Introduction
Materials and methods
Subjects
Peripheral quantitative computed tomography
Sex hormone measurement
Statistical analysis
Results
Subject characteristics
Variable | Manchester N = 339 | Leuven N = 389 |
---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
Age at interview (years) | 60.2 (11.1) | 60.0 (11.1) |
Height (cm) | 174.3 (7.2) | 174.5 (7.1) |
Weight (kg) | 83.8 (13.4) | 82.1 (13.2) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.5 (3.6) | 26.9 (3.9)* |
Midshaft radius | ||
Cortical BMD (mg/cm3) | 1,149.8 (39.8) | 1,161.0 (38.0)* |
Cortical BMC (mg/mm) | 120.5 (18.0) | 124.0 (17.2)* |
Total area (mm2) | 149.5 (21.5) | 150.5 (22.3) |
Cortical thickness (mm) | 3.2 (0.5) | 3.2 (0.4) |
Medullary area (mm2) | 43.4 (17.2) | 43.7 (18.9) |
Cross-sectional muscle area (mm2) | 3,558.3 (649.3) | 3,744.8 (591.6)* |
Stress strain index (mm3) | 330.3 (63.4) | 345.6 (67.1)* |
Distal radius | ||
Total density (mg/cm3) | 436.3 (70.1) | 361.1 (57.3)* |
Total area (mm2) | 341.2 (52.5) | 413.1 (66.7)* |
Trabecular density (mg/cm3) | 203.9 (48.0) | 205.5 (41.4) |
Variable | Manchester N = 339 | Leuven N = 389 |
---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
Testosterone (nmol/L) | 17.3 (6.2) | 18.6 (5.9)* |
Free testosterone (pmol/L) | 306.1 (91.1) | 324.8 (88.6)* |
Bioavailable testosterone (nmol/L) | 7.6 (2.3) | 8.2 (2.3)* |
Oestradiol (pmol/L) | 80.4 (25.7) | 73.5 (24.2)* |
Free oestradiol (pmol/L) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.4)* |
Bioavailable oestradiol (pmol/L) | 56.4 (18.0) | 51.2 (17.0)* |
SHBG (nmol/L) | 42.0 (18.2) | 43.7 (19.2) |
Age-related variations in bone mass and geometry
Manchester | Leuven | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
β co-efficienta (95% CI) | % change/year | β co-efficienta (95% CI) | % change/year | |
Midshaft radius | ||||
Cortical BMD | −1.210 (−1.573, −0.846)* | −0.107 | −0.894 (−1.225, −0.562)* | −0.077 |
Cortical BMC | −0.290 (−0.462, −0.119)* | −0.271 | −0.260 (−0.414, −0.108)* | −0.208 |
Total area | 0.176 (−0.032, 0.384) | 0.119 | 0.060 (−0.142, 0.261) | 0.040 |
Cortical thickness | −0.010 (−0.014, −0.005)* | −0.319 | −0.007 (−0.010, −0.003)* | −0.219 |
Medullary area | 0.310 (0.147, 0.473)* | 0.824 | 0.206 (0.036, 0.375)* | 0.471 |
Stress strain index | −0.022 (−0.637, 0.593) | −0.021 | −0.510 (−1.114, 0.094) | −0.148 |
CSMAb
| −20.561 (−26.464, −14.658)* | −0.567 | −14.763 (−19.908, −9.618)* | −0.394 |
Distal radius | ||||
Total density | −1.847 (−2.498, −1.196)* | −0.446 | −1.665 (−2.157, −1.172)* | −0.461 |
Total area | 0.413 (−0.094, 0.921) | 0.114 | 0.501 (−0.102, 1.103) | 0.121 |
Trabecular density | −0.676 (−1.137, −0.216)* | −0.397 | −0.452 (−0.825, −0.079)* | −0.220 |
Influence of sex hormones on pQCT parameters
Manchester | Leuven | |
---|---|---|
β co-efficienta (95% CI) | β co-efficienta (95% CI) | |
Midshaft radius | ||
Cortical BMD | ||
BioT | −0.427 (−2.505, 1.651) | 0.583 (−1.354, 2.519) |
BioE2
| −0.006 (−0.237, 0.225) | 0.393 (0.167, 0.618)* |
Cortical BMC | ||
BioT | 0.235 (−0.676, 1.145) | 0.812 (−0.009, 1.633) |
BioE2
| −0.056 (−0.157, 0.046) | 0.094 (−0.002, 0.190) |
Total area | ||
BioT | 0.140 (−0.934, 1.214) | 0.511 (−0.590, 1.612) |
BioE2
| −0.072 (−0.191, 0.047) | −0.107 (−0.236, 0.022) |
Cortical thickness | ||
BioT | −0.002 (−0.026, 0.023) | 0.018 (−0.004, 0.040) |
BioE2
| −0.001 (−0.004, 0.002) | 0.004 (0.001, 0.006)* |
Medullary area | ||
BioT | 0.028 (−0.840, 0.896) | −0.160 (−1.145, 0.825) |
BioE2
| −0.030 (−0.127, 0.066) | −0.156 (−0.272, −0.040)* |
Stress strain index | ||
BioT | 1.090 (−2.139, 4.319) | 2.541 (−0.730, 5.812) |
BioE2
| −0.184 (−0.543, 0.175) | −0.106 (−0.485, 0.274) |
CSMAb
| ||
