Background
Methods
Document review
Cameroon | Years | Uganda |
---|---|---|
Health sector strategic plan 2001-10 | 2001 | |
Poverty reduction strategic paper 2003-10 | 2003 | |
2004 | Poverty Eradication Action Plan 2004/5-2007/8 | |
2005 | Health sector strategic plan II 2005/6-2009/10 | |
Letter of Intent to global EVIPNet | 2006 | REACH Prospectus – Uganda |
GHLA Grant application | 2007 | |
AHPSR Grant application | 2008 | IRCI Grant application – Uganda |
IDRC grant application EVIPNet | 2009 | IDRC grant application |
Health sector strategic plan 2001-15 | 2009 | National Development Plan 2010/11-2014/15 |
Health sector strategic and investment plan 2010/11-2014/15 | ||
Growth and employment strategic paper 2010-20 | 2010 | |
SURE annual reports | 2010- 2012 | SURE annual reports |
IDRC grant reports | 2010- 2012 | IDRC grant reports |
n/a | ||
n/a | ||
EIHP International Forum Report | 2012 | EIHP International Forum Report |
EVIPNet strategic plan | 2012 | EVIPNet strategic plan |
EVIPNet Africa 2006–2012 Lessons learned | 2013 | EVIPNet Africa 2006–2012 Lessons learned |
Evaluative survey of evidence briefs and policy dialogues | 2009-2012 | Evaluative survey of evidence briefs and policy dialogues |
Evaluative survey
Analytical framework
Functions | Domains | Activities | Outputs | Targets of influence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Capacity Building | Research and evidence production | Workshops to conduct relevant research and prepare evidence syntheses | Skilled individuals | Researchers |
Resources and tools | ||||
Linking evidence to policy | Workshops to demand and access evidence resources | Skilled individuals | Stakeholders | |
Resources and tools | Policymakers | |||
Evaluation | Ongoing monitoring | Annual reports | Institutions, interests, ideas and external factors | |
Lessons learnt | ||||
Sustainability | Grant applications | Meeting reports | ||
Advocacy meetings | Grants | |||
Doctoral studies program | ||||
Knowledge Management | Planning | Priority setting exercises | Lists of health priority issues and evidence gaps | Research content |
Research processes | ||||
Research production and synthesis | Synthesizing evidence | Systematic reviews | Policy content | |
Summarizing evidence | Evidence briefs and summaries | Policy processes | ||
Ideas | ||||
Dissemination | Maintaining a clearinghouse | Resources, tools and evidence | Interests, ideas | |
Conference participation | Abstract books | |||
Linkage and Exchange | Linkage | Priority setting exercises | Meeting reports | Interests, ideas |
Facilitating user-pull | Policy processes | |||
Exchange | Organizing deliberative dialogues | Dialogue reports | Research processes | |
External actors |
Results
Study context
Cameroon | Uganda | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2001-06 | 2007-12 | 2001-06 | 2007-12 | |
Political system features
| ||||
Political regime | Presidential regime with the same President in office since the 1980’s. Prime Ministers are designated by the President. Traditional chiefdoms. | |||
Parliament | Large majority | Majority | ||
Leadership in the Ministry of Health | Two Ministers with the same Secretary of State in office. Three permanent secretaries in office and few changes of directors. | Three Ministers, three Director General and changes of high ranking civil servants in health policy and planning units | ||
Tiered health system features
| ||||
Health system governance arrangements | National ministry of health + inter-sectoral governing bodies for public health programmes. 10 provincial delegations and 143 districts with dialogue structures poorly functional. | National ministry of health + inter-sectoral governing bodies for public health programmes. | National ministry of health + inter-sectoral governing bodies for public health programmes.12 regional directions and 87 districts. Dialogue structures linked to different levels of local governments. | |
10 regional delegations and 178 districts with municipal leaders holding leadership positions in health district management boards. | ||||
