Background
Methods
Study subjects and study design
Equipment
Spectral analysis of plethysmographic waveform
Spectral heart rate variability (HRV) analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
General characteristics at baseline and 30 min after resting or TCC exercise
Control | TCC | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 30) | (n = 30) | ||
General Characteristics
| |||
Gender (M/F) | 14/16 | 19/11 | 1.000 |
Age (year) | 49.9 ± 9.4 | 53.6 ± 10.7 | 0.198 |
Height (cm) | 163.7 ± 9.3 | 163.7 ± 10.1 | 0.790 |
Weight (kg) | 63.9 ± 10.8 | 63.0 ± 12.2 | 0.813 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 2.6 | 23.4 ± 3.0 | 0.460 |
TCC age (year) | 0 | 7.0 ± 8.2 | NA |
Baseline
| |||
SBP (mmHg) | 119.3 ± 14.9 | 119.0 ± 12.7 | 0.947 |
DBP (mmHg) | 68.7 ± 10.4 | 72.8 ± 8.9 | 0.089 |
MABP (mmHg) | 85.6 ± 10.8 | 88.2 ± 9.1 | 0.258 |
PP (mmHg) | 50.5 ± 11.6 | 46.2 ± 10.5 | 0.139 |
30 min after TCC
| |||
SBP (mmHg) | 119.1 ± 14.4 | 114.6 ± 12.8 | 0.363 |
DBP (mmHg) | 72.4 ± 9.9 | 72.1 ± 7.8 | 0.802 |
MABP (mmHg) | 88.0 ± 10.7 | 86.3 ± 8.2 | 0.657 |
PP (mmHg) | 46.7 ± 9.4 | 42.5 ± 11.0 | 0.098 |
Comparison of HRV and pulse harmonics measures between groups at baseline and 30 min after resting or TCC exercise
Measures | Baseline (n = 30) | 30 min after (n = 30) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HRV
|
Control
|
TCC
|
Control
|
TCC
|
mRRI (ms) | 873.8 (756.4–977.2) | 917.4 (847.0–992.3) | 929.4 (840.2–1082.0) | 929.7 (854.8–996.4) |
HR (bpm) | 68.7 (61.4–79.3) | 65.4 (60.5–70.8) | 64.6 (55.4–71.4) | 64.5 (60.2–70.2) |
SDRR (ms) | 53.7 (44.3–65.6) | 43.8 (29.9–54.5)* | 63.7 (53.2–71.5) | 40.1 (30.3–52.7)** |
CVRR (%) | 5.9 (5.2–7.7) | 4.4 (3.7–6.0)* | 6.8 (5.8–7.1) | 4.4 (3.3–5.8)** |
TP (ms2) | 1137 (692–1838) | 749 (224–1344)* | 17070 (968–2001) | 609 (349–1083)** |
ULFP (ms2) | 108 (54–236) | 114 (52–167) | 195 (116–390) | 108 (74–218)** |
VLFP (ms2) | 225 (110–401) | 184 (123–305) | 273 (196–438) | 185.4 (119–213)** |
LFP (ms2) | 360 (187–512) | 249 (63–462) | 483.8 (292.4–657.9) | 200.2 (98.0–367.7)** |
HFP (ms2) | 494 (325–665) | 174 (57–582)* | 662.0 (453.7–892.6) | 178.8 (61.7–484.8)** |
nVLFP (nu) | 21.0 (15.6–25.9) | 31.6 (18.6–55.9)* | 21.3 (16.3–26.0) | 29.2 (19.9–47.3)** |
nLFP (nu) | 29.1 (26.1–32.7) | 24.5 (12.7–32.3)* | 30.0 (27.3–35.6) | 33.4 (25.6–39.7) |
nHFP (nu) | 49.8 (39.9–56.3) | 35.2 (25.8–50.6)* | 48.5 (39.6–56.1) | 31.5 (22.1–45.3)** |
LHR | 0.61 (0.49–0.89) | 1.04 (0.70–2.08)* | 0.66 (0.49–0.78) | 0.95 (0.62–2.15)** |
Pulse harmonics
|
Control
|
TCC
|
Control
|
TCC
|
TPp | 3460 (1791–8375) | 17775 (12200–22360)* | 3089 (818–7648) | 19350 (13710–27240)** |
Ph1 | 1741 (889–4346) | 12580 (7856–16930)* | 1114 (339–4249) | 14605 (5554–19090)** |
Ph2 | 301 (187–748) | 1504 (1111–2243)* | 213 (64–359) | 1888 (1006–2680)** |
