Background
Methods
General procedure
Plant material and extraction
Isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from the seeds extract of M. fragrans
Antimicrobial assays
Results
Isolated compound
Bacterial strains | Tested samples, MIC and MBC, and MIC in the presence of PAßN in parenthesis (μg/mL) | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MFS
|
MFSa
|
MFSb
|
MFSc
|
MFSd
|
MFSe
|
CHL
| ||||||||||||||||
MIC
|
MBC
|
R
|
MIC
|
MBC
|
R
|
MIC
|
MBC
|
R
|
MIC
|
MBC
|
R
|
MIC
|
MBC
|
R
|
MIC
|
MBC
|
R
|
MIC
|
MBC
|
R
| ||
E. coli
|
ATCC8739
|
32
| 512 | 16 | 256 | 1024 | 4 |
32
| 512 | 16 | 512 | 1024 | 2 | 1024 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | 4 | 16 | 4 |
ATCC10536
|
32
| 1024 | 32 | 256 | – | – |
32
| 512 | 16 | 512 | – | – | 512 | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | 128 | 32 | |
AG100
|
64
| 1024 | 16 | 128 | 1024 | 8 |
64
| 1024 | 16 | 256 | 1024 | 4 | 512 | – | – | – | – | – | 8 | 64 | 8 | |
AG100A
| 128(32) | 1024 | 8 | 256 | 256 | 1 |
64
| 64 | 1 | 256 | 256 | 1 | 512 | 512 | 1 | – | – | – | 64(4) | – | – | |
AG102
|
32(< 8)
| 256 | 8 | 512 | 1024 | 2 |
32
| 512 | 16 | 128 | 1024 | 8 | 128 | 128 | 1 | 256 | 256 | 1 | 64(< 2) | 256 | 4 | |
AG100ATet
| 256(16) | – | – | 128 | 1024 | 8 |
32
| 128 | 4 | 512 | 1024 | 2 | 512 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | 128(4) | – | – | |
MC4100
| 128 | – | – | 256 | – | – |
64
| 1024 | 16 | 512 | – | – | 512 | – | – | 512 | – | – | 8 | 64 | 8 | |
W3110
|
32
| 256 | 8 | 256 | – | – |
64
| – | – | 512 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | – | – | – | 8 | 256 | 32 | |
E. aerogenes
|
ATCC13048
| 512 | – | – | 256 | – | – | 128 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | – | – | – | 8 | 64 | 8 |
EA-CM64
| 64(< 8) | – | – | 128 | 512 | 4 |
64
| 512 | 8 | 512 | 1024 | 2 | 512 | – | – | – | – | – | 128(< 2) | – | – | |
EA3
| 256 | 1024 | 4 | 256 | – | – |
32
| 1024 | 32 | 512 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | – | – | – | 32 | 256 | 8 | |
EA27
| 256(128) | – | – | 128 | 1024 | 8 | 128 | 1024 | 8 | 256 | 1024 | 4 | 512 | – | – | – | – | – | 128(128) | – | – | |
EA289
| 512(16) | – | – | 512 | – | – | 256 | – | – | 512 | – | – | 512 | – | – | – | – | – | 256(16) | – | – | |
EA294
|
64
| 512 | 8 | 128 | 1024 | 8 |
32
| 512 | 16 | 512 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | – | – | – | 8 | 128 | 16 | |
EA298
| 256(64) | 1024 | 4 | 256 | – | – |
64
| 1024 | 16 | 1024 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | – | – | – | 32(16) | 64 | 2 | |
K. pneumoniae
|
ATCC11296
| 256 | 1024 | 4 | 128 | – | – |
64
| 512 | 8 | 512 | 1024 | 2 | 1024 | – | – | – | – | – | 64 | – | – |
K2
| 1024 | – | – | 1024 | 1024 | 1 | 256 | 1024 | 4 | 1024 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | – | – | – | 32 | 128 | 4 | |
K24
|
64
| 512 | 8 | 256 | 1024 | 4 | 128 | 1024 | 8 | 1024 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | – | – | – | 128 | 256 | 2 | |