Health financial arrangements | User fees under a fee-for-service scheme in government owned facilities. The Government raise some funds from the general tax system and overseas development aid. Civil servants are paid by the central government but also receive bonus based on user fees. Private clinics operate under a poorly regulated fee-for-service scheme. | User fees under a fee-for-service scheme. 98% out of pocket payments. Despite a national strategy to promote community-based health insurance, coverage is below 2%. Rising petty corruption in state owned facilities. | Abolition of the user-for-service scheme in 2001 in government owned facilities. Civil servants are paid by the central government. | |
Service delivery arrangements | Community health volunteers provide some benevolent primary health care services. Free preventive services in government health facilities. Private clinics operate under a fee-for-service scheme and pharmacies. Faith based and not for profit NGO health facilities operate under a subsidized fee-for-service scheme. Traditional healers and informal health facilities. | |||
Technologies, medicines and vaccines | A national procurement system for essential and generic medicines coexists with dedicated procurement systems for vertical priority health programs (vaccines, ART). Private medicines wholesalers operate under a poorly regulated environment in which drugs prices are free. Private medical equipment firms. | |||
MDGs Indicators (from UNDP, 2011)
| ||||
Population (millions) | 18.055 | 19.522 | 20.9 | 32.71 |
MDG 4: under five mortality ratio/1000 | 148 | 136 | 137 | 115 |
MDG5: maternal mortality ratio/100000 | 669 | 780 | 510 | 430 |
MDG 6: HIV prevalence/1000 | 66 | 53 | 64 | 65 |
MDG6: tuberculosis prevalence/100000 | 270 | 191 | 304 | 209 |
MDG6: malaria mortality rate/100000 | 116 | 19 | NA | 16 |
EVIPNet Cameroon and REACH-PI Uganda
Historical account
Year | Global focusing event | Cameroon | Uganda |
---|---|---|---|
2001 | United Nations Organization launches the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) including three health MDGs | Validation of the health sector strategic plan 2001-2015 | Duluti Lake regional consultation convened by the MoH Tanzania to discuss gaps in research-policy-practice within the East African Community. Recommendation to approach Canada IDRC for support. |
2002 | A division of health operations research is established in the ministry of health | ||
2003 | Completion of the TEHIP research project in Tanzania | A Director of the division of health operations research is appointed | Efforts to structure national knowledge translation activities following the consultation led by the National Institute of Medical Research Tanzania |
2004 | WHO AFRO Regional Committee endorses the “Roadmap for accelerating the attainment of MDGs 4 & 5. WHO Report “Knowledge for better health” highlights the need for enhanced knowledge translation efforts. Mexico Ministerial Summit on health research ends with a declaration calling for action. | Cameroon represented at the Mexico Ministerial Summit. Cameroon and COHRED launch collaboration for research priority setting and developing a national research policy. Establishment of an inter-sectoral consultative commission for health research | Uganda represented at the Mexico Ministerial Summit. |
Canada IDRC provides resources for the KTP work especially the concept development, the preparation of country cases studies and national workshops in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda | |||
2005 | WHA resolution on Evidence Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet). | Creation of thematic research-to-policy groups for HIV-AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and social sciences under the lead of the Division of health operations research. Conduct of the Health Research System Analysis in collaboration with Research Policy and Cooperation department at the WHO headquarter in Geneva | Country design workshops on the need, the institution, the function, autonomy, resources etc. Regional design workshop endorsed by the EAC Ministers of health. Funding proposal to support REACH-PI under EAC in Arusha. Launch of the Health Sector Strategic Plan 2005/06-09/10 |
2006 | EVIPNet Africa launched in Brazzaville followed by a call for letters of intent for planning grants | Launch of the EVIPNet Cameroon with its secretariat housed in the division of health operations research. The initial priorities are malnutrition and non communicable diseases | Official launch of REACH-PI under the East Africa Health Research Council housed in Arusha |
