Background
Methods
Plant materials
Plant species | Voucher specimen no. | Family | Part used | Traditional uses |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. | Mo-I10a | Labiatae | L, F | As antiseptic and for teeth pains, stimulant, diuretic and in treatment of rheumatism, gout, palsy, amenorrhea and malaria a,b
|
Caralluma quadrangula (Forssk.) N.E.Br. | Mo-H02a | Asclepiadaceae | L | For diabetes, stomachic ulcer and smallpox a, c
|
Centaurea pseudosinaica Czerep. | Mo-S11a | Asteraceae | L, T | For wounds and kidney diseases a
|
Chrozophora oblongifolia (Del.) A. Juss. ex Spreng. | Mo-S02a | Euphorbiacea | L, S | As antiseptic for wounds, antimicrobial, cathartic, emetic and hypoglycemic and for hemorrhoids a, d
|
Costus arabicus L. | Mo-S05a | Zingiberaceae | R | For cancers a
|
Cupressus sempervirens L. | Mo-S25a | Cupressaceae | L | As expectorant, astringent and for wounds, diarrhea, hemorrhoids a, c
|
Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. | Mo-T01a | Sapindaceae | L, S | For malaria, wounds and burns, gout , rheumatism and as anesthetic, laxative and tonic a, c, e, f,
|
Dorstenia barnimiana Schweinf. | Mo-T09 | Moraceae | L, S | For the treatment of fungal and skin diseases a, c
|
Enicostemma verticillare (Retz.) Baill. | Mo-I06a | Gentianaceae | L | For diabetes a
|
Ficus cordata ssp. Salicifolia
| 15133 | Moraceae | L, S | For the treatment of filariasis, diarrheal infections, tuberculosis and oral infections a, c
|
Ficus ingens (Miq.) | 15187 | Moraceae | L, S | For Piles, diarrhea, and as diuretic a
|
Ficus palmata Forssk | 15163 | Moraceae | L, S | For constipation and lungs and bladder diseases a, c
|
Grewia erythraea Schweinf. | Mo-S07a | Tiliaceae | L, S | As Diuretic and haemostatic and for kidney diseases a
|
Iris albicans Lange | Mo-I02a | Iridaceae | R | For rheumatism and gout a
|
Kanahia laniflora (Forsk.) R. Br. | Mo-I19a | Asclepiadaceae | L, T | For tumors, skin diseases, scabies and itching a, c, h
|
Kniphofia sumarae Deflers | Mo-I10a | Liliaceae | R | For malaria a
|
Lavandula dentata L. | Mo-I11a | Labiatae | L, F | For wounds, rheumatism, urine retention, and kidney stones and as antiseptic a, d
|
Leucas inflata Benth. | Mo-I05a | Labiatae | L, F | For kidney diseases and tooth ache a
|
Pulicaria inuloides DC. | Mo-M05a | Asteraceae | L, F | For wounds and as antiseptic a
|
Plectranthus barbatus Andr. | 15732a | Labiatae | L, S | For stomachache, nausea, gastritis, intestinal spasms, burns, wounds, sores, insect bites, allergies, ringworms, infections, malaria and break fevers a, f
|
Rhus retinorrhaea Steud. ex Oliv. | Mo-T22a | Anacardiaceae | L | General tonic and for painful joints a
|
Tagetes minuta L. | YT-20a | Asteraceae | L, S | As antimicrobial, anthelmintic, diuretic, and antispasmodic agent a, f
|
Tarconanthus camphoratus L | Mo-S15a | Asteraceae | L, T | For wounds and for urinary tract infections a
|
Teucrium yemense Deflers | Mo-S17a | Labiatae | L, F | For kidney diseases, rheumatism and diabetes a, d
|
Vernonia leopoldii Vatke | Mo-T16a | Asteraceae | L, F | For cough, colic and skin diseases a, h
|
Extraction of plant materials
Reference drugs
Biological assays
Antileishmanial activity
Antiplasmodial activity