Ph3 | 65 (33–256) | 264 (209–394)* | 45 (14–98) | 288 (183–475)** |
Ph4 | 20 (7–51) | 63 (35–77)* | 13 (4–29) | 57 (31–90)** |
Ph5 | 7.6 (3.7–18.0) | 34.9 (20.6–69.3)* | 5.4 (2.4–14.9) | 47.2 (27.3–676.0)** |
Ph6 | 1.6 (0.8–9.1) | 15.5 (7.1–23.0)* | 2.0 (0.9–15.1) | 17.2 (8.3–31.2)** |
Ph7 | 1.1 (0.4–3.3) | 3.6 (2.4–5.9)* | 1.2 (0.4–3.8) | 3.3 (2.7–7.0)** |
Ph8 | 0.5 (0.2–1.7) | 1.7 (1.1–2.8)* | 0.4 (0.2–2.0) | 2.1 (0.9–3.2)** |
nPh1 | 41 (30–69) | 76 (58–82)* | 38 (29–56) | 78 (64–83)** |
nPh2 | 9.6 (8.0–14.1) | 10.3 (7.9–12.0) | 6.5 (3.8–10.8) | 10.5 (7.9–11.3)** |
nPh3 | 1.9 (1.6–3.0) | 1.7 (1.1–2.3) | 1.8 (0.9–2.9) | 1.6 (1.2–2.8) |
nPh4 | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) | 0.4 (0.2–0.5)* | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) |
nPh5 | 0.2 (0.2–0.4) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) |
nPh6 | 0.06 (0.03–0.19) | 0.11 (0.05–0.14) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.1 (0.5–0.2) |
nPh7 | 0.03 (0.01–0.08) | 0.02 (0.01–0.04) | 0.16 (0.02–0.09) | 0.02 (0.01–0.04)** |
nPh8 | 0.01 (0.01–0.04) | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | 0.02 (0.01–0.05) | 0.01 (0.01–0.02)** |
F1 (Hz) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) |
Comparison of percentage changes in HRV and pulse harmonics measures between groups
Measures
| Control (n = 30) | TCC (n = 30) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
HRV
| |||
%mRRI (%) | 8.7 (5.8 − 14.9) | 2.2 (-0.5 − 6.3) | <0.001 |
%HR (%) | −8.0 (-13.0 − -5.6) | −2.2 (-5.9 − 0.5) | <0.001 |
%SDRR (%) | 14.1 (-1.1 − 27.5) | 1.0 (-6.7 − 6.8) | 0.014 |
%CVRR (%) | 2.9 (-4.5 − 15.6) | −0.5 (-8.7 − 6.5) | 0.206 |
%TP (%) | 25.7 (-4.3 − 80.8) | 2.9 (-22.1 − 29.1) | 0.010 |
%ULFP (%) | −72.4 (-88.6 − -42.2) | 8.7 (-34.7 − 164.1) | <0.001 |
%VLFP (%) | 30.7 (-5.7 − 97.4) | −17.4 (-35.8 − 32.3) | 0.016 |
%LFP (%) | 29.1 (3.4 − 66.4) | 4.5 (-28.5 − 65.3) | 0.077 |
%HFP (%) | 29.7 (5.7 − 65.6) | 16.2 (-18.0 − 70.6) | 0.137 |
%nVLFP (%) | 4.9 (-11.5 − 18.6) | 1.8 (-24.4 − 26.5) | 0.579 |
%nLFP (%) | −3.0 (-11.3 − 18.7) | 34.3 (-3.5 − 195.7) | 0.018 |
%nHFP (%) | 0.6 (-10.7 − 11.6) | −8.8 (-38.4 − 25.2) | 0.258 |
%LHR (%) | −4.8 (-18.0 − 36.4) | −4.5 (-35.0 − 26.8) | 0.340 |
Pulse harmonics
| |||
%TPp | −32.9 (-72.7 − 272.6) | 17.9 (-21.0 − 39.2) | 0.579 |
%Ph1 | −39.4 (-78.4 − 262.7) | 17.3 (-18.1 − 54.0) | 0.186 |
%Ph2 | −59.6 (-79.5 − 21.5) | 15.3 (-22.4 − 29.4) | 0.030 |
%Ph3 | −27.1 (-70.0 − 71.3) | 16.2 (-14.9 − 72.2) | 0.176 |
%Ph4 | −31.4 (-76.0 − 131.4) | 26.1 (-40.8 − 65.6) | 0.217 |
%Ph5 | −11.3 (-63.3 − 165.7) | 0.3 (-30.7 − 56.9) | 0.620 |
%Ph6 | 7.3 (-52.6 − 526.3) | 22.1 (-27.6 − 108.8) | 0.842 |
%Ph7 | −18.3 (-53.0 − 172.9) | 1.7 (-33.4 − 85.0) | 0.877 |