Global Forum for Health Research meeting in Cairo with a focus on research partnership | Advocacy and resource mobilisation activities | ||
International Dialogue on EIHP in Thailand | |||
2007 | SURE proposal development workshop to be submitted to the EC- FP7 (Oslo – Norway) | EVIPNet Cameroon receives a planning grant from WHO-HQ. Mid-term evaluation of the Health Sector Strategic Plan. EVIPNet Africa steering group is established | Financial support from IDRC, Swiss Tropical Institute and the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (AHPSR) to REACH-PI. Evidence brief on male circumcision |
2008 | EVIPNet workshop on preparing policy briefs to scale up access to ACT Addis Ababa – Ethiopia | Preparation of the policy brief on scaling up access to ACT. Global Health Leadership Award(GHLA) from Canada Global Health Research Initiative to establish a knowledge brokerage unit, the Centre for the Development of Best Practices in Health – CDBPH at the Yaoundé Central Hospital to serve as EVIPNet Cameroon secretariat | Recruitment of a scientist/knowledge broker for REACH-PI in Arusha. Preparation of the policy brief on scaling up access to ACT. Uganda National Health Research Organization reinforces its knowledge translation activities. |
Bamako Ministerial Summit calling for a new impetus for knowledge translation. EC-FP7 selects SURE project for funding | |||
2009 | African Union Conference of Ministers in Ethiopia launches the “campaign for accelerated reduction of maternal mortality in Africa”. IDRC awards an International Research Chair grant to support knowledge translation in Africa and for EVIPNet Africa. EVIPNet workshop in Paris. IJHTA published policy briefs on scaling up access to ACT. SUPPORT tools for EIHP. | Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research awarded a grant to CDBPH to support the transition towards a Health SWAp to produce four evidence briefs on governance, health financing, and malaria control and health information system and to organize two policy dialogues on health financing and malaria control. Researchers attended capacity building workshops in Kampala | The Office of the Principal at Makerere University College of Health Sciences in Kampala is designated to host and manage the SURE grant on behalf REACH-PI. First SURE annual meeting and workshops to build capacity for EIHP. KTPE workshop on evaluation of knowledge translation platforms. The NOKC provided technical assistance to MUCHS to establish the SURE project |
2010 | The UN MDG report suggests goals 4 and 5 will not be met in Cameroon and Uganda. SURE annual meeting in Lusaka. First Global Symposium on Health Systems Research in Montreux- Switzerland with several sessions on EIHP. EVIPNet Africa call for applications on innovative strategies for EIHP | Priority setting for SURE project – more details in Table 6
| Second National Health Policy, and Health Sector Strategic Plan 2010/11-2014/15 |
Implementation of SURE project and AHPSR ID49 grant | |||
Policy brief on governance for health district development | Implementation of SURE project – more details in Table 6
| ||
CDBPH wins an EVIPNet grant to support capacity building for civil society and media on EIHP | Launch of the Rapid Response Service | ||
EVIPNet grant to support the Uganda clearinghouse | |||
Capacity building workshop to conduct Cochrane systematic reviews | IRCI research seminar | ||
2011 | SURE annual meeting in Maputo. Publication of the workbook for health systems guidance and the PLoS series on health systems guidance | Implementation of SURE project – more details in Table 6. The NOKC provided technical assistance to CDBPH. Co-application for a DFID grant onto support Effective Health Care Research with Stellenbosch University | Implementation of SURE project – more details in Table 6Implementation of EVIPNet grant |
IRCI Knowledge translation workshop | |||
2012 | International Forum on EIHP in LMIC Addis Ababa – Ethiopia. 2ndGlobal Symposium on HSR in Beijing – China | Implementation of SURE project – more details in Table 6
| Implementation of SURE project – more details in Table 6
|
IRCI Knowledge translation workshop | |||
Launch of the Rapid Response Service |
KTP institutional arrangements
