 8 (37) | 0.51 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.70 | 0.96 |
≥ 9 (32) | 0.44 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.79 |
0.87
|
0.94
|
0.81
|
0.96
|
≥ 10 (23) | 0.32 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 0.42 | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.73 | 0.63 | 0.96 | 0.83 | 0.90 |
≥ 11 (14) | 0.19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.52 | 0.27 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.69 | 0.47 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.87 |
≥ 12 (7) | 0.10 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.49 | 0.13 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.65 | 0.23 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.82 |
AUDIT-3
| ||||||||||||
≥ 1 (91) |
0.95
|
0.65
|
0.76
|
0.91
| 0.98 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.42 | 0.33 | 1.00 |
≥ 2 (65) | 0.81 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.80 |
0.92
|
0.80
|
0.74
|
0.94
| 0.97 | 0.66 | 0.45 | 0.99 |
≥ 3 (36) | 0.47 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 0.80 |
0.93
|
0.92
|
0.78
|
0.98
|
≥ 4 (12) | 0.16 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.51 | 0.23 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.68 | 0.40 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.85 |
High-risk drinkers
Likely dependent drinkers
Drink risk category classification
Drink status | Score | Total (n = 136a) | Male (n = 67) | Female (n = 68) |
---|---|---|---|---|
10-item AUDIT
| ||||
Nondrinker | 0 | 21 (15%) | 7 (10%) | 14 (21%) |
Low-risk drinker | 1–7 | 42 (31%) | 12 (18%) | 30 (44%) |
At-risk drinker | 8–12 | 21 (15%) | 14 (21%) | 7 (10%) |
High-risk drinker | 13–19 | 22 (16%) | 11 (16%) | 10 (15%) |
Likely dependent drinker | ≥ 20 | 30 (22%) | 23 (34%) | 7 (10%) |
At least at-risk drinker | ≥ 8 | 73 (54%) | 48 (72%) | 24 (35%) |
At least high-risk drinker | ≥ 13 | 52 (38%) | 34 (50%) | 17 (25%) |
At least likely dependent drinker | ≥ 20 | 30 (22%) | 23 (34%) | 7 (10%) |
AUDIT-C
| ||||
At least at-risk drinker | ≥ 5 | 74 (55%) | 44 (66%) | 29 (43%) |
At least high-risk drinker | ≥ 6 | 67 (49%) | 40 (60%) | 26 (38%) |
At least likely dependent drinker | ≥ 9 | 32 (24%) | 22 (33%) | 9 (13%) |
AUDIT-3
| ||||
At least at-risk drinker | ≥ 1 | 91 (67%) | 52 (78%) | 38 (56%) |
At least high-risk drinker | ≥ 2 | 65 (48%) | 38 (57%) | 26 (38%) |
At least likely dependent drinker | ≥ 3 | 36 (27%) | 25 (37%) | 1015%) |