Background
Methods
Study selection criteria
Types of studies
Types of participants
Search strategy for identification of studies
Critical evaluation of the selected studies
Data extraction
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Cancer-specific survival (CSS): the cancer-specific survival was calculated from the date of randomization to the date of death from prostate cancer or a complication of cancer treatment;
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Time to progression (TTP) or castration-resistant disease: defined as increases in PSA level or evidence of new clinical disease while the patient was receiving androgen-deprivation therapy and testosterone was at castration level;
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Differences in the quality of life (QoL): hot flashes, desire for sexual activity, urinary symptoms, depression and gynecomastia;
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Died because of cardiovascular events.
Analysis and presentation of results
Results
Study | Reason for exclusion |
---|---|
Klotz [28] | Not a randomized trial |
Goldenberg [29] | Not a randomized trial |
Higano [30] | Not a randomized trial |
Oliver [31] | Not a randomized trial |
Bierkens [32] | Not a randomized trial |
Grossfeld [33] | Not a randomized trial |
Calais da Silva Jr F [34] | Analysis of pooled data from 2 trials |
De Conti P [35] | Systematic Review |
Loblaw [36] | Practice guideline |
Heidenreich [37] | Practice guideline |
Heidenreich [38] | Not a randomized trial |
Heidenreich [39] | Practice guideline |
Buchan [40] | Not a randomized trial |
Keizman [41] | Not a randomized trial |
Gruca [42] | Literature review |
Organ [43] | Castration-resistant prostate cancer |
Characteristics of included studies
Study | Patients with PCa | N (ITT) | PSA levels (ng/ml) | Primary endpoint | Median follow-up (years) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cease treatment | Restarted treatment | |||||
Recurrent (after radiotherapy) | 1386 | <4 and not > 1 above the previous recorded value as monitored | >10 | OS | 6.9 | |
Locally advanced, metastatic | 626 | <4 ≤80% initial level | ≥10 (symptomatic) or ≥20 (asymptomatic) ≥20% above nadir value | TTP | 4.75 | |
Metastatic | 1535 | ≤4 | ≥20 or ≥10 or symptoms | OS | 9.2 | |
Locally advanced, metastatic or recurrent (after radiotherapy or prostatectomy) | 554 | <10 >50% (PSA < 20) | PSA or CP | TTP | 5.4 | |
Recurrent (after prostatectomy) | 201 | ≤0.5 | ≥3 or when was CP | Time to androgen-independent | 2.4 | |
De Leval 2002 [51] | Locally advanced, metastatic or recurrent (after prostatectomy) | 68 | ≤4 | ≥10 | Time to androgen- independent | 2.7 |
Locally advanced or metastatic | 193 | <4 | ≥10 (M0) ≥20 (M1) | TTP | 2.58 | |
Miller 2007 [56] | Locally advanced or metastatic | 335 | <4 | - | TTP | NR |
≤90% initial level | ||||||
Mottet 2012 [50](TAP 22 Trial)
| Metastatic and PSA ≥ 20 ng/ml | 173 | < 4 | ≥10 or CP | OS | 3.7 |
Asymptomatic metastatic | 258 | Good or moderate response | PSA or CP | Quality of life | NR | |
Hering 2000 [54] | Metastatic | 43 | 0.4 | ≥10 (initial ≤20) | TTP and adverse events | 4 |
± 50% initial (initial > 20) | ||||||
Irani 2008 [57] | Locally advanced or metastatic | 129 | 6 months | 6 months | Quality of life and TTP | 5 |