%Ph8 | 20.6 (-59.2 − 376.4) | 2.0 (-43.5 − 78.2) | 0.355 |
%nPh1 | −17.8 (-51.3 − 32.7) | 1.8 (-5.8 − 5.0) | 0.085 |
%nPh2 | −26.8 (-67.5 − 10.8) | −2.1 (-15.5 − 17.4) | 0.072 |
%nPh3 | −20.0 (-67.3 − 34.8) | 5.4 (-24.7 − 38.0) | 0.212 |
%nPh4 | −8.3 (-59.6 − 68.7) | 2.9 (-30.0 − 23.1) | 0.420 |
%nPh5 | −4.0 (-56.7 − 105.0) | 7.4 (-30.0 − 23.9) | 0.807 |
%nPh6 | 39.5 (-41.5 − 217.5) | 6.7 (-35.1 − 54.3) | 0.196 |
%nPh7 | 63.8 (-28.3 − 111.6) | 0.5 (-41.4 − 58.5) | 0.206 |
%nPh8 | −0.8 (-41.2 − 229.7) | −4.7 (-38.4 − 32.6) | 0.340 |
%F1 | −7.8 (-13.8 − -4.4) | −2.7 (-7.4 − 2.9) | 0.002 |
Correlation between percentage changes in HRV measures and percentage changes in pulse harmonics
Measures | %mRRI | %HR | %SDRR
| %CVRR
| %TP | %ULFP | %VLFP | %LFP | %HFP | %nVLFP | %nLFP | %nHFP | %LHR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control group
| |||||||||||||
%TPp | −0.05 | 0.04 | −0.12 | −0.12 | −0.11 | −0.13 | −0.14 | −0.11 | −0.05 | −0.14 | −0.08 | 0.10 | −0.13 |
%Ph1 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.15 | −0.16 | −0.13 | −0.09 | −0.16 | −0.14 | −0.07 | −0.14 | −0.11 | 0.12 | −0.16 |
%Ph2 | −0.06 | 0.05 | −0.13 | −0.12 | −0.13 | −0.10 | −0.14 | −0.14 | −0.07 | −0.11 | −0.10 | 0.11 | −0.15 |
%Ph3 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.08 | 0.13 | −0.08 | −0.11 | −0.02 | −0.04 | −0.14 | 0.06 | −0.15 |
%Ph4 | −0.05 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.22 | −0.01 | 0.33 | −0.03 | −0.11 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.05 | −0.02 | −0.05 |
%Ph5 | 0.18 | −0.18 | 0.18 | 0.15 | −0.05 | 0.44* | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.12 | −0.05 | −0.11 | −0.01 |
%Ph6 | 0.28 | −0.28 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.57* | −0.01 | 0.12 | 0.16 | −0.12 | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.02 |
%Ph7 | 0.19 | −0.19 | 0.09 | 0.03 | −0.07 | 0.40* | −0.14 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.15 | −0.08 | 0.05 | −0.13 |
%Ph8 | 0.22 | −0.24 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.44* | −0.01 | 0.18 | 0.14 | −0.13 | 0.03 | −0.07 | 0.05 |
%nPh1 | 0.13 | −0.12 | −0.37* | −0.46* | −0.31 | −0.08 | −0.17 | −0.18 | −0.35 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.15 | −0.01 |
%nPh2 | −0.13 | 0.12 | −0.34 | −0.32 | −0.30 | −0.19 | −0.24 | −0.14 | −0.29 | −0.19 | 0.43* | 0.16 | 0.08 |
%nPh3 | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.16 | −0.16 | −0.17 | −0.01 | −0.09 | −0.19 | −0.20 | 0.07 | −0.15 | −0.03 | −0.13 |
%nPh4 | −0.12 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.21 | −0.08 | 0.35 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.15 | 0.12 | 0.13 | −0.14 | 0.11 |
%nPh5 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.15 | −0.15 | −0.16 | −0.02 | −0.09 | −0.10 | −0.18 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