KP55
| 1024(512) | – | – | 256 | – | – |
64
| – | – | 512 | 1024 | 2 | 512 | – | – | – | – | – | 64(32) | 128 | 2 | |
KP63
| 512(64) | – | – | – | – | – | 512 | 1024 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 64(32) | 256 | 4 | |
P. stuartii
|
ATCC29916
| – | – | – | 256 | 512 | 2 |
32
| 1024 | 32 | 512 | 1024 | 2 | 512 | – | – | – | – | – | 128 | – | – |
ATCC299645
| – | – | – | 128 | – | – |
64
| 1024 | 16 | 512 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | – | – | – | 64 | 256 | 4 | |
PS2636
| 128(16) | 256 | 2 | 256 | – | – |
64
| 512 | 8 | 512 | 1024 | 2 | 1024 | 1024 | 1 | – | – | – | 128(8) | – | – | |
NEA16
| 128(16) | – | – | 128 | 1024 | 8 |
32
| 1024 | 32 | 256 | – | – | 512 | – | – | – | – | – | 32(4) | 256 | 8 | |
E. cloacae
|
BM47
| 64(64) | 1024 | 16 | 128 | 1024 | 8 |
32
| 128 | 4 | 512 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | – | – | – | 256(32) | – | – |
BM67
| 128(128) | – | – | – | – | – | 512 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 64(32) | – | – | |
ECCI69
| -(−) | – | – | – | – | – | 512 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | > 256(128) | 256 | – | |
P. aeruginosa
|
PA01
|
64
| – | – | 512 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | 32 | – | – |
PA124
| 1024(1024) | – | – | 256 | – | – | 256 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | 1024 | – | – | – | – | – | 256(4) | – | – |
Bacterial strains | Tested samples, MIC and MBC and MIC in the presence ofPAßN in parenthesis (μg/mL) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3′,4′,7-Trihydroxyflavone | Chloramphénicol | ||||||
MIC
|
MBC
|
R
|
MIC
|
MBC
|
R
| ||
E. coli
|
ATCC8739
| 32 | 256 | 8 | 4 | 16 | 4 |
AG102
| 8(< 2) | 128 | 16 | 16(< 2) | 64 | 4 | |
AG100ATet
| 64(4) | 128 | 2 | 128(4) | 256 | 4 | |
E. aerogenes
|
ATCC13048
| 64 | – | – | 8 | 64 | 4 |
EA27
| 64(4) | – | – | 128(128) | – | – | |
EA289
| 64(32) | – | – | 256(16) | – | – | |
K. pneumoniae
|
ATCC11296
| 32 | 128 | 4 | 16 | 128 | 8 |
KP63
| 128(16) | – | – | 64(32) | – | – | |
P. stuartii
|
ATCC299645
|
4
| 16 | 8 | 8 | 64 | 8 |
NEA16
| 32(< 2) | 128 | 4 | 32(4) | 256 | 8 | |
P. aeruginosa
|
PA01
| 64 | – | – | – | – | – |
PA124
| 128(16) | 256 | 2 | – | – | – |
Antibiotics | Bacterial strains, MIC (μg/mL) of antibiotics in the absence and presence of the extract | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extract concentration | PA124 | AG102 | AG100Atet | EA289 | CM64 | KP55 | KP63 | NEA16 | PS2636 | BM47 | PBSS (%) | |
CHL | 0 | 128 | 8 | 128 | 256 | 256 | 32 | 32 | 16 | 64 | 128 | |
CMI/2 |
32(0.25)
S
|
< 2(< 0.25)
S
|
64(0.5)
S
| 256(1)I |
128(0.5)
S
| 32(1)I | 32(1)I | 16(1)I |
16(0.25)
S
| 128(1)I |
50
| |
CMI/4 |
32(0.25)
S
|
4(0.5)
S
|
64(0.5)
S
| 256(1)I |
128(0.5)
S
| 32(1)I | 32(1)I | 16(1)I |
16(0.25)
S
| 128(1)I |
50
| |
CIP | 0 | 64 | 2 | > 64 | > 64 | > 64 | 2 | < 0.5 | 4 | 8 | < 0.5 | |
CMI/2 |
32(0.5)
S
|
< 0.5(< 0.25)
S
| > 64(≥1)I |
8(> 0.125)
S
|
32(> 0.5)