Silva 2013 [58](SEUG 9901 Trial)
| Locally advanced or metastatic | 918 | < 4 | ≥20 or CP | OS | 5.5 |
Intermittent: induction only (8 mo): LHRHa injections plus a non-steroidal antiandrogen, with the latter continued for a minimum of 4 weeks. | |
Continuous: consisted of a LHRHa plus a non-steroidal antiandrogen, with the latter continued for a minimum of 4 weeks, or orchiectomy. | |
Intermittent: induction only (3 mo): CPA 200 mg for 2 weeks followed by monthly depot injections of a LHRHa plus 200 mg of CPA daily. | |
Continuous: received an LHRHa plus 200 mg of CPA daily. | |
Intermittent: induction only (7 mo): received LHRHa (goserelin) plus bicalutamide. | |
Continuous: LHRHa plus bicalutamide | |
Intermittent: induction only (6 mo): goserelin acetate (3.6 mg) SC every 28 days. The CPA was given in 100 mg twice daily during the first 12.5 days to minimize flare reaction. | |
Continuous: continued with goserelin acetate or bilateral orchiectomy. | |
Intermittent: induction only (6 mo): received LHRHa (Leuprorelin acetate 11.25 mg, 3-mo depot, SC or IM) plus CPA 200 mg/day orally was administered for the first 4 weeks to prevent tumor flare. | |
Continuous: LHRHa | |
De Leval 2002 [51] |
Intermittent: induction only (3-6 mo): flutamide (250 mg, 3 times, daily) for 15 days. This therapy was followed by flutamide and goserelin acetate (3.6 mg, monthly). |
Continuous: goserelin plus flutamide (250 mg orally every 8 hours) without interruption. | |
Intermittent: induction only (6 mo): Buserelin depot 6.6 mg, a 2-monthly SC plus nilutamide 300 mg (once a day for the first 4 weeks and 150 mg daily thereafter). | |
Continuous: buserelin depot plus nilutamide | |
Miller 2007 [56] |
Intermittent: induction only (6 mo): goserelin plus bicalutamide |
Continuous: goserelin plus bicalutamide | |
Mottet 2012 (TAP 22 Trial)[50] |
Intermittent: induction only (6 mo): leuprorelin SR 3.75 mg, SC every 28 days and flutamide, one 250 mg tablet, three times daily. |
Continuous: leuprorelin and flutamide continued until disease progression or study end. | |
Intermittent: induction only (3-6 mo): CPA 100 mg three times daily | |
Continuous: CPA 100 mg thrice daily. | |
Hering 2000 [54] |
Intermittent: induction only (10.5 mo): CPA 200 mg/day orally |
Continuous: CPA 200 mg/day orally | |
Irani 2008 [57] |
Intermittent: induction only (6 mo): goserelin 10.8 mg 3-mo depot and flutamide 250 mg three times daily and resumed 6 mo later |
Continuous: goserelin and flutamide 250 mg three times daily continued without interruption | |
Silva 2013 (SEUG 9901 Trial)[58] |
Intermittent: induction only (3 mo): CPA 200 mg/d for 2 weeks followed by monthly depot injections of triptoreline plus 200 mg of CPA daily and restarted monotherapy with CPA 300 mg/d in the progression |
Continuous: CPA 200 mg/d for 2 weeks followed by monthly depot injections of triptoreline plus 200 mg of CPA daily. |
Study | Arm | Design of study | Time to progression or time to castration-resistant disease | Cancer-specific survival | Overall survival (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAD | Non-inferiority | 10 years | HR: 1.18 (0.90-1.55) | 9.1 years | |
IAD | (HR <1.25) | 9.8 years | p = 0.24 | 8.8 years | |