Characteristics | Cameroon | Uganda |
---|---|---|
Goal | To build sustainable capacities for EIHP for better health in central Africa | To improve people’s health and health equity in East Africa through more effective use and application of knowledge to strengthen health policy and practice |
Mission | To create human capacity and resources to create, demand and better use research syntheses for health improvement | To access, synthesize, package and communicate evidence required for policy and practice and for influencing policy relevant research agendas for improved population health and health equity |
Governance arrangements | A research unit within the Yaoundé Central Hospital a teaching hospital closely linked with the Ministry of Public Health. | Research unit - Office of the Principal at the College of Health Sciences Makerere University Kampala, a public university working closely with the Uganda National Health Research Organization |
Issue-related Ad hoc steering group | ||
Stakeholders – audience | Researchers – policymakers – leaders of civil society representatives – journalists – development agencies – clinicians – senior officials from the ministry of health – hospital and program managers – students | Researchers – policymakers – leaders of civil society representatives – journalists – development agencies - senior officials from the ministry of health – hospital and program managers – students |
Secretariat | One leading researcher, several part time researchers and short term research assistants | Stable supervisor, one research officer, full time assistant researchers and volunteers |
International partnerships | AHPSR; CCGHR; CHSRF; NOKC; McMaster University; Stellenbosch University; WHO-EVIPNet | AHPSR; CCGHR; Karolinska Institutet; NOKC; McMaster University; WHO-EVIPNet |
Sources of funding | WHO-EVIPNet; GHRI-GHLA; EC - FP7 SURE; AHPSR – ID49; DFID; IDRC; Cameroon Government | IDRC; AHPSR; Swiss Tropical Institute; WHO-EVIPNet; EC - FP7 SURE; Uganda Government |
Estimated amount of funds received 2006–2012 ($ US) | 720,000 | The change of the hosting institution prevented us to have exhaustive figures on the whole period. |
Activities and outputs
Year | Functions | Activities and outputs | |
---|---|---|---|
Cameroon | Uganda | ||
2006 | Capacity building | EVIPNet workshop in Brazzaville. National EVIPNet Workshop. Application for a planning grant | Advocacy meetings with officials and global funders (IDRC, Swiss Tropical Institute, NOKC, AHPSR) to elicit support |
Knowledge management | Completion of the national health research system analysis | ||
Linkage and exchange | Presentations with officials and funders to elicit support to the KTP | Presentations with officials to elicit support to the KTP | |
2007 | Capacity building | Application to GHRI for a GHLA. Application to the EC-FP7 for the SURE project. SUPPORT workshop in Capetown | Application to the EC-FP7 for the SURE project |
Knowledge management | Stakeholder mapping and research mapping on nutrition and non communicable diseases | ||
Linkage and exchange | Platforms bringing together actors in HIV/AIDS research, malaria research and Tuberculosis research, social sciences | ||
2008 | Capacity building | Application to AHPSR for grant to support EIHP to transition towards a health SWAp. Executive Training for Research Application - EXTRA residency program. Addis workshop on writing policy briefs. Resource mobilization to establish an online repository for policy relevant health documents | Addis workshop on writing policy briefs |
Knowledge management | Preparation of the evidence brief on scaling up access to ACT | Preparation by REACH-PI EAC of two policy briefs on male circumcision and on scaling up access to ACT in Uganda and Tanzania | |
Linkage and exchange | Policy dialogue on scaling up access to ACT | Policy dialogue on scaling up access to ACT | |
2009 | Capacity building | Workshops for researchers on EIHP and evaluation of KTPs during the launch of SURE | Workshops for researchers on EIHP during the launch of SURE. The IDRC International Research Chair Initiative collaborative program for doctoral studies in health policy and knowledge translation is established between Makerere University and McMaster University |
Presentations with officials to elicit support to the KTP | |||