S
| 2(1)I | < 0.5(≤1)I |
< 0.5(< 0.125)
S
|
< 0.5(< 0.062)
S
| < 0.5(≤1)I |
60
| |
CMI/4 |
32(0.5)
S
|
< 0.5(< 0.25)
S
| > 64(≥1)I |
16(> 0.25)
S
|
32(> 0.5)
S
| 2(1)I | < 0.5(≤ 1)I |
< 0.5(< 0.125)
S
|
4(0.5)
S
| < 0.5(≤ 1)I |
60
| |
TET | 0 | 16 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 4 | 32 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 32 | |
CMI/2 | 32(2)I |
< 1(< 0.062)
S
| 64(2)I | 64(1)I |
< 0.5(< 0.125)
S
| 32(1)I |
1(0.5)
S
| 4(1)I |
< 1(< 0.5)
S
| 32(1)I | 40 | |
CMI/4 | 32(2)I |
< 1(< 0.062)
S
| 64(2)I | 64(1)I |
< 0.5(< 0.125)
S
| 32(1)I |
1(0.5)
S
| 4(1)I |
< 1(< 0.5)
S
| 32(1)I | 40 | |
ERY | 0 | 128 | 8 | 128 | 256 | 8 | 16 | 4 | 16 | 16 | 16 | |
CMI/2 | 128(1)I |
< 2(< 0.25)
S
| 128(1)I | 256(1)I |
< 2(< 0,25)
S
| 16(1)I | 4(1)I | 16(1)I |
8(0.5)
S
| 16(1)I | 30 | |
CMI/4 | 128(1)I | 8(1)I | 128(1)I | 256(1)I |
< 2(< 0,25)
S
| 16(1)I | 4(1)I | 16(1)I | 16(1)I | 16(1)I | 10 | |
KAN | 0 | 128 | 4 | 8 | 32 | 32 | 32 | < 2 | 16 | 16 | 8 | |
CMI/2 | 128(1)I |
< 2(< 0.5)
S
| 8(1)I | 32(1)I |
16(0,5)
S
| 32(1)I | < 2(≤ 1)I |
8(0.5)
S
| 16(1)I | 8(1)I | 40 | |
CMI/4 | 128(1)I |
< 2(< 0.5)
S
| 8(1)I | 32(1)I |
16(0,5)
S
| 32(1)I | < 2(≤ 1)I |
8(0.5)
S
| 16(1)I | 8(1)I | 40 | |
STR | 0 | 256 | > 256 | > 256 | 128 | 8 | 64 | 8 | 16 | > 256 | 64 | |
CMI/2 |
128(0.5)
S
|
128(≤ 0.5)
S
|
16(≤ 0.062)
S
| 128(1)I |
< 2(< 0,25)
S
| 64(1)I |
< 2(< 0.25)
S
|
8(0.5)
S
|
128(≤ 0.5)
S
| 64(1)I |
70
| |
CMI/4 |
128(0.5)
S
|
256(≤ 1)
S
|
16(≤ 0.062)
S
| 128(1)I |
< 2(< 0,25)
S
| 64(1)I | 8(1)I |
8(0.5)
S
| > 256(≥ 1) | 64(1)I |
50
|
Antibiotics | Bacterial strains, MIC (μg/mL) of antibiotics in the absence and presence of 3′,4′,7-Trihydroxyflavone | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compounds concentration | PA124 | AG100Atet | EA289 | NEA16 | KP63 | PBSS (%) | |
CHL | 0 | 128 | 8 | 128 | 256 | 256 | |
MIC/2 |
16(0.125)
S
|
4(0.5)
S
| 128(1)I | 256(1)I | 256(1)I | 40 | |
MIC/4 |
32(0.25)
S
| 8(1)I | 128(1)I | 256(1)I | 256(1)I | 20 | |
CIP | 0 | 64 | 8 | > 64 | > 64 | > 64 | |
MIC/2 |
32(0.5)
S
|
4(0.5)
S
| > 64(≥ 1)I | > 64(≥ 1)I |
32(˂0.5)
S
| 60 | |
MIC/4 | 64(1)I | 8(1)I | > 64(≥ 1)I | > 64(≥ 1)I | > 64(≥ 1)I | 00 | |
TET | 0 | 16 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 4 | |
MIC/2 |
4(0.25)
S
|
< 1(< 0.062)
S
| 64(2)I |
32(0.5)
S
|
< 0.5(< 0.125)
S
|
80
| |
MIC/4 |
8(0.5)
S
|
< 1(< 0.062)
S
| 64(2)I |
32(0.5)
S
|
< 0.5(< 0.125)
S
|
80
| |
ERY | 0 | 128 | 8 | 128 | 256 | 8 | |
MIC/2 |
16(0.125)
S
|
4(0.5)
S
|
16(0.5)
S
|
128(0.5)
S
| 8(1)I |
80
| |
MIC/4 |
16(0.125)
S
| 8(1)I | 128(1)I |
128(0.5)
S
| 8(1)I | 40 | |
KAN | 0 | 128 | 4 | 8 | 32 | 32 | |
MIC/2 |
32(0.25)
S
| 4(1)I |
4(0.5)
S
| 32(1)I |
16(0.5)
S
| 60 | |
MIC/4 |
64(0.5)
S
| 4(1)I | 8(1)I | 32(1)I |
16(0.5)
S
| 40 | |
STR | 0 | 256 | > 256 | > 256 | 128 | 8 | |
MIC/2 |
16(0.0625)
S
|
256(< 1)
S
| > 256(≥ 1)I | 128(1)I |
4(0.5)
S
|
60
| |
MIC/4 |
32(0.125)
S
| > 256(≥ 1)I | > 256(≥ 1)I | 128(1)I | 8(1)I | 20 |