HR: 0.80 (0.67-0.98) p = 0.024 | HR: 1.02 (0.86-1.21) for non-inferiority (IAD vs CAD ≥1.25) = 0.009 | ||||
CAD | Non-inferiority | HR: 0.81 (0.63-1.05) favoring CAD | HR: 1.27 (0.98-1.64) | HR: 0.96 (0.80-1.14) favoring CAD | |
IAD | (<30%) | ||||
CAD | Non-inferiority | NR | NR | 5.8 years | |
IAD | (HR <1.20) | 5.1 years | |||
HR: 1.10 (0.97-1.25) | |||||
CAD | Compare the efficacy | 30.2 months | 44.3 months | 45.7 months | |
(FinnProstate Trial VII)
| IAD | 34.5 months | 45.2 months | 45.2 months | |
HR: 1.08 (0.90-1.29) favoring IAD | HR: 1.17 (0.91-1.51) favoring IAD | HR: 1.15 (0.94 -1.4) favoring IAD | |||
CAD | Non-inferiority | 16 risk of progression | NR | NR | |
IAD | 37 risk of progression | ||||
p = 0.853 | |||||
HR: 0.97 (0.68-1.38) & | |||||
De Leval 2002 [51] | CAD | Compare the efficacy | 14.4 months | 4 (12.1%) deaths | NR |
IAD | 25.7 months | 2 (5.7%) deaths | |||
HR: 0.57 (0.07-4.64) & | NS | ||||
HR: 0.46 (0.09-2.35) & | |||||
CAD | Compare the efficacy | 24.1 months#
| NR | NS | |
(TULP Trial) | IAD | 18 months | |||
NS | |||||
Miller 2007 [56] | CAD | Compare the efficacy | 11.5 months | NR | 53.8 months |
IAD | 16.6 months | 51.4 months | |||
p = 0.1758 | p = 0.658 | ||||
HR: 0.69 (0.41-1.16)&
| HR: 1.04 (0.86-1.28)&
| ||||
Mottet 2012 [50](TAP 22 Trial)
| CAD | Compare the efficacy | 15.1 months | NR | 52 months |
IAD | 20.7 months | 42.2 months | |||
p = 0.74 | p = 0.75 | ||||
HR: 0.88 (0.63-1.4)&
| HR: 1.14 (0.74-1.77)&
| ||||
CAD | Compare the efficacy | NS | NS | NS | |
IAD | |||||
Hering 2000 [54] | CAD | Compare the efficacy | 20.1 months | 2 (11.1%) deaths | NR |
IAD | NR | 2 (8%) deaths | |||
NS | NS | ||||
HR: 0.70 (0.09-5.44) & | |||||
Irani 2008 [57] | CAD | Compare the efficacy | HR: 1.1 (0.6-1.8) p = 0.3 favoring IAD | HR: 0.6 (0.2–1.6) p = 0.12 favoring CAD | HR: 0.6 (0.3–1.3) p = 0.06 favoring CAD |
IAD | |||||
Silva 2013 [58](SEUG 9901 Trial)
| CAD | Non-inferiority | HR: 1.16 (0.93-1.47) | HR: 1.0 (0.76-1.32) | HR: 0.90 (0.76-1.07) |
IAD | (HR < 1.20) |
Meta-analysis
Study | EORTC quality-of-life core questionnaire (QLQ-C30) and the EORTC Prostate Cancer Module |
---|---|
Intermittent (better): hot flashes, desire for sexual activity, and urinary symptoms | |
Continuous: -
| |
Intermittent (better): sexual function | |
Continuous (better): emotional domain, nausea and vomiting, severity of insomnia | |
Intermittent (better): erectile function and mental health at 3 months but not thereafter | |
Continuous: - | |
Intermittent (better): sexual function | |
Continuous: - | |
Intermittent: NR | |
Continuous: NR | |
De Leval 2002 [51] |
Intermittent: NR |
Continuous: NR | |
Intermittent: NS | |
Continuous: NS | |
Miller 2007 [56] |
Intermittent (better): sexual activity appeared to be favorable in the intermittent |
Continuous: - | |
Mottet 2012 [50](TAP 22 Trial)
|
Intermittent: NS |
Continuous: NS | |
Intermittent (better): symptom and potency scales | |
Continuous: - | |
Hering 2000 [54] |
Intermittent (better): erectile function |
Continuous: - | |
Irani 2008 [57] |
Intermittent (better): ability to have and maintain an erection. |
Continuous: - | |
Silva 2013 [58](SEUG 9901 Trial)
|
Intermittent (better): sexual activity |
Continuous: - |