Antitrypanosomal activity
Cytotoxicity assay
Results
Plant species |
P. falciparum
|
L. infantum
|
T. cruzi
|
T. brucei
|
MRC-5
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IC50
| SI | IC50
| SI | IC50
(μg/ml) | SI | IC50
| SI | IC50
| |
Ajuga bracteosa
| >64.0 | >1 | >64.0 | >1 | 28.8 ± 4.6 | >2.22 | 31.2 ± 5.2 | >2.05 | >64.0 |
Caralluma quadrangula
| 27.5 ± 4.3 | >2.33 | >64.0 | >1 | >64.0 | >1 | 32.5 ± 6.5 | >1.97 | >64.0 |
Centaurea pseudosinaica
| 48.2 ± 9.8 | 32.5 ± 3.5 | 31.0 ± 6.1 | 9.1 ± 1.8 | 1.76 | 16.0 ± 5.3 | |||
Chrozophora oblongifolia
| 5.0 ± 1.2 | 12.80 | 27.3 ± 2.8 | 2.34 | 32.0 ± 5.8 | >2 | 10.8 ± 2.4 | 5.93 | >64.0 |
Costus arabicus
| >64.0 | 27.3 ± 3.1 | 1.41 | 13.8 ± 2.1 | 2.79 | 30.0 ± 4.9 | 1.28 | 38.5 ± 8.2 | |
Cupressus sempervirens
| 7.6 ± 2.4 | 1.41 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 5.35 | 8.3 ± 1.9 | 1.29 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 5.10 | 10.7 ± 3.1 |
Dorstenia barnimiana
| 34.2 ± 8.7 | 1.44 | >64.0 | 29.6 ± 3.9 | 1.67 | 22.6 ± 5.8 | 2.19 | 49.4 ± 9.1 | |
Dodonaea viscosa
| 46.7 ± 11.8 | >1.37 | 45.3 ± 11.8 | 1.41 | >64.0 | >1 | 11.1 ± 1.8 | 5.77 | >64.0 |
Enicostemma verticillare
| >64.0 ± | >1 | >64.0 | >1 | >64.0 | >1 | 9.9 ± 1.1 | >6.46 | >64.0 |
Ficus cordata ssp.salicifolia
| 27.0 ± 6.9 | 1.20 | 27.3 ± 6.1 | 1.19 | 26.3 ± 3.2 | 1.24 | 8.2 ± 1.9 | 3.96 | 32.5 ± 7.3 |
Ficus ingens
| 8.4 ± 2.3 | 3.87 | 32.5 ± 7.2 | 1.00 | 31.2 ± 4.3 | 1.04 | 8.0 ± 2.2 | 4.06 | 32.5 ± 7.5 |
Ficus palmata
| 14.5 ± 3.8 | 2.60 | >64.0 | 22.6 ± 4.0 | 1.67 | 8.1 ± 2.6 | 4.65 | 37.7 ± 6.9 | |
Grewia erythraea
| 11.7 ± 3.5 | 2.32 | 24.1 ± 3.8 | 1.13 | 8.2 ± 1.8 | 3.32 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 10.46 | 27.2 ± 6.1 |
Iris albicans
| 55.5 ± 6.2 | >1.15 | >64.0 | >1 | >64.0 | >1 | 10.6 ± 3.1 | >6.04 | >64.0 |
Kanahia laniflora
| 27.9 ± 4.9 | >64.0 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 2.00 | 9.6 ± 3.0 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | |||
Kniphofia sumarae
| 1.3 ± 0.6 | 5.69 | 32.5 ± 4.9 | 31.4 ± 3.4 | 5.9 ± 2.8 | 1.25 | 7.4 ± 1.4 | ||
Lavandula dentata
| 7.1 ± 1.4 | 4.17 | 20.3 ± 3.5 | 1.46 | 7.9 ± 0.5 | 3.75 | 3.0 ± 1.8 | 9.87 | 29.6 ± 5.9 |
Leucas inflata
| 44.6 ± 6.3 | >64.0 | >64.0 | 8.4 ± 2.2 | 3.51 | 29.5 ± 6.0 | |||
Plectranthus barbatus
| 6.5 ± 2.0 | 5.06 | 24.1 ± 2.9 | 1.37 | 23.3 ± 2.9 | 1.41 | 2.6 ± 1.8 | 12.65 | 32.9 ± 6.8 |
Pulicaria inuloides
| 21.6 ± 3.8 | >2.96 | 45.3 ± 8.3 | 1.41 | 31.7 ± 4.0 | >2.02 | 7.8 ± 2.1 | >8.21 | >64.0 |
Rhus retinorrhaea
| 37.1 ± 4.9 | 1.43 | >64.0 | 30.5 ± 3.9 | 1.74 | 34.0 ± 5.8 | 1.56 | 53.2 ± 7.2 | |
Tagetes minuta
| 14.0 ± 2.8 | 4.57 | 30.1 ± 4.6 | >2.13 | 9.2 ± 1.9 | >6.96 | 2.2 ± 1.5 | >29.09 | >64.0 |
Tarconanthus camphoratus
| >64.0 | >1 | >64.0 | >1 | >64.0 | >1 | >64.0 | >1 | >64.0 |
Teucrium yemense
| 12.5 ± 2.6 | 2.18 | 32.5 ± 6.6 | 30.5 ± 2.9 | 7.1 ± 2.3 | 3.83 | 27.2 ± 5.3 | ||
Vernonia leopoldii
| 41.9 ± 7.9 | 27.3 ± 5.1 | 1.10 | 9.2 ± 1.2 | 3.27 | 8.0 ± 2.9 | 3.76 | 30.1 ± 4.9 | |
Chloroquine | 0.3 ± 0.1 | - | - | - | - | ||||
Miltefosine | - | 3.32 ± 0.7 | - | - | - | ||||
Benznidazole | - | - | 2.2 ± 0.5 | - | - | ||||
Suramin | - | - | - | 0.03 ± 0.02 | - | ||||
Tamoxifen | - | - | - | - | 11.0 ± 2.3 |