%nPh6 | 0.33 | −0.32 | 0.11 | −0.01 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.21 | −0.14 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.03 |
%nPh7 | 0.03 | −0.04 | −0.27 | −0.31 | −0.21 | −0.17 | −0.26 | −0.17 | −0.13 | −0.35 | 0.06 | 0.19 | −0.13 |
%nPh8 | 0.05 | −0.07 | −0.32 | −0.38* | −0.24 | −0.18 | −0.23 | −0.22 | −0.23 | −0.16 | −0.12 | 0.13 | −0.18 |
%F1 | −0.71* | 0.72* | −0.12 | 0.16 | −0.29 | 0.03 | −0.17 | −0.22 | −0.41* | 0.18 | −0.01 | −0.09 | 0.04 |
TCC group
| |||||||||||||
%TPp | −0.42* | 0.48* | −0.06 | 0.09 | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.001 | −0.06 | −0.10 | 0.08 | −0.11 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
%Ph1 | −0.43* | 0.49* | −0.06 | 0.09 | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.003 | −0.06 | −0.11 | 0.08 | −0.10 | −0.01 | 0.05 |
%Ph2 | −0.42* | 0.48* | −0.03 | 0.13 | −0.03 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.06 | −0.06 | 0.07 | −0.05 | −0.02 | −0.01 |
%Ph3 | 0.23 | −0.19 | 0.40* | 0.35 | 0.38* | 0.24 | 0.41* | 0.08 | 0.32 | 0.15 | −0.06 | −0.03 | −0.20 |
%Ph4 | 0.08 | −0.07 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.00 | −0.05 | 0.07 |
%Ph5 | −0.14 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.12 | −0.18 | 0.02 | −0.05 |
%Ph6 | −0.26 | −0.21 | 0.47* | 0.41* | 0.48* | 0.21 | 0.48* | 0.15 | 0.32 | 0.13 | −0.19 | −0.008 | −0.10 |
%Ph7 | −0.45* | −0.40* | 0.44* | 0.31 | 0.41* | 0.27 | 0.40* | 0.14 | 0.30 | 0.04 | −0.16 | 0.006 | −0.10 |
%Ph8 | −0.17 | −0.12 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.27 | −0.08 | −0.05 | 0.004 | −0.13 |
%nPh1 | −0.22 | 0.20 | −0.11 | −0.03 | −0.10 | −0.11 | −0.07 | −0.03 | −0.24 | 0.03 | 0.003 | −0.18 | 0.34 |
%nPh2 | −0.19 | 0.17 | −0.16 | −0.09 | −0.15 | 0.05 | −0.12 | −0.10 | −0.17 | 0.05 | 0.15 | −0.23 | 0.13 |
%nPh3 | −0.25 | −0.25 | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.15 | −0.20 | 0.02 | 0.24 | −0.02 | −0.19 | −0.25 |
%nPh4 | −0.15 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.06 | 0.14 | −0.12 | −0.13 | 0.02 | −0.13 | 0.45* |
%nPh5 | −0.18 | 0.17 | −0.03 | 0.05 | −0.03 | −0.01 | −0.06 | −0.03 | −0.17 | −0.06 | −0.12 | −0.11 | 0.28 |
%nPh6 | −0.48* | −0.48* | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 0.26 | −0.12 | 0.16 | 0.13 | −0.20 | −0.07 | −0.34 |
%nPh7 | −0.45* | −0.43* | 0.24 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 0.32 | −0.21 | −0.03 | 0.15 | 0.06 | −0.14 | −0.02 | −0.18 |
%nPh8 | −0.37* | −0.37* | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.33 | −0.05 | −0.06 | 0.15 | −0.17 | −0.08 | −0.03 | −0.16 |
%F1 | −0.76* | 0.76* | −0.46* | −0.22 | −0.40* | −0.25 | −0.46* | 0.12 | −0.38* | −0.17 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.43* |