Knowledge management | Establishment of a website providing access to online evidence resources. Preparation of two evidence briefs on strengthening community participation and community based health insurance | Preparation of the evidence brief on task shifting for maternal and child health | |
Linkage and exchange | Priority exercise to identify priority topics. Policy dialogue on scaling up community based health insurance | Priority exercise to identify priority topics for evidence briefs | |
2010 | Capacity building | Workshop for researchers to conduct Cochrane systematic reviews. Co-application for a DFID grant for the effective healthcare research with Stellenbosch University and South African Cochrane Centre | Launching of the collaborative program for doctoral studies in health policy and knowledge translation |
Knowledge management | Translation into French of abstracts of Cochrane systematic reviews. Preparation of three evidence briefs on reinforcing governance for health district development, reinforcing the health information systems for district servicing and scaling up malaria control interventions. | Preparation of an evidence brief on task shifting to optimize roles for mother and child health. Piloting of the rapid mechanism to respond to urgent needs of evidence of officials in the ministry of health | |
Linkage and exchange | Presentations with officials in the ministry of health to elicit support. Two policy dialogues on governance for health district development and for scaling up malaria control interventions | Policy dialogue on task shifting to optimize the roles of healthcare providers for mother and child health. Rapid evidence syntheses to respond to health stakeholders’ urgent needs | |
2011 | Capacity building | Workshops for policy makers, researchers, civil society representatives and media | Collaborative program for doctoral studies in health policy and knowledge translation |
Knowledge management | Preparation of evidence briefs on fixing the community health worker programme, retaining human resources for health in rural areas, scaling up enrolment in health insurance schemes | Rapid evidence syntheses to respond to health stakeholders’ urgent needs. Preparation of an evidence brief on skilled birth attendance | |
Translation into French of abstracts of Cochrane systematic reviews. Preparation of bilingual evidence summaries | |||
Linkage and exchange | Presentations with officials to elicit support to the KTP and researchers to engage into research synthesis. Policy dialogue to elicit the problem of human resources for health shortage in rural areas | Presentations with officials to elicit support to the KTP. Rapid evidence syntheses to respond to health stakeholders’ urgent needs | |
2012 | Capacity building | Contribution to the development of the SURE Guides and Videos | Contribution to the development of the SURE Guides and Videos |
Knowledge management | Preparation of evidence briefs on increasing the coverage of antenatal care services, improving access to and quality of care in accident and emergency department in national and regional hospitals. Translation into French of abstracts of Cochrane systematic reviews. Preparation of bilingual evidence assessments. Rapid evidence syntheses to respond to health stakeholders’ urgent needs | Clearinghouse on health policy and systems research | |
Rapid evidence syntheses to respond to health stakeholders’ urgent needs | |||
Preparation of a policy brief on palliative care | |||
Linkage and exchange | Presentations with officials from ministries of public health and social affairs and the University of Yaoundé 1 to elicit support Policy dialogues on retention of human resources for health in rural areas and improving coverage of antenatal care services and accident and emergency departments | Presentations with officials from the ministry of health to elicit support to the KTP | |
Policy dialogues on skilled birth attendance | |||
Total | Capacity building | Five successful grant applications. 16 capacity building workshops for policymakers, researchers and civil society groups and knowledge brokers in Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Kenya, Mali, Tanzania | Four successful grant applications. Capacity building workshops for policymakers, knowledge brokers and researchers in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi and Rwanda. Health policy PhD program. Contribution to SURE Guides and Videos |