BioT | 4.020 (−25.383, 33.424) | 31.382 (7.565, 55.198)* |
BioE2
| −2.073 (−5.334, 1.188) | 1.099 (−1.733, 3.931) |
Distal radius | ||
Total density | ||
BioT | 0.288 (−3.397, 3.974) | −0.472 (−3.261, 2.317) |
BioE2
| 0.248 (−0.161, 0.656) | 0.259 (−0.069, 0.586) |
Total area | ||
BioT | −0.295 (−2.994, 2.403) | 3.241 (−0.107, 6.590) |
BioE2
| −0.313 (−0.611, −0.015)* | 0.134 (−0.263, 0.531) |
Trabecular density | ||
BioT | 0.590 (−2.043, 3.224) | 0.399 (−1.742, 2.540) |
BioE2
| 0.087 (−0.206, 0.379) | 0.316 (0.064, 0.568)* |
Manchester | Leuven | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age < 60 | Age ≥ 60 | Age < 60 | Age ≥ 60 | |
β co-efficienta (95% CI) | β co-efficienta (95% CI) | β co-efficienta (95% CI) | β co-efficienta (95% CI) | |
Midshaft radius | ||||
Cortical BMD | ||||
BioT | −1.282 (−3.559, 0.994) | 0.336 (−3.232, 3.905) | −1.631 (−4.039, 0.778) | 3.117 (−0.072, 6.305) |
BioE2
| −0.046 (−0.319, 0.228) | 0.030 (−0.337, 0.397) | 0.107 (−0.182, 0.396) | 0.699 (0.348, 1.050)* |
Cortical BMC | ||||
BioT | −0.116 (−1.233, 1.001) | 0.513 (−0.943, 1.970) | 0.031 (−1.104, 1.166) | 1.818 (0.576, 3.059)* |
BioE2
| −0.146 (−0.278, −0.014)* | 0.013 (−0.137, 0.163) | 0.006 (−0.126, 0.137) | 0.198 (0.057, 0.340)* |
Total area | ||||
BioT | 0.635 (−0.858, 2.127) | −0.341 (−1.884, 1.201) | 0.147 (−1.371, 1.665) | 1.170 (−0.508, 2.848) |
BioE2
| −0.085 (−0.264, 0.093) | −0.052 (−0.211, 0.106) | −0.075 (−0.250, 0.100) | −0.127 (−0.319, 0.064) |
Cortical thickness | ||||
BioT | −0.014 (−0.045, 0.017) | 0.008 (−0.029, 0.044) | 0.005 (−0.024, 0.034) | 0.035 (−0.002, 0.071) |
BioE2
| −0.003 (−0.006, 0.001) | −0.050 (−0.184, 0.085) | 0.002 (−0.002, 0.005) | 0.006 (0.002, 0.010)* |
Medullary area | ||||
BioT | 0.578 (−0.559, 1.715) | −0.437 (−1.746, 0.872) | −0.044 (−1.269, 1.181) | −0.153 (−1.803, 1.496) |
BioE2
| 0.010 (−0.127, 0.147) | −0.050 (−0.184, 0.085) | −0.074 (−0.220, 0.071) | −0.239 (−0.424, −0.054)* |
Stress strain index | ||||
BioT | 2.103 (−2.304, 6.511) | −0.177 (−4.914, 4.559) | −0.580 (−5.335, 4.174) | 6.186 (1.526, 10.846)* |
BioE2
| −0.344 (−0.870, 0.183) | −0.053 (−0.540, 0.434) | −0.250 (−0.789, 0.288) | 0.078 (−0.461, 0.617) |
CSMAb
| ||||
BioT | 27.979 (−14.973, 70.931) | −25.644 (−65.546, 14.257) | 20.499 (−14.140, 55.137) | 49.118 (15.313, 82.922)* |
BioE2
| −1.363 (−6.531, 3.806) | −3.183 (−7.279, 0.913) | 2.933 (−1.173, 7.040) | −0.489 (−4.405, 3.427) |
Distal radius | ||||
Total density | ||||
BioT | −3.349 (−8.094, 1.396) | 3.623 (−2.008, 9.255) | −1.617 (−5.374, 2.140) | 1.331 (−3.019, 5.680) |
BioE2
| 0.223 (−0.347, 0.794) | 0.238 (−0.343, 0.818) | −0.086 (−0.533, 0.360) | 0.639 (0.156, 1.121)* |
Total area | ||||
BioT | 1.536 (−2.117, 5.188) | −2.362 (−6.361, 1.636) | 0.772 (−3.620, 5.165) | 6.111 (0.783, 11.440)* |
BioE2
| −0.355 (−0.790, 0.080) | −0.261 (−0.672, 0.150) | 0.354 (−0.163, 0.871) | −0.106 (−0.719, 0.508) |
Trabecular density | ||||
BioT | −1.191 (−4.465, 2.083) | 2.566 (−1.640, 6.772) | 0.588 (−2.052, 3.228) | 0.136 (−3.412, 3.685) |
BioE2
| 0.104 (−0.289, 0.497) | 0.092 (−0.342, 0.526) | 0.200 (−0.115, 0.516) | 0.420 (0.023, 0.817)* |
Influence of threshold level of bioavailable oestradiol
Bioavailable oestradiol (pmol/L) | |||
---|---|---|---|
BioE2 < 51 pmol/L | BioE2 ≥ 51 pmol/L | Overall | |
β co-efficienta (95% CI) | β co-efficienta (95% CI) | β co-efficienta (95% CI) | |
Midshaft radius | |||
Cortical BMD (mg/cm3) | 1.550 (0.584, 2.516)* | 0.698 (0.059, 1.338)* | 0.699 (0.348, 1.050)* |
Distal radius | |||
Total density (mg/cm3) | 0.020 (−1.340, 1.380) | 0.783 (−0.079, 1.645) | 0.639 (0.156, 1.121)* |
Trabecular density (mg/cm3) | 0.410 (−0.740, 1.561) | 0.516 (−0.156, 1.187) | 0.420 (0.023, 0.817)* |