IgG4-related disease with tracheobronchial miliary nodules and asthma: a case report and review of the literature

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic autoimmune disease first described by Hamano H et al. in 2001 [1]. It is characterized by infiltration of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-bearing lymphoplasmacytic cells in the involved organs, which include the pancreas, biliary tree and gallbladder, major salivary glands, ocular region, lung, and kidneys. Pulmonary manifestations include pulmonary solid nodules, thickening of bronchovascular bundles and interlobular septa, interstitial involvement, and round-shaped ground glass opacities (Table 1). Here we report a pathologically confirmed case of IgG4-RD with tracheobronchial nodules.

A 52-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a history of intermittent cough for 27 months and repeated wheezing for 17 months. The patient developed cough and cold 27 months back. The cough aggravated at night and was accompanied by snuffling and a sore throat. After treatment with antibiotics, all symptoms but cough improved, and the cough worsened over time. In the last 17 months, the patient also complained of wheezing accompanied by jelly-like sputum, usually after exposure to cold air. He was then admitted to a local hospital. Lung computed tomography (CT) performed at the local hospital showed infiltration in the left lower lung (Fig. 1), indicating left lower lobe pneumonia. A complete blood count yielded the following results: white blood cells, 5.5 × 109/L; neutrophils, 46.7%, and eosinophils, 5.3%. Pulmonary function tests showed normal ventilation function. Bronchoscopy revealed tracheal and bronchial mucosal hyperemia and edema and miliary nodules. Histopathology revealed chronic inflammation of the bronchial mucosa with focal lymphocytic infiltration. The patient was treated with antibiotics, expectorants, and bronchodilators; however, his cough symptoms showed no significant improvement. After 1 month, he caught a cold again and developed cough and wheezing. He was then diagnosed with asthma and treated with prednisone (30 mg/day orally, with gradual tapering) for 1.5 months. His coughing and wheezing symptoms ameliorated, although they recurred when prednisone was stopped. Bronchoscopy performed 7 months prior to admission (Fig. 2) showed multiple white nodular protuberances in the trachea and bronchus, with mucosal hyperemia and edema. Furthermore, mucosal pathology showed chronic inflammation with focal squamous metaplasia. A large number of eosinophils were found in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid smear. Prednisone (30 mg/day) was restarted, but his condition relapsed when the dose was tapered to 5 mg/day. The proportion of eosinophils in the peripheral blood increased to 31% (absolute blood eosinophil count: 3.21 × 10⁹/l), with a serum IgE level of 4220 IU/ml. On admission to our hospital, his routine physical examination findings were unremarkable. His serum IgG4 level had increased to 7.35 g/L. Lung CT showed no abnormality. The pulmonary function test results were as follows: TLC %: 99.2%, RV %: 96.6%, RV/TLC: 93%, FVC%: 77.8%, VT%:154.1%, FEV1/FVC: 88.71%, FEV1%: 83.8%, DLCO-SB%: 67.8%, DLCO/VA:100.3%, and the bronchial dilation test was positive. His symptoms and pulmonary function test results were consistent with the diagnosis of asthma. However, the inhalation treatment (Symbicort turbuhaler, 160/4.5 micrograms/inhalation, 1 inhalation twice a day) cannot improve his symptoms. We give him a repeated bronchoscopy which suggested scattered alleviated nodules under the tracheobronchial wall without obvious mucosal hyperemia and edema, which improved a lot compared with the bronchoscopy 7 months ago. (Fig. 3). Considering that he is very sensitive to the prednisone, the tissue biopsy obtained at our hospital was stained to identify IgG4 expression and revealed low expression of IgG4 (Fig. 4), with the presence of phlebitis and fibrosis. We detected IgG4 expression in the mucosal tissues from the bronchoscopy performed 7 months earlier. The biopsy showed chronic inflammation with significantly increased plasm cell infiltration and IgG4+ plasma cell infiltration, along with elevated eosinophils. The IgG4+/IgG+ cell ratio was over 40%, and there were more than 10 IgG4+ plasma cells per high power field (HPF) (Fig. 5). The biopsy excluded malignancy and other diseases involving IgG4+ plasma cell infiltration, including sarcoidosis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Churg–Strauss syndrome, and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Other laboratory tests of the patient including anti-PR3, anti-MPO ANCA, myositis specific antibody, Anti-nuclear Antibody, ACE, serum G-test, serum GM-test, bacterial and fungal culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were all normal. We excluded other organ involvement, including pancreas dysfunction and retroperitoneal fibrosis. As recommend by the guideline [2], the patient was diagnosed with IgG4-RD and prednisone treatment was continued (24 mg/day, orally, gradually tapered). He took cyclophosphamide (100 mg/day) while the prednisone dose was gradually tapered. Currently, he is receiving prednisone 12 mg and azathioprine 100 mg/day with good drug adherence by self-reported, and he has not developed recurrence after hospital discharge. Six months later, his serum IgG4 level and blood eosinophil count decreased to the normal level (serum IgG4: 164 mg/d, blood eosinophil count: 0.12*10^9/l). A repeat low dose lung CT scan didn’t find new lesions.