Contribution to SURE Guides and Videos | |||
Knowledge management | A functional website providing EIHP resources. 12 evidence briefs for policy. Six rapid evidence syntheses. SURE videos and guides available on-line. | A functional national clearinghouse on health policy and systems research | |
Three evidence briefs for policy. 73 rapid evidence syntheses. SURE videos and guides available online | |||
Linkage and exchange | Seven evidence informed policy dialogues | Three evidence informed policy dialogues |
Stakeholders’ perspectives on the evidence briefs and policy dialogues
Features of briefs produced | Cameroon (n = 99) | Uganda (n = 66) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Overall assessment of satisfaction with the evidence briefs achieving its purpose | 6.2 | 0.8 | 6.3 | 0.9 | |
Design features of evidence briefs | |||||
1. | Described the context for the issue being addressed | 6.3 | 1.2 | 6.2 | 1.4 |
2. | Described different features of the problem, including (where possible) how it affects particular groups | 6.1 | 1.2 | 6.0 | 1.4 |
3. | Described options for addressing the problem | 6.0 | 1.1 | 5.8 | 1.4 |
4. | Described what is known, based on synthesized research evidence, about each of the options and where there are gaps in what is known | 6.0 | 1.0 | 6.0 | 1.4 |
5. | Described key implementation considerations | 6.1 | 1.1 | 6.0 | 1.3 |
6. | Employed systematic and transparent methods to identify, select, and assess synthesized research evidence | 6.0 | 1.0 | 6.0 | 1.2 |
7. | Took quality considerations into account when discussing the research evidence | 6.1 | 1.0 | 6.0 | 1.3 |
8. | Took local applicability considerations into account when discussing the research evidence | 6.0 | 1.0 | 6.1 | 1.1 |
9. | Took equity considerations into account when discussing the research evidence | 6.2 | 1.1 | 5.8 | 1.1 |
10. | Did not conclude with particular recommendations | 5.4 | 1.3 | 5.4 | 1.9 |
11. | Employed a graded-entry format (e.g., a list of key messages and a full report) | 6.4 | 1.0 | 6.2 | 1.2 |
12. | Included a reference list for those who wanted to read more about a particular systematic review or research study | 6.4 | 1.0 | 6.3 | 1.7 |
13. | Was subjected to a review by at least one policymaker, at least one stakeholder, and at least one researcher (called a “merit” review process to distinguish it from “peer” review, which would typically only involve researchers in the review) | 6.4 | 0.8 | 6.1 | 1.3 |
Features of dialogues convened by KTPs | Cameroon | Uganda | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 77; five dialogues) | (n = 69; three dialogues) | ||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Overall assessment | 6.3 | 0.9 | 6.3 | 1.0 | |
Design features commonly found in deliberative dialogues | |||||
1. | Addressed a high-priority policy issue | 6.6 | 0.9 | 6.4 | 1.2 |
2. | Provided an opportunity to discuss different features of the problem, including (where possible) how it affects particular groups | 6.4 | 1.0 | 6.2 | 1.4 |
3. | Provided an opportunity to discuss options for addressing the problem | 6.2 | 1.2 | 6.1 | 1.5 |
4. | Provided an opportunity to discuss key implementation considerations | 6.2 | 0.9 | 6.1 | 1.3 |
5. | Provided an opportunity to discuss who might do what differently | 6.4 | 0.9 | 5.7 | 1.3 |
6. | Was informed by a pre-circulated evidence brief | 6.0 | 1.0 | 6.2 | 1.4 |
7. | Was informed by discussion about the full range of factors that can inform how to approach a problem, possible options for addressing it, and key implementation considerations | 6.3 | 1.0 | 5.9 | 1.5 |
8. | Brought together many parties who could be involved in or affected by future decisions related to the issue | 6.3 | 1.0 | 6.1 | 1.3 |
9. | Aimed for fair representation among policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers | 6.3 | 0.8 | 6.2 | 1.2 |
10. | Engaged a facilitator to assist with deliberations | 6.3 | 1.2 | 6.3 | 1.4 |
11. | Allowed for frank, off-the-record deliberations by following the Chatham House Rule | 6.5 | 0.9 | 6.2 | 1.5 |
12. | Did not aim for consensus in the dialogue | 6.3 | 1.1 | 6.2 | 1.3 |