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an emerging immune-mediated disease that can affect any body organ. In 1961, Sarles et al. [2] first reported a case of pancreatitis with hypergammaglobulinemia, suggestive of an underlying autoimmune process. In 2001, Hamano et al. [1] first established the association between sclerosing pancreatitis and elevated serum concentrations of IgG4. Subsequently, in 2003, Kamisawa et al. [3] found that this autoimmune process is not limited to the pancreas and is actually a systemic disease. The authors introduced the term “IgG4-related autoimmune disease”. The term IgG4-RD was finally proposed in 2012 by an international multidisciplinary study group, and a consensus was reached about its pathology [4]. The first management and treatment guidelines for IgG4-RG were published in 2015 [5].

The widespread incomplete understanding of IgG4-RD has led to misdiagnosis of the disease. Because IgG4-RD can be controlled well by glucocorticoids, it is important to study its characteristics for correct diagnosis. In 2012, IgG4-RD study groups in Japan published the first comprehensive clinical diagnostic criteria [6]. The criteria emphasize diffuse/localized swellings or masses in single or multiple organs and elevated serum IgG4 concentrations (135 mg/dl), with marked lymphocyte and plasmacyte infiltration and fibrosis, infiltration of IgG4+ plasma cells, an IgG4+/IgG+ cell ratio of > 40%, and > 10 IgG4+ plasma cells/HPF in histopathological examination. In 2015, an international panel of experts [5] further pointed out that the diagnosis of IgG4-RD should be based on comprehensive criteria, including a full clinical history, physical examination, selected laboratory investigations, and appropriate radiological studies. Furthermore, biopsy is strongly recommended for the exclusion of malignancies and other IgG4-RD mimics. In this case report, the serum IgG4 level was substantially increased, and the mucosal biopsy specimen showed infiltration of IgG4+ plasma cells, an IgG4+/IgG+ cell ratio of > 40%, and > 10 IgG4+ plasma cells/HPF. The patient was responsive to glucocorticoid treatment. Furthermore, his symptoms, physical examination, laboratory tests, and biopsy excluded malignancy and other diseases involving IgG4+ plasma cell infiltration, including sarcoidosis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Churg–Strauss syndrome, and multicentric Castleman’s disease. Therefore, the patient’s diagnosis of IgG4-RD was confirmed by comprehensive clinical information.

To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of IgG4-RD presenting with miliary nodules on the tracheal and bronchial tube walls, which is a rare type of IgG4-RD. Two other cases of IgG4-RD with isolated tracheobronchial involvement presenting as mass-like lesions have been reported [7, 8], in addition to five cases [9‐13] of systemic IgG4-RD with tracheobronchial involvement and tracheobronchial edema or capillary dilatation. We found no difference in pathology between the cases of systemic IgG4-RD and those of isolated tracheobronchial involvement.

Our patient was diagnosed with asthma; he had a positive bronchodilator reversibility test. He suffered from recurrent cough and wheezing that aggravated at night and on exposure to cold air. Furthermore, he had increased eosinophils in the peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid smear. The asthma diagnosis was in line with previous studies reporting patients with a diagnosis of IgG4-RD and asthma [8, 10] (Table 2, cases 2 and 6, respectively). Indeed, several studies and case reports have found connections between IgG4-RD and asthma. A cross-sectional study [14] found that 12% IgG4-RD patients had been diagnosed with asthma. Furthermore, Flament et al. [15] found that several patients with asthma patients had elevated serum IgG4 concentrations. These patients had significantly high blood eosinophilia, total IgE concentration, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide value.

The increased level of serum IgE in our patient was suggestive of an allergic immunological response in vivo. A previous study found that 44% patients with autoimmune pancreatitis had allergic diseases [16]. Similarly, other studies found that IgG4-RD and allergic diseases share a common immune characteristic, i.e., the predominance of Th2 cytokines. These can produce the Th2-related cytokine interleukin (IL)-10, which is related to the production of IgE and IgG4 [17‐19]. Jeannin et al. found that Th2-related cytokines could induce the switch from IgE to IgG4 [20]. Other studies proposed that IgG4 can act as a blocking antibody against IgE-mediated allergic responses [21]. However, there is limited evidence to support any relationship between the onset and severity of allergic disease and IgG4-RD. Future studies are required for understanding the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and IgG4-RD and the relationship between them.

IgG4-RD is a newly recognized systemic autoimmune disease. Our case exhibited three important clinical indication: First, tracheobronchial miliary nodules could be the presentation of IgG4-related disease. Second, IgG4-related disease with pulmonary involvement has close connection with asthma. Last, IgG4-related disease can be very sensitive to prednisone, the infiltration of IgG4 positive cells decreased after prednisone treatment and symptoms significantly improved in our case. In conclusion, we reported the first case of IgG4-RD presenting with miliary nodules on the tracheal and bronchial tube walls combined with the diagnosis of asthma. The findings from this case may advance our understanding of IgG4-RD and contribute to its diagnosis. Future studies are warranted to aid in early diagnosis and development of suitable therapies. Besides, the relationship between IgG4-related disease and asthma need further exploration.